Using menth-1-en-9-ol to kill bacteria, yeast, and fungi

TECHNICAL FIELD
The object of this invention is to demonstrate a method of using MENTH-1-EN-9-OL to kill bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Field of the invention
During the study of limonene as a hand cleaner, it was found that fully oxygenated limonene can be made bactericidal and fungicidal as was illustrated by the applicants in U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,229. A review of the literature revealed that oxygenated limonene contains several oxidation products including cis and trans-carveol, trans-p-menth-8-ene-1,2-diol, limonene 1,2-epoxide, limonene 8,9-epoxide, cis and trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, and perillyl alcohol, as was outlined by Blumann in Chemical Abstracts, Volume 63, 1965, on page 1819. Because limonene is not bactericidal and because the chemical structures of limonene and perillyl alcohol are identical except for a hydroxyl group replacing a hydrogen atom at carbon 7, the applicants were surprised to find that perillyl alcohol is bactericidal as was shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,832. A review of the terpenes showed that all the monocyclic monoterpenes that are known to be antimicrobial have an oxygen molecule or hydroxyl group replacing a hydrogen atom at carbons 2, 3, 4, or 8. Prior to the discovery that perillyl alcohol is a bactericide, no monocyclic monoterpene with an oxygen or a hydroxyl group at carbon 7, 9 or 10 was recognized as an antimicrobial compound. After the discovery that perillyl alcohol is a bactericide, the applicants decided to study menth-1-en-9-ol (which has a hydroxyl group at carbon 9) for antimicrobial activity and were pleasantly surprised to find that menth-1-en-9-ol kills bacteria, yeast, and fungi in bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations. The chemical structures of limonene and menth-1-en-9-ol follow below. ##STR1##
Because limonene is not bactericidal and because the chemical structures of limonene and menth-1-en-9-ol are identical except for a hydroxyl group replacing a hydrogen atom at carbon 9, menth-1-en-9-ol was not expected to be bactericidal. It should be noted in the structures of the monocyclic monoterpenes that follow, that none of the monocyclic monoterpenes that are known to be bactericidal, have an oxygen atom or a hydroxyl group at carbon 9 or 10 as can be appreciated in the structures of: perillyl alcohol, carveol, carvone, hydrocarveol, hydrocarvone, pulegone, isopulegol, menthol, menthone, terpinen-4-ol, and a-terpineol which follow. ##STR2##
Because it was not expected, the applicants were surprised to find that menth-1-en-9-ol is bactericidal and fungicidal.
Menth-1-en-9-ol is an oil with a fruity aroma. It is insoluble in water, is poorly soluble in propylene glycol, and is almost insoluble in glycerine. Menth-1-en-9-ol is soluble in alcohol and is miscible in oil. It is a naturally occurring oil, but heretofore, it has not been used as a bactericide and fungicide.
As described by Khanna, Vijay and Ladwa, P. H. in the Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B 1987, 26B (9), 816-822, menth-1-en-9-ol can be produced by the hydroboration - oxidation of carvone.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Zuckerman studied the effect of auto-oxidized d-limonene on bacteria, but found it was weakly bacteriostatic, was unstable, and lost its bacteriostatic effect on keeping as was discussed in Nature 168: 517 (1961). He never studied menth-1-en-9-ol. Kurita investigated the fungicidal activity of several components of essential oils as was reported in Biol. Chem.,45(4), 945-952, 1981, but he never studied the bactericidal nor fungicidal activity of menth-1-en-9-ol against bacteria, yeast nor fungi. Murdock and Allen showed that the germicidal effect of sodium benzoate against yeast was enhanced by orange peel oil and d-limonene, as was outlined in Food Technology Vol 14, No 9, 1960, pages 441-5. They never studied the activity of menth-1-en-9-ol against bacteria, yeast nor fungi. Kellner et al demonstrated that ethereal oils and some of the compounds in the oils have anti-bacterial activity as was reported in Arneimittel-Forechung, 5, 224-9, 1955. He confirmed that limonene is not bactericidal. He never studied menth-1-en-9-ol for bactericidal nor fungicidal activity. Gauvreau showed a means of producing disinfecting compositions in U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,975 by combining cetyl pyridinium with terpenes to form antiseptics, but he never studied menth-1-en-9-ol alone nor in combination with cetyl pyridinium hydrochloride. A. Morel revealed the sterilizing action of carveol, dihydrocarveol, and their ozonization products in Comp. Rend. Soc. Biol. Volume 115, pages 536-8 (1934). He demonstrated the bactericidal effect of carveol and dihydrocarveol, but he never studied the bactericidal nor fungicidal activity of menth-1-en-9-ol.
