Patent Application
20070069624
Ultraviolet (UV)-emitting fluorescent tanning lamps are used for a variety of purposes, one of which is tanning of the human body. The phosphor coating on the interior surface of the lamp envelope absorbs the 254 and 185 nm photons produced by the low-pressure mercury plasma and emits in the UVA and UVB regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectral power distribution (SPD) of the lamp is a quantification of the energy that is emitted at each wavelength and is dependent on the types of phosphors used in the lamp and their relative proportions.
Traditionally, the tanning industry has relied on one particular phosphor chemistry, lead-activated barium disilicate (BaSi2O5:Pb). This phosphor will either comprise 100% of the phosphor coating or will be present as the component with the highest weight percent (wt. %) in a multi-component phosphor blend. The BaSi2O5:Pb phosphor yields a lamp SPD that peaks at about 351 nm.
However, there are drawbacks to the use of the BaSi2O5:Pb phosphor. One drawback is that like most silicate phosphors the maintenance of the UV output in fluorescent lamps is poor. In order to improve maintenance, a protective alumina coating is typically applied to the phosphor particles. A preferred method for applying the protective coating to the phosphor particles is via a CVD reaction in a fluidized bed (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,341 and 4,710,674). While effective, this CVD method requires relatively complex coating equipment and hazardous chemicals. Another drawback is the lead activator itself. There is increasing pressure on all manufacturers to eliminate lead from their products because of environmental concerns related to their disposal. Thus, a lead-free, non-silicate alternative to the BaSi2O5:Pb phosphor would offer a significant advantage to lamp manufacturers.
It is an object of the invention to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is another object of the invention to provide a lead-free phosphor blend for UV tanning lamps and a tanning lamp containing same.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of treating phosphate phosphors to improve lamp stabilization time.
In accordance with one object of the invention, there is provided a phosphor blend comprising a mixture of a YPO4:Ce phosphor and a LaPO4:Ce phosphor. The preferred weight ratios of the YPO4:Ce to LaPO4:Ce phosphors are, in increasing order of preference, from 60:40 to 99:1, from 70:30 to 99:1, from 80:20 to 99:1, from 90:10 to 99:1 and even more preferably 96:4. (All phosphor blend ratios described herein are given as weight ratios unless otherwise indicated.)
In accordance with another object of the invention, the phosphor blend further contains a third phosphor having an isoelectric point that is at least 3 pH units higher than either of the YPO4:Ce and LaPO4:Ce phosphors. More preferably, the third phosphor is a SrB4O7:Eu phosphor. Even more preferably, the blend contains 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % SrB4O7:Eu, 30 wt. % to 80 wt. % YPO4:Ce, and 5 wt. % to 35 wt. % LaPO4:Ce wherein the sum of wt. % of the phosphors in the blend equals 100%.
In accordance with still another object of the invention, at least one of the YPO4:Ce or LaPO4:Ce phosphors has been treated to raise its isoelectric point by at least 0.5 pH units, and more preferably by at least one pH unit. More particularly, there is provided a LaPO4:Ce phosphor having an isoelectric point at pH 4.3 or higher, and more preferably at pH 4.8 or higher. There is also provided a YPO4:Ce phosphor having an isoelectric point at pH 5.3 or higher, and more preferably greater at pH 5.8 or higher.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a UV-emitting fluorescent lamp, comprising a sealed tubular envelope and at least one electrode for generating a discharge, the envelope containing an amount of mercury and having a phosphor coating on an interior surface, the phosphor coating comprising a mixture of a YPO4:Ce phosphor and a LaPO4:Ce phosphor. In a preferred embodiment, the lamp has a UV-reflective layer disposed between the phosphor coating and the envelope, the UV-reflective layer extending partially around the circumference of the envelope and comprising alpha alumina having a surface area between 3 and 10 m2/g.
More preferably, the lamp exhibits an SPD having a first peak emission wavelength from 334-342 nm and a second peak emission wavelength from 352-360 nm. The intensity of the first peak emission wavelength is preferably between 60%-70% of the intensity of the second peak emission wavelength.
In one alternative, the normalized intensity in the lamp SPD for the wavelength region between 302-310 nm is preferably from 0.75% and 2.5%; the normalized intensity of lamp emission for the wavelength region between 311-320 nm is from 1% and 3.5%; the normalized intensity of lamp emission for the wavelength region between 321-325 nm is from 1.5% and 4%; and the normalized intensity of lamp emission for the wavelength region between 326-330 nm is from 4.5% and 20%.
In another preferred embodiment, the lamp has an erythemal response time, 0 h Te, between 20 and 80 minutes, and preferably has a 100 h UVA maintenance that is >88% and a 100 h UVB maintenance that is >88%. Even more preferably, the 0 h UVA output of the lamp is >8500 μW/cm2.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims taken in conjunction with the above-described drawings.
