1. Field of the Invention
The general field of the invention relates to a unique electromagnetic antenna which can be used for radiating and non-radiating electromagnetic devices. Embodiments of the invention relate generally to antenna structures and, more particularly, to antenna structure having a radiating element structured on LCD, and to antenna having an array of such radiating elements.
2. Related Arts
Various antennas are known in the art for receiving and transmitting electro-magnetic radiation. Physically, an antenna consists of a radiating element made of conductors that generate radiating electromagnetic field in response to an applied electric and the associated magnetic field. The process is bidirectional, i.e., when placed in an electromagnetic field, the field will induce an alternating magnetic fields in the antenna and electric field would be generated between the antenna's terminals. The feed or transmission lines or network, conveys the signal between the antenna and the transceiver. The feed network may be different type of transmission lines, bends, power splitters, filters and may also include antenna coupling networks and/or waveguides. An antenna array refers to two or more antennas coupled to a common source or load so as to produce a directional radiation pattern. The spatial relationship between individual antennas contributes to the directivity of the antenna. An antenna array in general is basically applying the sampling theorem in a spatial world, thus any aperture antenna such as horn antennas, reflectors or any other shape of open aperture, can be designed to produce similar radiation patterns and gain, using an array which consists of a certain type of element, which is a basic antenna element, and arranged in a grid, rectangular or other with predefined spacing between the elements.
While the antenna disclosed herein is generic and may be applicable to a multitude of applications, one particular application that can immensely benefit from the subject antenna is the reception of satellite television (Direct Broadcast Satellite, or “DBS”), both in a stationary and mobile setting. Fixed DBS, reception is accomplished with a directional antenna aimed at a geostationary satellite. In mobile DBS, the antenna is situated on a moving vehicle (earth bound, marine, or airborne). In such a situation, as the vehicle moves, the antenna needs to be continuously aimed at the satellite. Various mechanisms are used to cause the antenna to track the satellite during motion, such as a motorized mechanism and/or use of phase-shift antenna arrays. Further general information about mobile DBS can be found in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,529,706, which is incorporated herein by reference.
One known two-dimensional beam steering antenna uses a phased array design, in which each element of the array has a phase shifter and amplifier connected thereto. A typical array design for planar arrays uses either micro-strip technology or slotted waveguide technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,579,019). With micro-strip technology, antenna efficiency greatly diminishes as the size of the antenna increases. With slotted waveguide technology, the systems incorporate complex components and bends, and very narrow slots, the dimensions and geometry of all of which have to be tightly controlled during the manufacturing process. The phase shifters and amplifiers are used to provide two-dimensional, hemispherical coverage. However, phase shifters are costly and, particularly if the phased array incorporates many elements, the overall antenna cost can be quite high. Also, phase shifters require separate, complex control circuitry, which translates into unreasonable cost and system complexity.
A technology similar to DBS, called GBS (Global Broadcast Service) uses commercial-off-the-shelf technologies to provide wideband data and real-time video via satellite to a diverse user community associated with the US Government. The GBS system developed by the Space Technology Branch of Communication-Electronics Command's Space and Terrestrial Communications Directorate uses a slotted waveguide antenna with a mechanized tracking system. While that antenna is said to have a low profile—extending to a height of “only” 14 inches without the radome (radar dome)—its size may be acceptable for military applications, but not acceptable for consumer applications, e.g., for private automobiles. For consumer applications the antenna should be of such a low profile as not to degrade the aesthetic appearance of the vehicle and not to significantly increase its drag coefficient.
Current mobile systems are expensive and complex. In practical consumer products, size and cost are major factors, and providing a substantial reduction of size and cost is difficult. In addition to the cost, the phase shifters of known systems inherently add loss to the respective systems (e.g., 3 dB losses or more), thus requiring a substantial increase in antenna size in order to compensate for the loss. In a particular case, such as a DBS antenna system, the size might reach 4 feet by 4 feet, which is impractical for consumer applications.
As can be understood from the above discussion, in order to develop a mobile DBS or GBS system for consumers, at least the following issues must be addressed: increased efficiency of signal collection, reduction in size, and reduction in price. Current antenna systems are relatively too large for commercial use, have problems with collection efficiency, and are priced in the thousands, or even tens of thousands of dollars, thereby being way beyond the reach of the average consumer. In general, the efficiency discussed herein refers to the antenna's efficiency of collecting the radio-frequency signal the antenna receives into an electrical signal. This issue is generic to any antenna system, and the solutions provided herein address this issue for any antenna system used for any application, whether stationary or mobile.
