1. Field
This invention relates to the minimizing of contamination of molten metal during processing.
2. Related Art
In the metal casting industry, metals (ferrous or non-ferrous) are melted in a furnace, and then poured into molds to solidify into castings. In the foundry melting operations, metals are commonly melted in electric induction furnaces. Due to the induced electric current, molten metal in electric induction melting furnaces will typically circulate from the bottom upwards, in the center of the furnace, and circulate downwards along the sidewalls of the furnace, forming a molten metal meniscus with raised center and lower edges. Due to this circulation, molten metal is continually exposed to the atmosphere.
In other types of metal melting operations, for example melting aluminum, metal is melted in gas-fired reverberatory furnaces. Often these furnaces will utilize an external side well for charging materials, as opposed to charging materials directly into the main hearth, as this will minimize melt loss (increase recovery) of the charged aluminum, especially for thin pieces of aluminum scrap such as shreds or machine chips. Many of these furnaces utilize molten metal pumps to continuously circulate the molten metal between the main hearth and the external well(s).
In one specialized type of side charge well in these types of furnaces, the molten metal is circulated through a specially shaped well area which forms a molten metal vortex (meniscus with lowered center and raised outer edges). These types of charge wells are commonly referred to as “toilet bowls” or “vortex wells”. These vortex charging wells are especially advantageous for charging light gauge scrap such as shreds or chips, since the vortex quickly submerges the light gauge scrap under the molten metal surface, to protect it from atmospheric oxidation. Otherwise this light scrap could float on the molten metal surface, and prolong contact with atmospheric oxygen. So the quick submergence reduces melt loss and improves metal recovery.
But in order to form this molten metal vortex, a considerable amount of molten aluminum is continually exposed to the atmosphere. A skin of aluminum oxide is continuously generated, and submerged in the vortex. This aluminum oxide (dross) floats to the surface in the adjoining float-out well, and is subsequently skimmed, adding to the overall system melt loss.
So, in various types of melt furnaces (for example electric induction, or gas-fired reverb with vortex charge well), or in other types of molten metal holding or transfer vessels such as tundishes or launders, the molten metal can be exposed to atmospheric air contamination. Due to the special molten metal circulation patterns developed by the melt furnace or vessel (vortex charging well, launder, holding vessel, etc.), often the exposure of fresh molten metal to the atmosphere is exacerbated and continually updated.
It is often advantageous to melt and transport the metals without exposure to atmospheric air to minimize oxidation of the metal (including its alloying components), which not only increases yield and alloy recovery efficiency, but also reduces formation of metallic oxides, which can cause casting defects (inclusions), reducing the quality of the finished product. Molten metal, moreover, has a tendency to absorb gases (chiefly oxygen and hydrogen) from the atmosphere (ambient air), which cause gas-related casting defects such as porosity.
Various processes are utilized to prevent exposure of the metal to the atmospheric air, including vacuum treatment and inerting with a gas or a liquid. In vacuum treatment, a fluid-tight furnace chamber is vacuum evacuated of substantially all ambient oxygen prior to heating the metal. This process, however, requires a special vacuum furnace and is generally only suitable for small batch processes. In addition, the use of a vacuum furnace also results in the need for a substantially long cooling period, which lowers plant productivity.
With gas inerting, a continuous flow of inert gas is injected into the furnace chamber. This creates a blanket of inert gas that purges ambient oxygen from the chamber, as well as prevents the ambient air from entering the chamber. This process, however, requires an extraordinarily large volume of gas to be used during the process, even with a substantially fluid-tight chamber. The process, moreover, fails to keep the concentration of residual oxygen low enough to prevent the formation of an oxide layer on most metal products. Hot thermal updrafts from within the hot furnace are continually pushing the incoming cold inert gas up and away from the metal surface. Thus, as the hot air and gases rise, the induced draft continually pulls fresh cold air toward the furnace. The injected inert gas will also entrain ambient air along with it as it is injected into the furnace. Because of these effects, it is difficult, if not impossible, for gas inerting techniques to provide a true inert (0% O2) atmosphere directly at the surface of the metal.