In a reflector tanning lamp, there is a coating of a UV reflective material next to the glass which usually covers only a portion of the bulb circumference. A layer of phosphor is then applied on top of the reflective material. An illustration of a reflector tanning lamp is shown in
Reflector lamps were made with two phosphor coatings: (1) 100% YPO4:Ce (OSRAM SYLVANIA type 2040) and (2) a blend of 96 wt. % YPO4:Ce and 4 wt. % (Mg,Sr)Al11O19:Ce (OSRAM SYLVANIA type 2096). Two reflector coatings were also evaluated: (1) 100% HPA and (2) a mixture of 75:25 by weight HPA/CR30. HPA is an alpha alumina powder made by Baikowski and has a surface area of about 5 m2/g. CR30 is a another commercially available alumina from Baikowski and has a surface area of about 30 m2/g.
The coated lamps were finished (i.e. made into working lamps) together with state-of-the-art tanning lamps as a control (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,931) using the same fill gas composition and fill pressure.
The SPD of the 96:4 2040/2096 test group, curve marked DLF78, with 75:25 HPA/CR30 reflector alumina is shown in
The results of measurements on the test lamps are given in Table 1. In particular, the lamps were measured for initial UVA output (0 h UVA), initial erythemal time (0 h Te) and 100 h UV maintenance. The 100 h UV maintenance refers to the UV output at 100 h expressed as a percentage of the 0 h UV. The 0 h UVA output of the state-of-the-art control lamps was measured to be about 9100 μW/cm2.
In Table 1, it can be seen that the 0 h UVA output of all three lamp test groups is lower than that of the state-of-the-art control lamp control group by about 6.5%-8.5%. In addition, the 0 h Te of the two 100% type 2040 lamp groups is too high compared to the desired 0 h Te range of 28-38 minutes. The reason for the much higher 0 h Te for these two test groups is because of the low UVB emission from the type 2040 phosphor. The erythemal time Te depends on the magnitude and shape of the UVB portion of the lamp SPD. A lower 0 h UVB yields a higher 0 h Te.
Type 2096 phosphor peaks in the UVB portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. When 4 wt. % of type 2096 is added to type 2040 (Table 1, 96:4 ratio), the lamp UVB output increases which lowers the 0 h Te to an acceptable level. The somewhat lower 0 h UVA of the 96:4 2040/2096 group relative to the 100% type 2040 group with the same reflector is due to the dilution of the type 2040 phosphor.
The UVA and UVB maintenance of all three test cases is equivalent to the state-of-the-art control lamps. The 100 h UVA maintenance of the test groups was greater than 90% and 100 h UVB maintenance of the test groups was greater than 88%. Moreover, both of these values exceed the UV maintenance values typically observed for 100% BaSi2O5:Pb-based reflector tanning lamps, about 85% for UVA and 80% for UVB.
Although the 96:4 2040/2096 group with the 75:25 HPA/CR30 reflector alumina produced an acceptable lamp, an increase in the 0 h UVA was sought.
Reflector lamps were coated with a new phosphor blend as shown in Table 2. In this case, the blend used was 96:4 by weight of YPO4:Ce/LaPO4:Ce. The LaPO4:Ce phosphor (OSRAM SYLVANIA Type 2080) has a different intrinsic emission spectrum compared to type 2096 phosphor that was used in Example 1.
The UV reflector material was also different than Example 1. In these lamps, the reflector layer was 100% CR6 alumina which is an alpha alumina manufactured by Baikowski with surface area of about 6 m2/g. It was found that the CR6 alumina had a higher reflectance in the UVA and UVB region of the electromagnetic spectrum compared to the HPA alumina. In particular, glass slides were coated with both HPA alumina and CR6 alumina at various levels of powder loading and measured for UV reflectance. The CR6 alumina was found to exceed HPA alumina in UV reflectance at all wavelengths between 300 to 400 nm which is the region of interest for UV emitting tanning lamps. Based on this, it was expected that the use of CR6 alumina as a reflector would provide an additional increase in the 0 h UVA output since it would reflect more of the UV to the window region of the lamp. Preferred CR6 alumina coating weights range from about 7 to about 12 mg/cm2.
A normalized lamp SPD for these lamps is shown in
As can be seen from Table 2, the combination of the CR6 reflector alumina and the 96:4 YPO4:Ce/LaPO4:Ce phosphor blend resulted in a significant increase in lamp 0 h UVA output compared to the 96:4 blend of Example 1. The 0 h UVA output of the test group in Table 2 is only about 1.5% lower than the state-of-the-art control group for Table 2. In Example 1, the 0 h UVA output of the 96:4 blend was at least about 8.5% lower than that of the state-of-the-art control.
There is also an increase in the 0 h UVB output from this lamp which can be seen in the lower 0 h Te as compared to Example 1. The 0 h Te in Example 2 is 29.3 minutes as compared to 35.8 minutes in Example 1. The lower Te is preferred since it indicates faster tanning characteristics.