There are several types of microstrip antennas (also known as a printed antennas) the most common of which is the microstrip patch antenna or patch antenna. A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating substrate. Some patch antennas eschew a substrate and suspend a metal patch in air above a ground plane using dielectric spacers; the resulting structure is less robust but provides better bandwidth. Because such antennas have a very low profile, are mechanically rugged and can be conformable, they are often mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated into mobile radio communications devices.
An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to have polarization diversity. Patch antennas can easily be designed to have Vertical, Horizontal, Right Hand Circular (RHCP) or Left Hand Circular (LHCP) Polarizations, using multiple feed points, or a single feedpoint with asymmetric patch structures. This unique property allows patch antennas to be used in many areas types of communications links that may have varied requirements.
A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel of an LCD consists of a layer of perpendicular molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. With no liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through one filter would be blocked by the electrodes. The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using a cloth (the direction of the liquid crystal alignment is defined by the direction of rubbing).
Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces. In a twisted nematic device (the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. Because the liquid crystal material is birefringent, light passing through one polarizing filter is rotated by the liquid crystal helix as it passes through the liquid crystal layer, allowing it to pass through the second polarized filter. Half of the light is absorbed by the first polarizing filter, but otherwise the entire assembly is transparent.
When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, a torque acts to align the liquid crystal molecules parallel to the electric field, distorting the helical structure (this is resisted by elastic forces since the molecules are constrained at the surfaces). This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules are completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated at all as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be completely blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts, correspondingly illuminating the pixel.
The following summary of the invention is provided in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects and features of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention, and as such it is not intended to particularly identify key or critical elements of the invention, or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented below.
According to aspects of the invention, a one or two-dimensional electronic scanning antenna is provided, which does not require any phase shifters or low noise amplifiers (LNA's).
According to aspects of the invention, there is provided a novel scanning antenna array having radiating elements which provides high conversion efficiency, while being small, simple, and inexpensive to manufacture.
According to aspects of the invention, there is provided a novel scanning antenna array having an array of radiating elements provided over an LCD structure.
According to aspects of the invention, a novel antenna is provided comprising: a back panel having a conductive layer provided on a surface thereof; a top panel; a variable dielectric constant material sandwiched between the back panel and the top panel; at least one radiating element provided over the top panel; and, at least one conductive line provided over the top panel and coupled to the at least one radiating element. The variable dielectric constant material may comprise liquid crystal. The back panel and the top panel may comprise an insulating material. The antenna may further comprise at least one electrode provided on the top panel; an insulating layer provided over the electrode; and, wherein the at least one radiating element and the at least one conductive line are provided over the insulating layer. The variable dielectric constant material may be provided in defined zones. The common electrode, back panel, liquid crystal, top panel and electrode may comprise a liquid crystal display. The antenna may further comprise a power source coupled to the at least one electrode.
According to further aspects of the invention, a scanning antenna array is provided, comprising: a back panel; a top panel; a plurality of zones of variable dielectric constant material sandwiched between the back panel and the top panel; a plurality of radiating elements provided over the top panel; a plurality of conductive line provided over the top panel and each coupled to a respective one of the plurality of radiating elements, each of the conductive lines traversing over at least one of the zones. Each of the zones may further comprise an electrode. The antenna may further comprise an insulating layer provided over the electrodes, and the radiating elements and the conductive lines may be provided over the insulating layer. The dielectric constant of at least one of the zones may be made to differ from the dielectric constant of at least one other zone. Each of the electrodes may be coupled to a power source.
According to yet further aspects of the invention, a method of manufacturing an antenna is provided, comprising: providing a back panel; providing a top panel; sandwiching a variable dielectric constant material between the back panel and the top panel; providing at least one radiating element over the top panel; providing at least one conductive line over the top panel and coupling the conductive line to the radiating element. The step of sandwiching may comprise sandwiching the variable dielectric constant in a plurality of zones. The method may further comprise providing a plurality of electrode, each electrode provided over a respective one of the zones; and providing a dielectric layer between the electrodes and the at least one radiating element and the conductive line. The step of sandwiching a variable dielectric constant material may comprise sandwiching a liquid crystal in a plurality of zones. The steps of providing a back panel, providing a top panel, and sandwiching a variable dielectric constant material between the back panel and the top panel, may comprise providing a liquid crystal display.
