Patent Application
20090304725
The present invention relates to a vaccine against cancerous diseases associated with the carcinoembryonic antigen CEA, the respective antigen mimotopes and the production process and use thereof.
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein overexpressed by different tumours, typically by colorectal carcinoma. Additionally, elevated serum levels of CEA are found in more than 50% of all breast cancers, 70% of small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, esophagus, pancreas, gastric, and thyroid carcinomas. Among all cancers, colorectal carcinoma is the second most important cause of deaths due to malignancies in the U.S.A. and other industrialized countries. This cancer occurs in male and female persons with equal incidences. Different possibilities of CEA-specific immunotherapy have been investigated so far: anti-idiotypic vaccines, CEA-pulsed dendritic cells, vaccination with recombinant CEA; DNA- and peptide vaccinations, all with varying efficacy [N. L. Berinstein, J. Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20; 2197-2207]. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) represents an interesting target for anti-tumour immunotherapy as it is specifically and highly expressed by many different malignancies [Z. Qu, G. L. Griffiths, W. A. Wegener, Methods 2005; 36; 84-95]. Antibodies have so far been applied for radioimmunoscinitgraphy or radioimmunotherapy. A prominent example is the anti-CEA antibody labetuzumab, recently tested in a phase I. clinical trial [S. V. Govindan et al., J. Nucl. Med. 2005; 46; 153-159]. Direct killing effects of antibodies to tumour cells rely e.g. on ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement dependent cytotoxicity) reactions [R. D. Blumenthal et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2005; 54; 315-327].
Major disadvantages of passive immunotherapies are that antibodies have to be repeatedly applied intravenously and given at high doses to achieve the desired tissue distribution and clinical effects. This means that their practical application in the individual patient is limited by the costs of manufacturing.
Moreover, CEA has been found to exhibit only a low immunogenicity due to its 50% carbohydrate content and further acts as a self antigen with the disadvantage of inducing immunological tolerance.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to overcome the above-mentioned problems. In particular it is the object of the present invention to provide a vaccine that may be produced at reasonable manufacturing costs. It is another object of the present invention to induce a long-lasting antibody response with a high immunogenicity of the vaccine and to circumvent or break tolerance mechanisms towards self tissue.
These objects may be solved by the present invention. The present invention relates to a vaccine against cancerous diseases associated with the carcinoembryonic antigen CEA, which comprises at least one CEA mimotope with a length of 6 to 25 amino acids that is recognized immunologically by the monoclonal antibody Col-1.
Thereby, the term mimotope relates to an oligopeptide which mimics at least a part of the extracellular domain of CEA.
Preferably, the length of the mimotope, i.e. oligopeptide, is 6 to 25 amino acids.
The inventive vaccine permits active immunization against cancerous diseases associated with CEA. Thus, a prophylaxis can be obtained against cancerous diseases associated with the carcinoembryonic antigen CEA, such as colorectal carcinoma, some breast cancers, lung, esophagus, thyroid and pancreas carcinoma. In addition, the inventive vaccine can be used to treat an existing cancerous disease or to accompany conventional cancer treatments. Application of the inventive vaccine can completely or partly avoid the considerable disadvantages of conventional cancer treatments such as chemo- or radiotherapy.
Moreover, by active immunization with a mimic according to the present invention, self tolerance against the self-antigen CEA can be broken rather than with identical structures.
As shown below, the inventive vaccine shows a high specific cytotoxicity against tumour cells that is dependent on the vaccine's concentration. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the tumour growth in animals could be specifically inhibited.
The inventive vaccine comprises a CEA mimotope which is recognized immunologically by the monoclonal antibody Col-1. According to the invention, mimotopes are antigen surrogates for the induction and amplification of effective immune responses towards CEA. One possibility to select respective CEA mimotopes, i.e. oligopeptides, is to use the monoclonal antibody Col-1 directed against the extracellular domain of CEA. The technology is based on the selection of phage-displayed mimotopes from phage libraries using antibodies against CEA, such as Col-1.