As the percentage of the LaPO4:Ce in the YPO4:Ce/LaPO4:Ce phosphor blend is increased, the UVB emission from the blend Will increase and the 0 h Te will decrease as can be seen in
In order to allow for the manufacturing of tanning lamps with a greater flexibility in 0 h Te, the percentage of LaPO4:Ce in the two component blend may vary between 1 to 40wt. %, with the balance being the YPO4:Ce phosphor. This allows the 0 h Te to vary between 2-80 minutes.
The 100 h UVA and UVB maintenance of the lamp in Example 2 is also very good and comparable to the state-of-the-art control group.
It is important to note that no protective coatings are required for the phosphate phosphors involved in this invention and yet both the UVA and UVB maintenance are excellent. Furthermore, the phosphate phosphors are more robust than the aforementioned silicate phosphors when used in water-based coating suspensions. This prolongs the life time of the coating suspensions which benefits the production process economics. Moreover, the phosphor blend of this invention does not use any lead-containing phosphors thereby providing potential environmental benefits.
Table 3 provides the results of an ionic analysis of the aqueous medium after a 96:4 YPO4:Ce/LaPO4:Ce phosphor blend was used to make a water-based coating suspension. The suspension was held over for 35 days. The levels of Y and La are very low, less than 10 ppm. Typical cation levels for a 30 day holdover of a water-based suspension containing a BaSi2O5:Pb phosphor are significantly higher, about 1500-2000 ppm for similar hold-over conditions.
Although the YPO4:Ce/LaPO4:Ce makes acceptable tanning lamps, one problem with the use of these phosphors is that the lamps take a significantly long time to stabilize after they were switched on compared to the traditional BaSi2O5:Pb-based lamps. The difference is often a factor of two.
The time for the lamp to stabilize electrically correlated directly with the time required for the lamp to develop full axial brightness when run in the vertical position. During testing, it was observed that the YPO4:Ce/LaPO4:Ce lamps required a much longer time to develop full axial brightness compared to the BaSi2O5:Pb-based lamps. In particular, the bottom of the lamp reached full brightness first and then progressively the upper regions of the lamp attained full brightness.
Upon further investigation, measurements of surface chemistry of these phosphors determined that the surface of both the YPO4:Ce and the LaPO4:Ce phosphors are acidic. The isoelectric point (IEP) measured for LaPO4:Ce phosphor is about pH 3.8 while the IEP for the YPO4:Ce phosphor is about pH 4.8. It is hypothesized that this acidic surface causes the phosphor surface to charge negatively in the low pressure plasma in the fluorescent lamp. This is believed to cause the phosphor surface to attract Hg2+ ions from the discharge leading to slower Hg diffusion rates and, consequently, a slower stabilization and longer time to reach full brightness.
In order to decrease the lamp stabilization time, these phosphors were treated to increase their IEP, i.e., make the particle surface more basic. A preferred way of doing this is to wash the phosphors with a basic solution, preferably a potassium hydroxide, KOH, wash. Others ways may include depositing a more basic coating, e.g., alumina or yttria, by any one of a variety of methods.
The KOH-treated YPO4:Ce and LaPO4:Ce phosphors were tested and compared with the untreated phosphors in a lamps. The results for the test groups are presented in
In addition to, or in place of the surface treatment, it is possible to improve stabilization time by the addition of a third component to the phosphor blend that has a much higher IEP than either of the two phosphate phosphors, in particular the IEP of the third phosphor should be at least about 3 pH units higher than the untreated phosphate phosphors. A preferred phosphor for this purpose is SrB4O7:Eu (e.g., OSRAM SYLVANIA Type 2052). The SrB4O7:Eu phosphor has an IEP at about pH 9 and may be added to the blend in an amount from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % of the blend. In a preferred blend, the three components may range from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % SrB4O7:Eu, 30 wt. % to 80 wt. % YPO4:Ce, and 5 wt. % to 35 wt. % LaPO4:Ce with the sum of wt. % of the three components in the blend adding to 100%. More preferably, the three components in the blend may range from 10 wt. % to 25 wt. % SrB4O7:Eu, 50 wt. % to 70 wt. % YPO4:Ce and 10 wt. % to 30 wt. % LaPO4:Ce with the sum of wt. % of the three components in the blend adding to 100%. Even more preferably, the three components in the blend may range from 15 wt. % to 20 wt. % SrB4O7:Eu, 60 wt. % to 70 wt. % YPO4:Ce and 15 wt. % to 25 wt. % LaPO4:Ce with the sum of wt. % of the three components in the blend adding to 100%.
The decreased stabilization time for lamps made with the above described phosphor blends is illustrated in
In
The 0 h UVA output of the 3-component blend lamp is also superior to that of the 2-component blend lamp by about 1.8-3.5%. Typical SPDs of the 3-component blends versus the 2-component blend and the-state-of-the-art control are shown in
While there have been shown and described what are present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In particular, the phosphor blend of this invention may be equally well applied to full-coat tanning lamps that do not have a UV reflective layer next to the glass.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/596,513, filed Sep. 29, 2005.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60596513 | Sep 2005 | US |
