This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the presently described embodiments. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present embodiments. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
This disclosure relates generally to equipment utilized and operations performed in conjunction with a subterranean well and, in an example described below, more particularly provides a selectively variable flow restrictor.
In a hydrocarbon production well, it is many times beneficial to be able to regulate flow of fluids from an earth formation into a wellbore, from the wellbore into the formation, and within the wellbore. A variety of purposes may be served by such regulation, including prevention of water or gas coning, minimizing sand production, minimizing water and/or gas production, maximizing oil production, balancing production among zones, transmitting signals, etc.
Therefore, it will be appreciated that advancements in the art of variably restricting fluid flow in a well would be desirable in the circumstances mentioned above, and such advancements would also be beneficial in a wide variety of other circumstances.
Illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, which are incorporated by reference herein and wherein:
The illustrated figures are only exemplary and are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environment, architecture, design, or process in which different embodiments may be implemented.
The following discussion is directed to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features of the embodiments may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional elements may not be shown in the interest of clarity and conciseness. Although one or more of these embodiments may be preferred, the embodiments disclosed should not be interpreted, or otherwise used, as limiting the scope of the disclosure, including the claims. It is to be fully recognized that the different teachings of the embodiments discussed below may be employed separately or in any suitable combination to produce desired results. In addition, one skilled in the art will understand that the following description has broad application, and the discussion of any embodiment is meant only to be exemplary of that embodiment, and not intended to intimate that the scope of the disclosure, including the claims, is limited to that embodiment.
Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular features or components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, different persons may refer to the same feature or component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components or features that differ in name but are the same structure or function.
In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . .” Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. In addition, the terms “axial” and “axially” generally mean along or parallel to a central axis (e.g., central axis of a body or a port), while the terms “radial” and “radially” generally mean perpendicular to the central axis. For instance, an axial distance refers to a distance measured along or parallel to the central axis, and a radial distance means a distance measured perpendicular to the central axis. The use of “top,” “bottom,” “above,” “below,” and variations of these terms is made for convenience, but does not require any particular orientation of the components.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
Turning now to the present figures,
A tubular string 22 (such as a production tubing string) is installed in the wellbore 12. Interconnected in the tubular string 22 are multiple well screens 24, variable flow resistance systems 25, and packers 26. The packers 26 seal off an annulus 28 formed radially between the tubular string 22 and the wellbore section 18. In this manner, fluids 30 may be produced from multiple intervals or zones of the formation 20 via isolated portions of the annulus 28 between adjacent pairs of the packers 26.
Positioned between each adjacent pair of the packers 26, a well screen 24 and a variable flow resistance system 25 are interconnected in the tubular string 22. The well screen 24 filters the fluids 30 flowing into the tubular string 22 from the annulus 28. The variable flow resistance system 25 variably restricts flow of the fluids 30 into the tubular string 22, based on certain characteristics of the fluids.
At this point, it should be noted that the well system 10 is illustrated in the drawings and is described herein as merely one example of a wide variety of well systems in which the principles of this disclosure can be utilized. It should be clearly understood that the principles of this disclosure are not limited at all to any of the details of the well system 10, or components thereof, depicted in the drawings or described herein.
For example, it is not necessary in keeping with the principles of this disclosure for the wellbore 12 to include a generally vertical wellbore section 14 or a generally horizontal wellbore section 18, as a wellbore section may be oriented in any direction, and may be cased or uncased, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. It is not necessary for fluids 30 to be only produced from the formation 20 since, in other examples, fluids could be injected into a formation, fluids could be both injected into and produced from a formation, etc. Further, it is not necessary for one each of the well screen 24 and variable flow resistance system 25 to be positioned between each adjacent pair of the packers 26. It is not necessary for a single variable flow resistance system 25 to be used in conjunction with a single well screen 24. Any number, arrangement and/or combination of these components may be used.
It is not necessary for any variable flow resistance system 25 to be used with a well screen 24. For example, in injection operations, the injected fluid could be flowed through a variable flow resistance system 25, without also flowing through a well screen 24.
It is not necessary for the well screens 24, variable flow resistance systems 25, packers 26 or any other components of the tubular string 22 to be positioned in uncased sections 14, 18 of the wellbore 12. Any section of the wellbore 12 may be cased or uncased, and any portion of the tubular string 22 may be positioned in an uncased or cased section of the wellbore, in keeping with the principles of this disclosure.
It should be clearly understood, therefore, that this disclosure describes how to make and use certain examples, but the principles of the disclosure are not limited to any details of those examples. Instead, those principles can be applied to a variety of other examples using the knowledge obtained from this disclosure.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that it would be beneficial to be able to regulate flow of the fluids 30 into the tubular string 22 from each zone of the formation 20, for example, to prevent water coning 32 or gas coning 34 in the formation. Other uses for flow regulation in a well include, but are not limited to, balancing production from (or injection into) multiple zones, minimizing production or injection of undesired fluids, maximizing production or injection of desired fluids, etc.