Phage libraries contain a huge repertoire of peptide ligands. The libraries exemplarily used in the present invention were displaying nonameric peptides in linear form or decameric circular peptides, where peptide inserts are flanked by two cysteins allowing a disulfide bond and circularisation. Both libraries were provided by Prof. L. Mazzucchelli (L. Mazzucchelli et al., Blood 1999; 93; 1738-48).
Preferably, the vaccine is phage-free. That is, even if phage-presented oligopeptides with the desired length of 6 to 25 amino acids are used for selecting an effective amino acid sequence with the aid of antibodies acting against CEA, these phage-presented peptides should not be processed into a vaccine but be previously freed from the phage fraction and only then processed to a vaccine employable in particular for humans.
Moreover, the mimotope may be synthesized chemically or genetically.
Preferably, the CEA mimotope is a linear or a cyclic oligopeptide, having the length of 6 to 25 amino acids. Preferably, cyclisation is obtained via disulfide bond formation between two cysteins.
Further, the vaccine of the present invention preferably comprises an active ingredient which displays or presents at least one CEA mimotope once or multiple times. It is preferred that the active ingredient displays or presents at least one CEA mimotope multiple times, for instance, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more times.
Moreover, it is preferred that the CEA mimotope is coupled to a carrier. The mimotope oligopeptides or combinations thereof can be fused or chemically coupled to a carrier to enhance their antigenic density and, therefore, immunogenicity.
It is also preferred that the carrier presents the mimotope in a high density, this means that the mimotope is responsible for the immune reaction. Hence, it is preferred that the carrier presents the CEA mimotope for e.g. twenty, fifty or more times.
Thereby, the carrier should be phage-free and be harmless to humans. The carrier may be immunogenic, however, this is not a necessity.
In the present invention every carrier known in the art may be used. However, preferably, the carrier is selected from the group consisting of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), tetanus toxoid (TT), cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), polyglycol, like polyethylengycol, poly-lactic acid (PLA), poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), liposome, chitosome, bacterial ghosts, lysine dendrimers, virosomes or their like.
Lysine dendrimers according to the invention are molecules with a tree-like structure whereby the branching is formed of repetitive lysine units. However, the lysine dendrimer may not exclusively consist of lysine units only, but may also involve other units as linkers such as 1,6-hexandiamine or dithioacetylhexandiamine between two lysine branches.
For instance, a lysine dendrimer may have the following structure:
or more schematically:
whereby every terminal lysine provides two amino groups that may be used for the coupling of a mimotope either with or without a linker. Naturally, other linkers between the lysine branches as the one shown above are possible.
Moreover, the dendrimer may have a structure as follows:
whereby again every terminal lysine provides two amino groups that may be used for coupling of a mimotope either with or without a linker.
In one embodiment of the invention, the mimotope is coupled to the carrier via a linker. Thereby, the linker acts as a spacer that confers flexibility or, if desired, rigidity of the displayed mimotope. The chemical nature of the spacer may vary, depending on the reactivity of the functional groups of the carrier and the mimotope, respectively, and depending on the necessity in respect of flexibility or rigidity. As an example, spacing sequences such as (GP)x, or (G)x, may be mentioned. However, also other reagents such as first acetylation of the lysine amino groups with iodoacetic acid, followed by reaction of the iodine with a mercapto group for instance of cysteine or 3-mercapto-propionic acid, may be mentioned. Also, combinations thereof are possible.
Multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs), containing a lysine dendrimer as a carrier, can be synthesized straight forward if the mimotope peptides are linear. In case of circular oligopeptides, mimotopes can be synthesized and constrained first and, in a second step, coupled chemically to lysine. It is technically important that mimotopes have to adapt the same orientation when displayed on the carrier as by the phage during selection with an antibody, which is a C-terminal coupling to the N-terminus of the phage protein.