It should be pointed out that drugs which are bactericidal are usually not fungicidal, and drugs which are fungicidal are usually not bactericidal. In addition, drugs which are bactericidal frequently promote the growth of yeast. Table A, which follows, exemplifies the bactericidal and fungicidal activity of several commonly used antibacterial, antiyeast, and antifungal antibiotics.
TABLE A______________________________________ ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY AGAINST Gm.sup.+ Gm.sup.-ANTIBIOTICS Bac Bac AFBact Yeast Fungi______________________________________A. ANTIBACTERIAL1. Ampicillin YES YES NO NO NO2. Cephlothin YES YES NO NO NO3. Chloram- YES YES NO NO NO phenicol4. Erythromycin YES NO NO NO NO5. Ethambutol NO NO YES NO NO6. Gentamicin YES YES NO NO NO7. Isoniazid NO NO YES NO NO8. Nitro- NO YES NO NO NO furantoin9. Penicillin YES NO NO NO NO10. Rifampin YES NO YES NO NO11. Streptomycin YES YES YES NO NO12. Sulfonamides NO YES NO NO NO13. Tetracycline YES YES NO NO NO14. Vancomycin YES YES NO NO NOB. ANTIYEAST1. Nystatin NO NO NO YES NO2. Gentian NO NO NO YES NO violetC. ANTIFUNGAL1. Chlotri- NO NO NO YES YES mazole2. Griseofulvin NO NO NO NO YES______________________________________ Gm.sup.+ Bac = Gram Positive Bacteria, Gm.sup.- Bac = Gram Negative Bacteria, AFBac = Acid Fast Bacteria, YES = Kills Organism, NO = No Activity Against Organism
It should be noted from the table above that none of the anti-bacterial antibiotics kill yeast nor fungi, and none of the anti-yeast nor anti-fungal antibiotics kill bacteria. Thus, an anti-fungal or anti-yeast antibiotic is not expected to kill bacteria and an anti-bacterial antibiotic is not expected to kill yeast nor fungi. Anti-fungal antibiotics do not necessarily kill yeast and anti-yeast antibiotics do not necessarily kill fungi.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the use of menth-1-en-9-ol as a bactericide and fungicide. Menth-1-en-9-ol is an oil which is available commercially, but heretofore, it has not been recognized as a bactericide and fungicide. It is sightly viscous and when applied, readily adheres to glass, metal, wood, cloth, rope, book covers, paper, paint, cement, ceramics, plastic, plant surfaces, skin, mucous membranes, and teeth leaving an oily film. Because it is not soluble in water, its adherence to surfaces allows prolonged exposure and makes menth-1-en-9-ol an ideal bactericide and fungicide regardless of whether they infect plants, animals or humans.
The exact method of killing bacteria, yeast, and fungi is unknown, but it is thought that menth-1-en-9-ol kills bacteria, yeast, and fungi by lysing the cell membrane of the organisms which is lethal to the organisms.
In practice, any surface, on which it is desirable to kill or prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast and fungi, is treated with bactericidal and/or fungicidal concentrations of menth-1-en-9-ol by swabbing, wiping, painting, washing, brushing, spraying, or any other direct application technique. Alternatively, menth-1-en-9-ol can be incorporated in creams, ointments, tinctures, gels, suppositories, paints, sprays, aerosols, toothpastes, solutions, emulsions, soaps, scrubs, mouthwashes, or antiseptic, and applied anywhere it is desirable to kill or prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The following examples are illustrative of the best mode of carrying out the invention. They are, obviously, not to be construed as limitative of the invention since various other embodiments can readily be evolved in view of the teachings provided herein.

