Patent Grant
8788109
This disclosure relates generally to circuitry and methods for providing power averaging for utility grids.
The most common method of providing line isolation and utility grid primary power backup is the use of uninterrupted power systems (UPS) as a secondary power source for providing sufficient power duration until motor generator units are running and the power stabilized. Such a system can provide utility-grid primary power backup, as indicated in
Other hidden costs involved in the installation of motor generators for primary power utility-grid power backup include expenses and length of time to obtain permits for these power sources. Concerns about environmental issues make obtaining such permits more difficult and in some areas around the world, impossible.
UPS systems conventionally use stored energy as a secondary power source to protect critical loads and provide sufficient time to switch motor generators on-line to assure limited loss in power to the user when utility grid power is lost. The reliability of such stored energy is fundamental to the reliability of the system. Lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used type of stored energy in UPS systems. For a variety of reasons, including their ability to sustain deep charge/discharge cycles, as compared to common lead-acid batteries, Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries are predominantly used. But despite battery manufacturers' best efforts to improve their products, experience has shown that the useful life of a VRLA battery array in conventional double-conversion UPS systems is two to three years. Beyond two years cell failure rates quickly reach unacceptable levels.
Electrochemical batteries prematurely reach end of life for two reasons: manufacturing defects and battery management issues. Manufacturing defects include “cold” welds between adjacent cells; inter-cell shorts; reversed plates; incomplete casting of the “straps,” which results in “dropped” plates; defects in paste mixing, which leads to poor paste adhesion; and contamination of the paste or electrode. Detecting defects in batteries after assembly is very difficult and expensive. Quality cannot practically be inspected-in after construction.
To overcome such problems of lead-acid batteries, a battery management strategy is tailored to the type of battery and its application. VRLA batteries in conventional double-conversion UPS systems, as indicated in
In contrast, some systems utilize maintenance-free flooded lead-acid batteries made with lead-calcium grids, in an off-line circuit topology that does not subject the battery string to continuous float charging or ripple currents. Batteries are not subjected to a continuous float charge. Instead they are periodically recharged by means of two different regimens: normal charge and equalize charge.
Temperature control is of concern in a battery management strategy. High temperature accelerates corrosion that destroys a battery's capacity to generate current.
Limiting the depth of discharge is utilized in controlling electrolyte stratification in flooded lead-acid batteries. Stratification is the increase of electrolyte specific gravity at the bottom of the battery.
Stratification can also be reduced by agitating the electrolyte. In vehicle applications, agitation occurs naturally with the movement of the vehicle. In stationary applications, agitation can be accomplished by periodically “gassing” the battery, by raising the charging voltage to the level where electrolysis of water occurs and hydrogen and oxygen gases are created within the electrolyte. The gas bubbles, moving through the electrolyte, provide a stifling action. The technique for providing this function is called equalize-charging which is used to replenish the energy losses in the battery due to self-discharge and operate the control function of the battery management system. However, if the equalize-charge process is performed too frequently, the oxygen generated from electrolysis can accelerate positive grid plate oxidation. Such oxidation can cause the plates to “grow” and short to the negative straps causing battery failure. Another reason to control the number of equalize charges is electrolysis of the water during each charging process diminishes the amount of water in the electrolyte, which can also lead to battery failure.
Other problems associated with lead-acid battery technology include low energy density, typically 70.2 W·h/L; low specific energy, typically 46.0 W·h/kg; high discharge rate; high life reduction with deep cycle use; high energy storage reduction with temperature; and it contains hazardous material.
The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiment, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modification, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Capacitive electrical energy storage unit (EESU) technology and a unique system architecture utilizing this unit with associated hardware and software may provide 1) primary energy storage for power averaging, 2) line isolation from transients and noise, 3) protection against utility grid power loss, 4) on-line primary energy storage incremental increases, 5) limited emission of environmentally hazardous products, liquids, or gasses, 6) a totally green product, 7) at a cost competitive with any primary utility-grid backup technology, or any combination thereof.