According to other aspects of the invention, an antenna is manufactured by the process comprising: providing a back panel; providing a top panel; sandwiching a variable dielectric constant material between the back panel and the top panel; providing at least one radiating element over the top panel; providing at least one conductive line over the top panel and coupling the conductive line to the radiating element. The process of manufacture may further comprise: sandwiching the variable dielectric constant material in a plurality of zones, wherein at least one zone is provided under each of the at least one conductive line. The process of manufacture may further comprise: providing a plurality of electrode, each electrode provided over a respective one of the zones; providing a dielectric layer between the electrodes and the at least one radiating element and the at least one conductive line.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, exemplify the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the invention. The drawings are intended to illustrate major features of the exemplary embodiments in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual embodiments nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale.
Various embodiments of the invention are generally directed to a structure of radiating elements and their feed lines provided over an LCD structure, and a scanning antenna array and systems incorporating such a structure. In the context of the description of the various embodiments, the LCD structure used for the inventive antenna need not include a lighting source. The various embodiments described herein may be used, for example, in connection with stationary and/or mobile platforms. Of course, the various antennas and techniques described herein may have other applications not specifically mentioned herein. Mobile applications may include, for example, mobile DBS or VSAT integrated into land, sea, or airborne vehicles. The various techniques may also be used for two-way communication and/or other receive-only applications.
More specifically, the phase, Φ, can be expressed as:
Φ=2πd/λg
wherein λg is the wavelength in the matter and d is the length of the propagation line. On the other hand, λg can be expressed as:
λg=λ0/√εeff
wherein λ0 is the wavelength in air, εeff is a function of εr, line width, and other physical parameters of the microstrip line, and εr is the dielectric constant of the propagation material. Then the phase can be expressed as:
Φ=2πd√εr/λ0
Therefore, by separately controlling the dielectric constant of a section of the variable dielectric material 350 under each of the conductive line 320, the phase of each radiating element can be changed. Also, the phase can also be controlled by the length, d, of the section of the variable dielectric material 350 that is controlled.
To illustrate, the following calculations are made to find the relationship enabling a phase shift of 2π. When the conductive line is partially over a partially or non-biased electrode, so that the effective dielectric constant is ε1, and partially over a biased electrode creating dielectric constant ε2, the following results:
2πd√ε1/λ0−2πd/ε2/λ0=2π
It should be noted that the invention is not limited to the use of an LCD. That is, any material that exhibits a controllable variable dielectric constant can be used. For example, any ferroelectric material may be used instead of the liquid crystal. The embodiment shown here uses LCD, as the LCD technology is mature and readily available, which makes the invention very attractive and easy to implement.
Another feature of the invention is variable frequency scanning array. That is, as shown in the embodiments of
Yet another feature of the inventive antenna is the simplicity by which circular polarization and dual circular polarization can be implemented.
The inventive scanning antenna array can be made in various radiating and feeding configurations to provide various scanning characteristics, various frequency tuning, and various polarizations, to fit many applications. To illustrate, the following are examples of corporate and serial feeding utilizing the inventive features of the invention.
Finally, it should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention. For example, the described software may be implemented in a wide variety of programming or scripting languages, such as Assembler, C/C++, per, shell, PHP, Java, HFSS, CST, EEKO, etc.
The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention. Moreover, other implementations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
This Application is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 60/808,187, filed May 24, 2006; U.S. application Ser. No. 60/859,667, filed Nov. 17, 2006; U.S. application Ser. No. 60/859,799, filed Nov. 17, 2006; U.S. application Ser. No. 60/890,456, filed Feb. 16, 2007; and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/695,913, filed Apr. 3, 2007, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20080036664 A1 | Feb 2008 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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60890456 | Feb 2007 | US | |
60859799 | Nov 2006 | US | |
60859667 | Nov 2006 | US | |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11695913 | Apr 2007 | US |
Child | 11747148 | US |