EXAMPLE 1
BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF MENTH-1-EN-9-OL AGAINST BACTERIA, YEAST, AND FUNGI
The BACTERICIDE AND FUNGICIDE contemplated by this invention is MENTH-1-EN-9-OL which was studied for bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The organisms tested included the bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans which causes dental plaque, Escherichera coli 7, Salmonella 14 (para B), Pseudomonas aeriginosa 115, the yeast Candida albicans, a common cause of skin, mouth, and vaginal infections and the fungi Cladosporium cladosporides, and Aueroblasidium pullans. The minimal bactericidal and fungicidal concentration of menth-1-en-9-ol needed to kill these bacteria, yeast, and fungi is outlined in Table B below. The menth-1-en-9-ol used in the tests was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis., Catalogue Number 18,374-1 and Lot Numbers 13835-30-8 (01130DT AW) and 18479-69-0 (01130DT EZ)
TABLE B______________________________________BACTERICIDAL AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY OFMENTH-1-EN-9-OL MINIMAL BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATIONORGANISM 10 Min 60 Min 24 Hrs______________________________________A. BACTERIA1. Staphylococcus aureus, 0.06 0.06 0.0025 ATCC 259232. Strepotococcus mutans 0.10 0.005 0.00123. Escherichera coli 7 0.06 0.005 0.0054. Salmonella 14 (para B) 0.01 0.005 0.00255. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 115 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5B. YEAST1. Candida albicans 0.02 0.01 0.0025C. FUNGI1. Cladosporium cladosporides 0.005 0.0025 0.0025 OM4892. Aureoblasidium pullans 0.005 0.0025 0.0025 OM279C______________________________________
The standard assay used to test the bactericidal activity of menth-1-en-9-ol against the different strains of bacteria and yeast was as follows: various dilutions of menth-1-en-9-ol were prepared in an appropriate broth medium for each test strain. An inoculum of 10.sup.6 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was used. Each test was incubated at the proper temperature for each organism and subcultured (0.01 ml) at 10 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours onto agar media free of menth-1-en-9-ol. Results were expressed as the bactericidal concentration, i.e. the lowest concentration of menth-1-en-9-ol (ml. menth-1-en-9-ol/total ml of test) killing at least 99.99% of the bacterial inoculum.
TABLE C______________________________________Test conditions used to assay the bactericidalactivity of menth-1-en-9-ol: SUB- CULTURE BROTH AGAR INCUBATIONORGANISM MEDIUM MEDIUM CONDITIONS______________________________________1. Stahylococcus, Mueller- 5% sheep Air @ Enterobac- Hinton blood 37.degree. C. teriacea, and Pseudomonas2. Streptococcus Todd- 5% sheep 10% CO.sub.2 Hewitt blood in air at 37.degree. C.3. Yeast Sabouraud 5% sheep air at dextrose blood 37.degree. C.4. Fungi Sabouraud dextrose with air at 0.05% yeast extract 37.degree. C.______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
FORMULATIONS WHICH INCORPORATE MENTH-1-EN-9-OL AS A COMPOUND TO KILL BACTERIA, YEAST, AND FUNGI
The following formulations are prepared using menth-1-en-9ol in liquids, gels, soaps, pastes, creams, ointments, suppositories, tampons, aerosols, paints, and emulsions. When bacteria, yeast, and fungi are treated with menth-1-en-9-ol. containing formulations, the formulations kill or prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