The electrical energy storage unit (EESU) may include the enabling technology for providing the primary on-line energy storage capability. Whereas lead-acid battery technology, with its restrictive capabilities is limited to secondary utility-grid energy storage as indicated in the following Table II.
The electrical energy storage units identified, for example, in
In an embodiment, an aspect of the EESU technology is the packaging of the components within a hermetically sealed metal box. If the point of use is located inland, then the metal may be Type 316 stainless steel to assist in reducing issues arising from exposure to the environment. If the point of use is located near or on salt water, then the metal may be titanium, which may reduce reaction to salt spray. Hermetic seals may assist with long-term life, >50 years, utilized by utility-grid companies.
System Design Features
As indicated in
As illustrated in
In the example illustrated, a DC/AC converter 370 is electrically coupled to the EESU buffer 2 (350). The DC/AC converter 370 is connected to the output power via output filters. In an example, the output power is connected to critical loads. In some embodiments, the output power can be connected to a portion of the utility power grid.
Portable power sources can also be connected to the system. For example, portable EESU sources (340 and 345) can be connected to the EESU buffer 2 (350) via solid state switched SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4. In an example, such portable EESU power sources (340 and 345) can be used to supplement utility grid power.
A control computer 300 can control the system. In particular, control computer 300 can be connected to a control bus 320 for solid state switches to activate and deactivate the solid state switches of the system. Further, the control computer 300 can monitor aspects of the system, such as power levels of EESU units (e.g., 340, 345, 310, 350, and 360). In addition, the control computer 300 can monitor the utility grid power. Further, the control computer 300 can control the DC current limiting unit.
Many utility companies charge more for energy during the peak-demand times, which is usually from 2:00 PM to about 8:00 PM. During that time, the cost of energy increases significantly for each step-up in energy usage. For example, in homes and small businesses the off-peak cost for energy may be in the range of $0.05/kW·h and the peak cost may be $0.25/kW·h or higher. Industrial sites may range from $0.12/kW·h for the non-peak energy cost to $0.35/kW·h or higher in the peak energy demand times. Peak-demand energy costs have become a significant portion of the electrical bills for most users in the United States of America. Utility grid companies have many reasons for increasing the cost of energy in the peak-demand times, but whatever the reason, the increase in energy cost during the peak demand time continues and as the cost to produce energy increases, so does the peak cost.
In an embodiment, a system provides electrical energy users a method of averaging energy usage over a 24-hour period. The method is called power averaging or “peak shaving”. The functionally aspects of power averaging are indicated in
At the end of the peak energy demand period, the input energy may be sufficient to not only supply output energy demand but also recharge the EESU main units 310. As an example, an average home in the USA uses around 600 kWh per month. It is estimated that around 70% of the energy may be used in the peak demand period. On a yearly basis, 5,040 kWh of energy is used in the peak-demand period and 2,160 kWh may be consumed in the non-peak-demand period. The yearly cost in this example may be $1,260 for the peak-demand energy and the cost for the energy in the non peak demand period may be $108, with a year total cost of $1,368. With the power averaging unit, the total yearly cost may be $360, providing a yearly saving of $1,008. The estimated cost for the power averaging system for a home with this amount of energy usage may be in the range of $4,000 to $5,000. Of course, in the industrial utility-grid energy supply market, the cost of energy is higher and the difference between the non-peak costs and peak costs are significantly wider, the return on the investment may be much faster and the yearly saving may be significant.