With liquid inerting, a liquid cryogen (typically N2 or Ar) covers the entire exposed surface of the metal (i.e., hot solid metal or molten metal). Since the liquid cryogen has higher density than its gas phase and air, it is much less likely to be pushed up and away from the melt surface by the thermal updrafts. After contacting the metal surface, within a short time, the liquid vaporizes into a gas. As the cryogen boils from liquid to gas, it expands volumetrically by a factor of about 600-900 times as it rises. As a result, the expansion pushes ambient air away from the surface of the metal, inhibiting oxidation. One drawback of liquid inerting is the difficulty of efficiently delivering the liquid cryogen to the furnace interior in a liquid state. The liquefied gas is extremely cold. In the storage tank and distribution piping, the liquid inert gas is continually absorbing heat from the surroundings, boiling some of the liquid to vapor inside the storage tank and distribution piping. This vapor must be vented before the liquid is injected into the chamber, otherwise flow sputtering and surging results (caused by the tendency of the gas to choke the flow of liquid in the delivery pipes). As a result, a significant portion of the cryogen supply is lost due to boiling.
Thus, there still remains a need in the art to achieve low residual oxygen concentrations through a purging process without losing substantial volumes of inert gases.
Systems and corresponding methods are described herein that provide an effective inert blanket over a metal surface in a container such as an induction furnace, tundish, etc. The system includes a container of metal (e.g., hot solid (charge) metal or molten metal) and a system configured to deliver biphasic inert cryogen toward the metal. The delivery system may include a lance disposed proximate the top of the container. The lance includes a hood that directs both a flow of liquid cryogen and a flow of vaporous cryogen toward the metal surface. The liquid cryogen travels to the metal surface, where it vaporizes to generate a volume of expanding gas. The vaporous cryogen, moreover, is directed downward, toward the expanding gas. The vaporous cryogen reinforces expanding gas, slowing its expansion rate to maintain the expanding gas over the metal surface. Thus, the liquid and vaporous gas work in tandem to inhibit the oxidation of the metal.
The system can include a number of different features, including any one or combination of the following features:
A method of providing a vapor blanket over a material processed within a container is also described herein. The method can include a number of different features, including any one or combination of the following features:
The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the systems and methods described herein will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof, particularly when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like components.
The present invention provides a system and process wherein a vapor reinforced expanding volume of inert gas (e.g., argon, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide) is developed and maintained over the surface of metal (e.g., molten metal and/or heated metal charge) in a container such as a melting furnace or a transfer system (a ladle, a launder, etc.). The reinforced expanding volume of inert gas may be generated and maintained from a vaporizing volume of liquid cryogen situated against one or more sides of the inside surface of the container. The volumes of expanding gas may be maintained by a continuous stream of liquid cryogen replenishing the vaporizing volume of liquid cryogen from a lance system at the top of the furnace.
In each of these embodiments above, the biphasic cryogen delivery system 200 distributes liquid and vaporous inert cryogen into the container 100. The system 200 may include a lance 210 disposed at the top of the container 100. The lance 210 may communicate with an inert liquid cryogen source 400 (e.g., a storage vessel). The inert liquid cryogen may include, but is not limited to, argon, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide.
As discussed above, in traveling from the source 400 to the container 100, the inert liquid cryogen absorbs heat, forming a vaporous/gaseous component. Consequently, a diffuser 220 may be coupled to the lance 210 to separate the vaporous component from the liquid component (i.e., the vaporous cryogen from the liquid cryogen). The diffuser 220 may include, for example, a sintered 10-80μ level plug disposed at the discharge end of the lance 210. The diffuser 220 is housed within a shroud or hood 230 configured to channel the liquid and gas components exiting the diffuser, directing them into the container 100. Specifically, the hood 230 is shaped to direct the biphasic flow or cryogen (i.e., the flow of liquid cryogen 500A and the flow of vaporous cryogen 500B) toward the surface of the metal 300.