______________________________________ % OFCHEMICAL TOTAL RANGE ACTION______________________________________A. LIQUIDS1. SOLUTIONS OR SPRAYSa. Menth-1- 5.0% 0.1-50% fungi- en-9-ol cide Corn Oil 95.0% 50-99.9% diluent 100.0%b. Menth-1- 1.0% 0.1-50% bacteri- en-9-ol cide Ethyl 99.0% 50-99.9% diluent Alcohol 100.0%2. MOUTHWASHa. Menth-1- 50.0% 0.1-50% anti- en-9-ol yeast Flavor 2.0% 1-5% flavor Ethyl 48.0% 45-98.9% diluent Alcohol 100.0%B. DENTIFRICE1. LIQUIDLiquid soap 5.0% 2-10% surfac-concentrate tantSaccharin 0.2% 0.1-1.0% flavorClove Oil 1.0% 0.5-3.0% flavorCinnamon Oil 0.5% 0.5-3.0% flavorPeppermint Oil 0.5% 0.5-3.0% flavorEthyl Alcohol 42.6% 29.5-95.3% diluentColor 0.2% 0.1-0.5% colorMenth-1- 50.0% 1-50% bacteri-en-9-ol cide 100.0%2. GELSodium mono- 0.8% 0.5-1.5% anti-fluorophosphate plaqueMenth-1-en-9-ol 50.0% 1-50% bacteri- cideHydrated silica 10.0% 8-15% abrasivexerogelHydrated 8.5% 5-10% binderthickening silicaSorbitol 70% 18.8% 5-73.3% humectantsolutionPolyethylene 5.0% 3-7% bodyingglycol 32 agentSodium lauryl 1.5% 1-2% surfac-sulfate tantCarboxymethyl 1.0% 0.5-2% bindercellulose gumS D alcohol 1.0% 0.5-2% stabi- lizerFlavor 3.0% 2-4% flavorSaccharin 0.2% 0.1-0.5% flavorF D & C Green #3 0.1% 0.1-0.5% colorF D & C Yellow 0.1% 0.1-0.5% color#10 100.0%3. PASTESodium mono- 0.8% 0.5-1.5% anti-fluorophosphate plaqueMenth-1-en-9-ol 50.0% 1-50% bacteri- cideDicalcium 22.0% 20.4-30% abrasivephosphatedihydrateWater 16.0% 11.1-69.5% diluentGlycerine 5.1% 4.5-12.5% bodying agentFlavor 2.0% 2-3% flavorSodium lauryl 1.5% 1-2% surfac-sulfate tantCarboxymethyl 1.4% 0.5-2.0% bindercellulose gumTetrasodium 1.0% 0.5-2.0% binderpyrophosphateSodium saccharin 0.2% 0.1-0.5% flavor 100.0%C. OINTMENTS & SUPPOSITORIES WITH ANDWITHOUT HYDROCORTISONE1. OINTMENT WITH HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15.0% bacteri- cidePolyethylene 59.5% 48.5-59.7% bodyingglycol 3350 agent & emulsi- fierPolyethylene 39.5% 31.5-39.7% bodyingglycol 400 agent & emulsi- fierHydrocortisone 1.0% 0.5-5.0% anti- 100.0% inflam- matory2. OINTMENT WITHOUT HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15.0% anti- yeastPolyethylene 59.5 51.0-59.95% bodyingglycol 3350 agent & emulsi- fierPolyethylene 39.5% 34.0-39.95% bodyingglycol 400 agent & 100.0% emuls- ifier3. SUPPOSITORY WITHOUT HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15% fungi- cidePolyethylene 9.5% 51.0-59.95% bodyingglycol 1000 agent & emulsi- fierPolyethylene 39.5% 34.0-39.95% bodyingglycol 3350 agent & 100.0% emulsi- fier4. SUPPOSITORY WITH HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15% anti- yeastPolyethylene 74.0% 60.0-75.2% bodyingglycol 1000 agent & emulsi- fierPolyethylene 24.0% 20.0-24.2% bodyingglycol 3350 agent & emulsi- fierHydrocortisone 1.0% 0.5-5.0% anti- 100.0% inflam- matoryD. CREAMS WITHOUT HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15.0% bacteri- cideCetyl alcohol 15.0% 12.0-18.0% thickenerArlacel 165** 5.0% 3.5-7.5% emulsi- fierSorbitol 70% 5.0% 3.5-8.0% humectantsolutionWater 74.5% 51.5-80.9% diluent 100.0%Menth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15.0% anti- yeastSpermaceti wax 12.5% 10.0-15.0% thickenerSorbitan 10.0% 7.5-12.5% emulsi-monostearate fierPolyethylene 20Sorbitan 6.0% 4.0-8.0% emulsi-monostearate fierWater 75.5% 49.5-78.4% diluent 100.0%E. CREAMS WITH HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-15.0% anti- yeastCetyl alcohol 15.0% 12.0-18.0% thickenerArlacel 165** 5.0% 