In another embodiment, the architecture may be a primary power backup to provide continual power to the user in case the utility grid power is interrupted. If the control computer 300 detects an input power loss, SS5 and SS6 may be deactivated. Primary power source may be delivered by the EESU main units 310. If the energy in the EESU main units 310 is reduced to a set level, then the computer 300 may automatically notify the user and order portable EESU primary backup energy sources (340 and 345). The EESU specification data, as shown in Table II, indicates that electrical energy for the first time is highly portable due to the ultrahigh energy storage and ultralow discharge rate. If a trainload of EESUs is charged in west Texas and held in reserve for a year, only around 0.22% of the energy may be lost. With the use of the shipping, railroad, and trucking capabilities of the world, a truckload of portable EESU backup units could be readily delivered and continued to be delivered until the utility grid power loss has been corrected. When the computer 300 detects that portable EESU primary energy is desired, it may ensure that EESU Buffer 2 (350) is fully charged and may deactivate SS9 and SS10 and activate SS1 and SS2. The fully charged EESU Buffer 2 (350) ensures that the output power is not interrupted during the process of activating the portable energy source. If the computer 300 detects that the portable energy source 1 (340) energy level is depleted to a specified level, it may again ensure that the EESU buffer 2 (350) is fully charged and deactivate SS1 and SS2 and activate SS3 and SS4, which completes the action of activating portable EESU primary energy source 2 (345). This process of switching between portable energy source 1 (340) and 2 (345) continues until the control computer 300 detects that the utility grid power has been reactivated. The computer 300 may activate SS5 and SS6 and charge the EESU main units 310 up to an acceptable level. When that has been completed, the solid state switches associated with the portable power may be deactivated and SS9 and SS10 may be activated.
In another embodiment, the architecture may provide real time incremental changes to the EESU main unit 310 energy storage capability, sometimes called “hot swapping.” This aspect can also be used to perform maintenance on the EESU main units 310. When the control computer 300 is notified to activate this aspect, it may first ensure that EESU buffers 1 (360) and 2 (350) are fully charged, then SS5, SS6, SS9, and SS10 may be deactivated. SS7, SS8, SS11, and SS12 may be activated. The computer 300 may increase the power delivery to a level that ensures that the EESU buffers 1 (360) and 2 (350) remain at full charge. When the computer is notified that the process has been completed, it may again ensure that the energy storage buffers are fully charged and deactivate SS7, SS8, SS11, and SS12 and activate SS5, SS6, SS9, and SS10.
Yet another feature of this architecture is the ability to provide energy of demand to selected locations on an intelligent utility grid. Such systems could be located at strategic location on computer controlled utility grids of the world and be fully charged so the grid energy could be delivered on demand to locations requiring critical electrical grid energy. In an example, the output power of the system is the utility grid. Such power averaging features allow for higher average energy outputs for the already existing utility grid power generating plants. Such an intelligent grid energy storage feature would allow for an increase in yearly output of approximately 40% to 45%.
The system architecture indicated in
In a first aspect, a power system includes an input connected to a utility grid to receive alternating current (AC) input voltage, a full wave bridge electrically connected to the input and to provide full wave reactivation of the AC input voltage, an input filter electrically connected to the full wave bridge to provide direct current (DC) voltage, a DC current limiting unit electrically connected to the input filter to provide power to the system at a rate approximately a 24-hour average consumption rate, a main electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the DC current limiting unit via a first set of solid state switches, a mid filter electrically connected to the main electrical energy storage units via a second set of solid state switches, an electrical energy storage unit buffer electrically connected to the mid filter, a DC/AC converter unit electrically connected to the mid filter, and an output filter electrically connected to the DC/AC converter unit.
In an example of the first aspect, the DC current limiting unit is to provide constant power output to the main electrical energy storage unit. In another example of the first aspect, the main electrical energy storage unit is a capacitive electrical energy storage unit to provide power on demand to the mid filter, the capacitive electrical energy storage unit to reduce utility grid line AC noise, transients, and short and long term drop outs.
In an additional example of the first aspect, the DC/AC converter unit is to convert DC voltage from the main electrical energy storage unit to utility grid acceptable voltages.
In a further example of the first aspect, the power system further includes a computational circuitry to control the first and second set of solid state switches or the DC current limiting unit to perform at least one of: adjusting the DC current limiting unit to change the power provided to the main electrical energy storage unit on an as needed basis; switching delivery of the output power from the main electrical energy storage unit to the electrical energy storage unit buffer and isolating the main electrical energy storage unit to permit adding, removing, or replacing capacitive electrical energy storage units of the main electrical energy storage unit; switching from the main electrical energy storage units to a portable electrical energy storage unit as a DC power source to the DC/AC converter unit; or providing a seamless delivery of power without loss of output power or adding switching noise to the output power.