As an example, the following schematic build-up of multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) bearing linear and cyclic mimotopes may be used:
First, a multiple antigenic mimotope (MAM) is synthesised, bearing four linear mimotopes bound with or without a spacer or linker such as GG to a lysine dendrimer. Then, 1,6-hexandiamine is acetylated with iodo-acetic acid and subsequently reacted with the MAM as described above:
Regarding the multiple antigenic peptides bearing cyclic mimotopes, the following reaction scheme as shown in
Thereby, a branched trimeric lysine is reacted with iodo-acetic acid to give product I. Further, the mimotope oligopeptide sequence is synthesized at first as a linear sequence, containing the spacer or linker sequence GPGPGK. Then, the two mercapto groups of the cystein residues are reacted via oxidative formation of a disulfide to give the cyclic mimotope. Afterwards, the lysine residue at the C-terminal of the peptide is reacted with 3-mercapto-propionic acid to give product II, which is subsequently reacted with the activated compound I to give the multiple antigenic peptide containing four cyclic mimotope components as shown schematically in
It is also possible that the multiple antigenic mimotope (MAM) has the following structure:
Circular peptides may be preferentially recognized by antibodies preferring conformational epitopes. In contrast, linear peptides are more easily produced synthetically.
Preferably, the CEA mimotope is an oligopeptide with an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences:
and/or a functional peptide variant of these amino acid sequences that can be obtained by conservative substitution, addition and/or omission of one or more amino acids, preferably one to 50% of mimotope containing amino acids, of these amino acid sequences without changing, i.e. negatively affecting, the binding properties of the sequence to the antibody.
Preferably, the CEA mimotope is an oligopeptide with the following sequences:
and/or a functional peptide variant of these amino acid sequences that can be obtained by conservative substitution, addition and/or omission of one or more amino acids, preferably one to 50% of mimotope containing amino acids, of these amino acid sequences without changing, i.e. negatively affecting, the binding properties of the sequence to the antibody.
It is a further embodiment of the invention to provide a process for producing a CEA mimotope by biopanning of phage libraries displaying oligopeptides. Thereby, the length of the oligopeptides is from 6 to 25 amino acids. The conformation of the oligopeptides may be linear or circular.
Further, it is an embodiment of the invention to provide a process for producing a vaccine which comprises as an active ingredient a carrier on which one or more CEA mimotopes are coupled.
The inventive vaccine may further contain promiscuous T-cell epitope peptides, interleukins like e.g. IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13; INF-gamma, aluminium hydroxid and all other adjuvant known in the art.
In general, by applying the vaccine via different routes, i.e. intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, mucosal or oral, distinct antibody classes, i.e. IgG, IgE, IgA and/or IgM, can be induced towards CEA through the vaccine. Each antibody class takes advantage of a different spectrum of effector mechanisms, IgG and IgA may induce ADCC reactions, IgG subclasses 1 to 3 may induce CDC, IgE antibodies interact with cells bearing the high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI (mast cells, basophils, eosinophils).
The application of the vaccine may be with or without additional adjuvants like Al(OH)3 or acid-neutralizing or acid-suppressing medications (sucralfate, antacids, H2-receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors) when oral application is planned.
The CEA mimotope may of course also be used as a diagnostic means for instance in order to test the success of a vaccination. When it is used for diagnostic tests, it is preferably either coupled to carriers which are not immunogenic or which do not interfere with the immunogenicity of the correspondent vaccine used.
Without any restriction to the following examples and figures, the present invention may be exemplified as follows:
Peptide mimotopes were generated using monoclonal antibody Col-1 (Zymed Lab., San Francisco, Calif.) recognizing CEA and being applied in histopathology. For biopannings, an ELISA plate was coated according to standard methods using Col-1. Phages of the amplified libraries displaying linear or constrained peptides were pooled to equal parts and incubated to the coated Col-1. Whereas mimotopes ligands bound to Col-1 unbound phages could be washed away. Bound phages were eluted by low pH incubation, followed by immediate neutralization. In a next step eluted phages are amplified in E. coli and applied for the next round. Four rounds in all were performed.