Examples of the variable flow resistance systems 25 described more fully below can provide these benefits by increasing resistance to flow if a fluid velocity increases beyond a selected level (e.g., to thereby balance flow among zones, prevent water or gas coning, etc.), or increasing resistance to flow if a fluid viscosity decreases below a selected level (e.g., to thereby restrict flow of an undesired fluid, such as water or gas, in an oil producing well).
Whether a fluid is a desired or an undesired fluid depends on the purpose of the production or injection operation being conducted. For example, if it is desired to produce oil from a well, but not to produce water or gas, then oil is a desired fluid and water and gas are undesired fluids.
Note that, at downhole temperatures and pressures, hydrocarbon gas can actually be completely or partially in liquid phase. Thus, it should be understood that when the term “gas” is used herein, supercritical, liquid and/or gaseous phases are included within the scope of that term.
Referring additionally now to
In other examples, the well screen 24 may not be used in conjunction with the variable flow resistance system 25 (e.g., in injection operations), the fluid 36 could flow in an opposite direction through the various elements of the well system 10 (e.g., in injection operations), a single variable flow resistance system could be used in conjunction with multiple well screens, multiple variable flow resistance systems could be used with one or more well screens, the fluid could be received from or discharged into regions of a well other than an annulus or a tubular string, the fluid could flow through the variable flow resistance system prior to flowing through the well screen, any other components could be interconnected upstream or downstream of the well screen and/or variable flow resistance system, etc. Thus, it will be appreciated that the principles of this disclosure are not limited at all to the details of the example depicted in the figures and described herein. Further, additional components (such as shrouds, shunt tubes, lines, instrumentation, sensors, inflow control devices, etc.) may also be used in accordance with the present disclosure, if desired.
The variable flow resistance system 25 is depicted in simplified form in
In other examples, the system 25 may not extend circumferentially about a tubular string or be formed in a wall of a tubular structure. For example, the system 25 could be formed in a flat structure, etc. The system 25 could be in a separate housing that is attached to the tubular string 22, or it could be oriented so that the axis of the second flow path 40 is parallel to the axis of the tubular string. The system 25 could be on a logging string or attached to a device that is not tubular in shape. Any orientation or configuration of the system 25 may be used in keeping with the principles of this disclosure.
Referring still to
In one or more embodiments, the sensor 42 may be used to measure a resistivity of the fluid, a flow rate of the fluid, a pressure of the fluid, a pressure differential of the fluid within the system 25, a density of the fluid, a viscosity of the fluid, and/or any other property or characteristic of the fluid known in the art. The sensor 42 may include a resistivity sensor, a conductivity sensor, a capacitive sensor, an inductive sensor, an acoustic sensor, a nuclear sensor, a temperature sensor, a flow sensor, and an acoustic sensor and/or any other type of sensor known in the art. For example, in an embodiment in which the sensor 42 includes an acoustic sensor, the acoustic sensor may be used to listen, detect, and/or measure turbulence in the fluid flow to measure flow rate of the fluid, and/or determine if sand is being produced with the fluid.
Further, the actuator 44 may include a mechanical actuator (e.g., a screw assembly), an electrical actuator (e.g., piezoelectric actuator, electric motor), a hydraulic actuator (e.g., hydraulic cylinder and pump, hydraulic pump), a pneumatic actuator, and/or any other type of actuator known in the art. For example, the actuator 44 may include a linear or axially driven actuator, in which the actuator 44 interacts with an orifice included in the first flow path 38 to control the inflow rate of the fluid.
Furthermore, though only one sensor and one actuator are shown in
The variable flow resistance system 25 may further include a controller and corresponding electronics 46 to control and manage the operation of the components of the system 25. In one embodiment, the controller may be in communication or coupled between the sensor 42 and the actuator 44 to control the actuator 44 based upon the property of the fluid measured by the sensor 42. The controller may be used to receive the property measured by the sensor 42 and compare the measured property with that of a predetermined value for the measured property. Based upon the comparison of the measured property with that of the predetermined value, the controller may then move the actuator 44 to adjust the inflow rate of fluid received into the first flow path 38 of the system 25.
As an example, in one or more embodiments, the controller may receive the resistivity measured by the sensor 42 and compare the measured resistivity with a predetermined value for the resistivity of the fluid. The measured resistivity may be used to represent or indicate the type of fluid being received into the system, such as if the fluid contains brine, water, oil, and/or gas, and also potential proportions of these components. In one embodiment, based upon the desired fluid to be received into the system, if the measured resistivity of the fluid is above the predetermined value for the resistivity of the fluid, then the controller may be used to move the actuator 44 to increase the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path 38. If the measured resistivity of the fluid is below the predetermined value for the resistivity of the fluid, the controller may be used to move the actuator 44 to decrease the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path 38.