In another example of the first aspect, the main electrical energy storage unit is an ultra capacitor configuration fabricated utilizing a composition-modified barium titanate powder coated with aluminum oxide and immersed in a calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass or polymer matrix.
In a second aspect, a power system includes an input coupled to a utility power grid, a bridge electrically connected to the utility power grid and to convert alternating current to direct current, an electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the bridge, the electrical energy storage unit comprising a dielectric layer disposed between first and second electrode layers, the dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material, a converter electrically connected to the electrical energy storage unit and to convert direct current to alternating current, and a power output electrically connected to the converter.
In an example of the second aspect, the dielectric layer comprises the high permittivity ceramic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In another example of the second aspect, the high permittivity ceramic material is coated with an aluminum oxide coating.
In a further example of the second aspect, the power system further includes a solid state switch electrically connected between the bridge and the electrical energy storage unit, and further comprising a control computer to control the solid state switch. The control computer can to control the converter.
In an additional example of the second aspect, the power system further includes an electrical energy storage unit buffer electrically connected between the electrical energy storage unit and the converter, the electrical energy storage unit buffer comprising a second dielectric layer disposed between third and fourth electrode layers, the second dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material.
In another example of the second aspect, the power system further includes a portable electrical energy storage unit comprising a third dielectric layer disposed between fifth and sixth electrode layers, the third dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material, the portable electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the converter.
In an example of the second aspect, the power system further includes an electrical energy storage unit buffer electrically connected in parallel with the electrical energy storage unit, the electrical energy storage unit buffer comprising a fourth dielectric layer disposed between seventh and eighth electrode layers, the fourth dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material.
In a third aspect, a method of power averaging includes receiving power from a utility grid at a bridge of a power system. The power system includes an input coupled to a utility power grid, the bridge electrically connected to the utility power grid and to convert alternating current to direct current, a current limiting circuit connected to an output of the bridge, an electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the current limiting circuit, the electrical energy storage unit comprising a dielectric layer disposed between first and second electrode layers, the dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material, a converter electrically connected to the electrical energy storage unit and to convert direct current to alternating current, and a power output electrically connected to the converter. The method further includes determining an average daily usage rate with a control computer and controlling current supplied by the current limiting circuit with the control computer based on the average daily usage rate.
In an example of the third aspect, controlling the current includes controlling the current to be constant based on the average daily usage rate. In another example of the third aspect, controlling the current includes controlling the current to fill the electrical energy storage unit during off-peak times.
In an additional example of the third aspect, the method further includes controlling access to portable energy storage units based on availability of utility grid power and power level of the electrical energy storage unit.
In a further example of the third aspect, the method further includes isolating the electrical energy storage unit and activating a buffer unit connected in parallel with the electrical energy storage unit.
In a particular example of the third aspect, the power output is connected to a portion of the utility grid.
Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed are not necessarily the order in which they are performed.
In the foregoing specification, the concepts have been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of invention.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
Also, the use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.
After reading the specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that certain features are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, references to values stated in ranges include each and every value within that range.