After the panning rounds, the amplification of specific ligands was approved by an increase of phage titers. Phages from rounds 3 and 4 were cloned and subjected to colony screening assay using mouse monoclonal IgG2a antibody Col-1 and an isotype control antibody (mouse IgG2a, kappa; murine myeloma, Sigma) for detection.
DNA-sequencing rendered the following aa-sequences from library LL9 displaying linear nonameric peptides (due to failure in the library, also octamers are derived):
From the decameric constrained peptides the following sequences were selected—each flanked by cysteins:
Several mimotopes were selected due to good performance in previous test for further studies, these were the mimotopes, termed COL1-COL7: COL1: DKGGLMKTN; COL2: DRGGLWKTP; COL3: DMGGLFRKG; COL4: C-RLALGDAKKY-C; COL5: C-VRKGGLIKGR-C; COL6: C-GPRDRGGLIK-C; COL7: C-DSNRGGLWRK-C. These clones were amplified, diluted to equal phage particle concentration and further tested for specificity and binding strength to CEA in an ELISA assay (
To prove the mimicry potential of selected phage-mimotopes with the original antigen CEA a competitive ELISA assay was performed (
A sequence DRGGLWKTP of linear mimotope clone COL2 was selected for synthetic production of the multiple antigenic peptide
(piChem, Graz, Austria). The correct fold of the MAP was controlled via Col-1 binding analysis in ELISA.
For control an irrelevant linear MAP
was chosen and was not recognized by either antibody.
was diluted to 1 mg/ml PBS, and 100 μg in 50 μl per dose were applied intraperitoneally to BALB/c mice (n=8) using 100 μl Al(OH)3 as adjuvans. Immunizations were performed four times in 14-days intervals. Serum was taken from the tail vein before treatments (pre-immune serum; PIS), and 10 days after each immunization (mouse immune serum, MIS) and the IgG titers monitored (
Both antigens, MAM and control-MAP, were coated to ELISA plates, blocked and incubated in duplicates with individual mouse sera, diluted 1:100 in blotting buffer. After washing, bound antibodies were detected by peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody.
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent-cytotoxicity (ADCC) effectivity of the antibodies induced by mimotope vaccination were measured with the CytoTox 96 Nonradioactive Cytotoxicity assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.). HT29 CEA overexpressing cells were used as positive target cells. SW480 CEA-negative colon cancer cells served as a negative target control cell line. The number of both target cells was optimized to 2×105 cells/ml. For CDC reactions (
The highest value was corrected to 100% and the other samples were adjusted respectively. The immune sera of mimotope-vaccinated mice in the CDC assay (
Meth-A/CEA tumour cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (PAA Laboratories, Austria), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, non-essential amino acids and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (GIBCO/Invitrogen, Austria). Cells were loosened with Na-EDTA. 107 tumour cells/ml were washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 50 μl of the cell suspension with the indicated cell number was injected subcutaneously into the shaved right flank of the mice. Experimental groups consisted of 4-6 mice. Tumour development was followed by serial measurements of tumour size, the tumour volume was calculated according to the equation: tumour volume (mm3)=d2×D/2, where d was the shortest and D the longest diameter.
Animals were euthanized when the tumour reached a volume of 300 mm3. Tumour sections were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed, and embedded in paraffin. 4 μm sections were HE stained and examined in a light microscope (Olympus BH2). Micrographs were taken at a magnification of 100× and 400× using an Olympus digital camera indicating that the mimotope vaccine inhibits the settling of Meth-A/CEA cells through inflammation, whereas sham or non-treated animals show flourishing tumour cell proliferation (data not shown).
An impressive number of the tumours with the highest prevalence, including colon cancer, show CEA-overexpression. Vaccination against this target will induce antibodies exerting diverse anti-tumour effects, depending on their isotype. Therefore, mimotopes as antigen surrogates of CEA would alone, or in an adjuvant setting, activate the immune system of tumour patients to react towards CEA as self antigen.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06 002 369.4 | Feb 2006 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP07/00967 | 2/5/2007 | WO | 00 | 12/23/2008 |