The hood 230 is disposed oriented to introduce the liquid cryogen 500A and vaporous cryogen 500B into the container. For example, the hood 230 may be disposed at a point proximate the opening 115 of the container 100. By way of specific example, the outlet end 240 may be generally coplanar with the opening 115 of the container 100, or may be positioned slightly below the opening 115 such that it protrudes into the container interior. The hood 230, moreover, may be oriented on the container such that the inner bend 250 of the hood is positioned adjacent the sidewall 110.
With the configuration of
As noted above, with regard to
As noted with regard to
As noted with regard to the embodiment where the molten metal has a generally flattened surface shape, the volume 500C of liquid cryogen 500A is either formed proximate the side wall 110 of the container 100 or may be directed into contact with a portion of the molten metal. In one embodiment, the volume of liquid cryogen is directed to a confined area (particular portion that does not constitute the whole surface of the molten metal) of the surface of the molten metal. In another particular embodiment, the volume of liquid cryogen is directed to the edge portion of the surface proximate the side wall. Of these embodiments, the later is the more preferred.
Thus, with the above noted hood configuration, the flow of liquid cryogen 500A in each of the embodiments forms a small volume 500C of liquid cryogen on the surface of the metal 300, adjacent the side wall 110 with regard to
The faster the expanding gas 600 expands, the quicker it escapes the container 100, becoming lost into the surrounding environment. Such a loss not only reduces the effectiveness of the inert blanket, but also alters the surrounding atmosphere (e.g., exposing users to inert gas). To minimize and/or eliminate the rate of loss of the expanding volume of gas 600 from the container 100, the delivery system 200 further directs a shroud of vaporous cryogen 500B into the container, where it reinforces the expanding volume of inert gas 600 generated from the pool/volume 500C of cryogenic liquid, maintaining the expanding volume 600 proximate the exposed metal surface. Specifically, the hood 230 directs the vaporous cryogen 500B toward the expanding gas 600, reinforcing the expanding gas and inhibiting its rate of expansion and diffusion into the atmosphere above the container 100. This alleviates a major drawback of conventional liquid inerting (discussed above), where a large portion of the inert cryogen is lost (e.g., when vented off to avoid lance sputtering).
The flow rate of the biphasic cryogen 500A, 500B from the source 400 should be effective to provide a continuous volume of expanding inert gas 600, to maintain a localized pool/volume 500C of liquid cryogen on the surface of the metal 300 (i.e., to prevent the liquid cryogen 500A from creating a pool/volume 500C that covers the entire surface of the metal 300), and to maintain the flow reinforcing vaporous cryogen 500B toward the metal surface. Preferably, the flow rate is determined as a function of the surface area of the metal 300. This is contrary to the prior art processes, which calculate the flow rate utilizing the volume of the metal. Preferably, the continuous stream of cryogen is maintained at a flow rate of about 0.001 lb/in2/min. to about 0.005 lb/in2/min. (about 0.07 g/cm2/min. to about 0.35 g/cm2/min.), alternatively from about 0.002 lb/in2/min. to about 0.005 lb/in2/min. (about 0.14 g/cm2/min. to about 0.35 g/cm2/min.) of the exposed metal surface area in the container 100. This maintains a flow of cryogen at a rate effective to generate a beneficial amount vaporous cryogen 500B capable of reinforcing the expanding gas 600. For example, the ratio of liquid cryogen 500A to vaporous cryogen 500B exiting the lance 210 may be about 99/1 to about 51/49, depending on the thermal quality of the cryogen distribution system and the working pressure of the cryogen supply tank. Flow rates above the preferred range tend to increase process costs, as well as lead to the “popping” of the metal 300 out of the container 100 due to volumetric and mechanical expansion of the cryogen 500C as it transitions from a liquid to a vapor. This creates a hazardous situation for users in the area around the container 100.