This application is a divisional of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/785,380 entitled “Utility Grid Power Averaging and Condition,” by Weir et al., filed May 21, 2010, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application No. 61/180,311 entitled “Utility Grid Power Averaging and Conditioning,” by Weir et al., filed May 21, 2009 and, U.S. Patent Application No. 61/297,470 entitled “Utility Grid Power Averaging and Conditioning,” by Weir et al., filed Jan. 22, 2010, and is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/499,594 entitled “Systems and Methods For Utility Grid Power Averaging, Long Term Uninterruptible Power Supply, Power Line Isolation From Noise and Transients and Intelligent Power Transfer On Demand,” by Weir et al., filed Aug. 4, 2006. All applications listed in this paragraph are assigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3947553 | Moss et al. | Mar 1976 | A |
| 4054598 | Blum et al. | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4408282 | Hof | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4671618 | Wu et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4733328 | Blazej | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4772576 | Kimura et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4834952 | Rollat et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4839339 | Bunker et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 5011804 | Bergna et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5017446 | Reichman et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5043843 | Kimura et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5045170 | Bullock et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5082811 | Bruno | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5087437 | Bruno et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5116560 | Dole et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5116790 | Bruno et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5196388 | Shyu | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5242674 | Bruno et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5252311 | Riman et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5340510 | Bowen | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5362472 | Lauter et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5407618 | Stephenson | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5417956 | Moser | May 1995 | A |
| 5631814 | Zak | May 1997 | A |
| 5711988 | Tsai et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5730874 | Wai et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5731948 | Yializis et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5738919 | Thomas et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5744258 | Bai et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5776239 | Bruno | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5797971 | Zheng et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5800857 | Ahmad et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5833905 | Miki | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5850113 | Weimer et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5867363 | Tsai et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5900223 | Matijevic et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5929259 | Lockemeyer | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5973175 | Bruno | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5973913 | McEwen et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6005764 | Anderson et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6072688 | Hennings et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6078494 | Hansen | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6195249 | Honda et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6228161 | Drummond | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6243254 | Wada et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6268054 | Costantino et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6294620 | Huang et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6296716 | Haerle et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6331929 | Masuda | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6352681 | Horikawa et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6410157 | Nakamura et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6447910 | Wataya | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6485591 | Nakao et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6501639 | Takafuji et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6550117 | Tokuoka et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6673274 | Venigalla et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6692721 | Hur et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6703719 | McConnell | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6715197 | Okuyama et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6749898 | Nakamura et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6905989 | Ellis et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 7033406 | Weir et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7068898 | Buretea et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7228050 | Buretea et al. | Jun 2007 | B1 |
| 7237634 | Severinsky et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7446536 | Bertness | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7456602 | Hampo et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7595109 | Weir et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7629699 | Annen et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7648687 | Weir et al. | Jan 2010 | B1 |
| 7729811 | Weir et al. | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7919879 | Flannery et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7993611 | Weir et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8264208 | Wardensky | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 20010010367 | Burnell-Jones | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20020186522 | Honda et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030025397 | Young et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030052658 | Baretich et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20040071944 | Weir et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040135436 | Gilbreth et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20050105229 | Deng et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20060210779 | Weir et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20070148065 | Weir et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070158945 | Annen et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20080016681 | Eisenring | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080313006 | Witter et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090326729 | Hakim et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 02598787 | Mar 2008 | CA |
| 02598754 | Apr 2008 | CA |
| 1020487 | Jul 2000 | EP |
| 55154321 | Dec 1980 | JP |
| 63248719 | Oct 1988 | JP |
| 01179721 | Jul 1989 | JP |
| 03068102 | Mar 1991 | JP |
| 05017150 | Jan 1993 | JP |
| 07291607 | Nov 1995 | JP |
| 11147716 | Jun 1999 | JP |
| 2003192343 | Jul 2003 | JP |
| 9316012 | Aug 1993 | WO |
| 2008031189 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2008031189 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2008040114 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Bruno et al., “High-Performance Multilayer Capacitor Dielectrics from Chemically Prepared Powders”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 1233-1241, 1993. |
| J. Kuwata et al., “Electrical Properties of Perovskite-Type Oxide Thin-Films Prepared by RF Sputtering”, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., Part 1, 1985, 413-15. |
| F. Sears et al., “Capacitance-Properties of Dielectrics”, University of Physica, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Feb. 1984, pp. 516-533. |
| Mitsubishi Polyester Film Corporation specification sheet for Hostaphan (R) RE film for capacitors, Copyright 2007. |
| Beheir et al., “Studies on the liquid-liquid extraction and ion and precipitate flotation of Co(II) with decanoic acid”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles, vol. 174m,No. 1 (1992) 13-22. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120146418 A1 | Jun 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61180311 | May 2009 | US | |
| 61297470 | Jan 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12785380 | May 2010 | US |
| Child | 13401136 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11499594 | Aug 2006 | US |
| Child | 12785380 | US |