3.5-7.5% emuls- ifierSorbitol 70% 5.0% 3.5-8.0% humectantsolutionHydrocortisone 1.0% 0.5-5.0% anti- inflam- matoryWater 73.0% 46.5-80.4% diluent 100.0%F. TAMPONSMenth-1- 8.0% 1-15% bacteri-en-9-ol (2 cc) 2 Gm cideTampon 23 Gm 92.0% 85-99% reservoir 100.0% for bac- tericideG. AEROSOLS WITHOUT HYDROCORTISONE(1) Menth-1-en-9-ol 5.0% 0.5-50% fungi- cide Ethyl alcohol 95.0% 50-99.5% diluent 100.0%Pressurized nitrogen propellant at 100-125 psig(2) Menth-1-en-9-ol 10.0% 0.5-50.0% anti- yeast Soybean Oil 90.0% 50.0-99.5% diluent 100.0%Pressurized nitrogen propellant at 100-125 psigH. AEROSOL WITH HYDROCORTISONEMenth-1-en-9-ol 10.0% 0.5-50% bacteri- cideSoybean oil 98.0% 45-99.0% diluentHydrocortisone 1.0% 0.5-5.0% anti- 100.0% inflam- matoryPressurized nitrogen propellant at 100-125 psigI. OIL IN WATER EMULSION(1) Menth-1-en-9-ol 0.1% 0.1-50% fungi- cide(2) Corn oil 10.0% 10-15% oil(2) Arlacel 40** 2.0% 1-3% emulsi- fier(2) Tween 40 3.0% 2-4% emulsi- fier(3) Water 84.9% 28-86.9% diluent 100.0%Heat (2) to 70.degree. C. Heat (3) to 72.degree. C. Add (3)to (2) with continuous agitation. When (3)and (2) cool to 40.degree. C., add (1) with continuousagitation until room temperature is reached.J. OIL IN WATER EMULSION WITH SOAP(FUNGICIDAL OR BACTERICIDAL SOAP)(1) Menth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-25% bacteri- cide(2) Corn oil 30.0% 20.0-40.0% oil(2) Arlacel 40** 2.0% 1.0-3.0% emulsi- fier(2) Tween 40 3.0% 2.0- 4.0% emulsi- fier(2) Liquid soap 3.5% 2.5-5.0% surfac- concentrate tant(3) Water 60.5% 23-74.4% diluent 100.0%Heat (2) to 70.degree. C. Heat (3) to 72.degree. C. Add (3)to (2) with continuous agitation. When (3)and (2) cool to 40.degree. C., add (1) with continuousagitation until room temperature is reached.K. WATER IN OIL EMULSION(1) Menth-1-en-9-ol 1.0% 0.1-25% anti- yeast(2) Arlacel 186** 3.0% 2.0-4.0% emulsi- fier(2) Soybean oil 15.0% 10.0-25.0% oil(2) Ceresin wax 0.5% 0.3-0.6% thickener(2) Beeswax 0.5% 0.3-0.6% thickener(2) Tween 80 0.5% 0.3-0.6% emulsi- fier(3) Water 79.5% 44.2-87.0% diluent 100.0%Heat (2) to 70.degree. C. Heat (3) to 72.degree. C. Add (3)to (2) with continuous agitation. When (3)and (2) cool to 40.degree. C., add (1) with continuousagitation until room temperature is reached.L. PAINT1. ENAMELMenth-1- 1.00% 1-10% bacteri-en-9-ol cideTitanium 14.91% 12-16% pigmentdioxideCalcium 29.83% 25-35% pigmentcarbonateSilicate 4.81% 3-6% pigmentSoya alkyd 25.72% 22-28% pigmentresin (binder)Mineral 23.73% 5-37% solventspirits (thinner) 100.00%2. LATEXMenth-1- 1.0% 1-10% fungi-en-9-ol cideTitanium 10.76% 8-12% pigmentdioxideSilicate 12.91% 10-16% pigmentCalcium 20.91% 15-25% pigmentcarbonateVinyl acrylic 12.22% 10-16% vehicleresin solids (binder)Glycol 8.30% 6-10% solvent (thinner)Water 34.00% 12-50% solvent 100.00% (thinner)______________________________________ *Croda, Inc., 51 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10010 **Glycerol monostearate and polyoxyethylene stearate ICI of America (Formerly Atlas Chemical Industries), Wilmington, Delaware 19899
While only certain preferred embodiments of this invention have been shown and described by way of illustration, many modifications will occur to those skilled in the art and it is, therefore, desired that it be understood that it is intended herein, to cover all such modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

Using menth-1-en-9-ol to kill bacteria, yeast, and fungi

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