Referring still to
A communications signal may be received by the communications unit to control the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path 38 of the system 25, such as to increase or decrease the fluid inflow rate into or through the system 25. Communication signals may be used to indicate that the well is in a preliminary phase, intermediate phase, or final phase, in which different control parameters may be used for each of these different phases of the well. Further, communication signals may be used to confirm that the system 25 is working properly and/or confirm downhole conditions of the well. A communication unit may include one or more sensors for telemetry, such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or a hydrophone. A communication unit may also be capable of use with mud-pulse telemetry, pressure profile telemetry, flow rate telemetry, acoustic pulse telemetry, and/or pseudo-static pressure profile telemetry.
In one or more embodiments, the variable flow resistance system 25 may include a power generator 48 and/or a power storage device. The power generator 48 may be used to generate power for the system 25, and the power storage device may be used to store power for the system 25 and/or store power generated by the power generator 48. For example,
The power storage device, for example, may be included within the electronics 46 and may be used to store power, such as power generated by the power generator 48. The power storage device may include a capacitor (e.g., super capacitor), battery (e.g., rechargeable battery), and/or any other type of power storage device known in the art. In one or more embodiments, as the sensor(s) and/or actuator(s) of the system 25 may require more power than generated by the power generator 48, the power storage device may be used to store power, and then supplement the power generator 48 when running the sensor(s), actuator(s), and/or other components of the system 25.
Referring now to
In addition to the embodiments described above, many examples of specific combinations are within the scope of the disclosure, some of which are detailed below:
A variable flow resistance system for use with a subterranean well, the system comprising:
a first flow path configured to receive a fluid;
a sensor configured to measure a property of the fluid received into the first flow path; and
an actuator configured to control an inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path based upon the property of the fluid measured by the sensor.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, wherein the property of the fluid to be measured by the sensor comprises at least one of a resistivity of the fluid, a flow rate of the fluid, a pressure of the fluid, a density of the fluid, and a viscosity of the fluid.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of a resistivity sensor, a conductivity sensor, a capacitive sensor, an inductive sensor, a nuclear sensor, a temperature sensor, a flow sensor, and an acoustic sensor.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, further comprising a controller configured to control the actuator based upon the property of the fluid measured by the sensor.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, further comprising a power generator configured to generate power for the variable flow resistance system.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 5, wherein the power generator comprises a turbine configured to generate power solely from fluid received into the first flow path.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 5, further comprising a power storage device configured to store power generated by the power generator.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, further comprising a communications unit configured to at least one of receive a communications signal and send a communications signal.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 8, wherein the actuator is configured to control the inflow rate of fluid received into the first flow path based upon the communications signal received by the communications unit.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, further comprising a tool body and a second flow path configured to send the fluid into an interior of the tool body.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, further comprising a production tubing string, wherein the first flow path comprises a production orifice for the production tubing string.
The variable flow resistance system of Example 1, wherein the actuator comprises at least one of a screw assembly, a piezoelectric actuator, a hydraulic cylinder, an electric motor, and a hydraulic pump.
A method of variably controlling flow resistance in a well, the method comprising:
receiving a fluid into a first flow path;
measuring a property of the fluid received into the first flow path; and
adjusting an inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path based upon the measured property of the fluid.
The method of Example 13, wherein the adjusting the inflow rate comprises:
comparing the measured property of the fluid with a predetermined value; and adjusting the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path based upon the comparison of the measured property of the fluid with the predetermined value.
The method of Example 13, wherein the measuring the property of the fluid comprises measuring at least one of resistivity, flow rate, pressure, density, and viscosity of the fluid.
The method of Example 13, wherein the measuring the property of the fluid comprises measuring a resistivity of the fluid, and wherein the adjusting the inflow rate comprises:
comparing the measured resistivity of the fluid with a predetermined value for the resistivity of the fluid;
increasing the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path if the measured resistivity of the fluid is above the predetermined value for the resistivity of the fluid; and
decreasing the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path if the measured resistivity of the fluid is below the predetermined value for the resistivity of the fluid.
The method of Example 13, further comprising generating power from the fluid received into the first flow path.
The method of Example 13, wherein the first flow path comprises a production orifice for a production tubing string.
The method of Example 13, further comprising:
receiving a communication signal from a remote location; and
adjusting the inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path based upon the received communication signal.
A method of variably controlling flow resistance in a well, the method comprising:
receiving a fluid into a first flow path;
receiving a communication signal from a remote location; and
adjusting an inflow rate of the fluid received into the first flow path based upon the received communication signal.
While the aspects of the present disclosure may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. But it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.
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