In operation, the hood 230 directs the liquid cryogen 500A into the container 100, causing the liquid cryogen to fall from the lance 210 adjacent to the side wall 110 and form the small volume (pool 500C) of liquid cryogen on the surface of the metal 300, adjacent the side wall of the container 100. In the embodiment that deals with a generally flattened surface shape, the hood directs the liquid cryogen into the container causing the liquid cryogen to fall from the lance either adjacent to the side wall or within a particular confined area on the surface of the molten metal. The liquid volume 500C in each case vaporizes, creating an expanding gas 600 that expands across the entire surface of the metal 300. At the same time, the hood 230 directs the vaporous gas 500C downward, toward the metal surface, inhibiting the expansion of the expanding gas 600, maintaining the reinforced vapor near the surface of the metal 300.
Conventional processes use either already expanded inert gas or an inert cryogenic liquid as a protective barrier for the molten metal and/or charge material in the container. The vapor reinforced expanding gas approach to inert blanketing is distinguished from such conventional processes in that it offers a higher level of safety for the furnace operator, an increased consistency and effect of the inert blanket, and an increase in inert gas efficiency or lower application cost. It delivers the entire inert product from the source 400 through the delivery system 200 to the internal atmosphere of the container 100 at a point above the melt interface.
This above-describe system is effective to guide the vaporous cryogen 500B into the container 100, providing for the complete utilization of the vaporous cryogen, using it to reinforce the expanding gas 600. In conventional systems, a 3-15% of the inert cryogen is wasted of the tip of a lance due to flash losses. The present system avoids these losses by completely utilizing the vaporous cryogen 500B, directing it into the container 100 in a manner (at a speed and in an amount) effective to minimize and/or avoid flash losses.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. For example, the hood 230 may possess any dimensions and shape suitable for its described purpose (directing a biphasic flow into the container), and may be modified based on factors such as manufacturing cost, manufacturing method, and application site parameters. In addition, while the flow rate is dependent primarily upon the surface area of the metal 300 in the container 100 requiring protection by the expanding gas 600, secondary factors may be used to determine the flow rate of the liquid cryogen, such as the reactivity of the alloy or metal being protected, the existence and strength of the ventilation system, and the quality requirements of the end user for the metal being produced. Furthermore, while a single source 400 of inert cryogen is illustrated, it is understood that multiple sources 400 may be connected to lance 210 to provide multiple types of inert cryogen to the container, including mixtures.
In addition, the systems and methods described can include any one or more suitable controllers and/or sensors to facilitate monitoring and control of various operational parameters during heating of the load in the furnace. One or more suitable sensors and related equipment can also be provided to measure and monitor the concentration of the gaseous species within the furnace, preferably at locations in the immediate vicinity of the load surface. In addition, with regard to each embodiment of the present invention, there may be either one or more than one injection site depending upon the particular container utilized with the number typically depending upon such factors as the size and shape of the container. More specifically, there may be multiple streams dispersed throughout the container with the number being from one stream to six streams. Also, when the container 100 is an induction furnace, the induction furnace can include any suitable number and different types of sensors to monitor one or more of the temperature, pressure, flow rate and concentration of nitrogen and/or any other gaseous species within the furnace.
It is to be understood that terms such as “top”, “bottom”, “front”, “rear”, “side”, “height”, “length”, “width”, “upper”, “lower”, “interior”, “exterior”, and the like as may be used herein, merely describe points of reference and do not limit the present invention to any particular orientation or configuration. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/829,115 which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/839,776, entitled “EGAL” and filed 23 Aug. 2006.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60839776 | Aug 2006 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11829115 | Jul 2007 | US |
Child | 12271994 | US |