This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 23205505.3, filed on Oct. 24, 2023, the disclosure and content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The disclosure relates generally to vehicle fuel cells. In particular aspects, the disclosure relates to a vehicle fuel cell system that is configured to perform a sensor plausibility check, and to a method of operating a vehicle fuel cell system. The disclosure can be applied to heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and construction equipment, among other vehicle types. Although the disclosure may be described with respect to a particular vehicle, the disclosure is not restricted to any particular vehicle.
A vehicle fuel cell typically comprises a plurality of fuel cell sensors for controlling and monitoring the operation of the fuel cell. Typically, the fuel cell comprises a number of fuel cell sensors, some of which are redundant and provided for fuel cell sensor plausibility checks.
According to a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a vehicle fuel cell system assembly that comprises a first fuel cell system comprising a first sensor and a first control unit adapted to control the first fuel cell system based on a value of the first sensor; a second fuel cell system comprising a second sensor and a second control unit adapted to control the second fuel cell system based on a value of the second sensor; and a common supply of coolant, air or fuel to the first and second fuel cell systems. The vehicle fuel cell system assembly is configured to perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor and the second sensor, and to use a value of a sensor that has passed the plausibility check instead of a value of a sensor that has not passed the plausibility check. Thereby, operation of the first and second fuel cell systems is allowed in case a sensor does not pass the plausibility check.
The first aspect of the disclosure may seek to solve the problem of increasing the availability or uptime of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly. In some prior art solutions, sensor plausibility checks may be based on a provision of redundant sensors in a fuel cell system. In such solutions, there may be provided a greater number of fuel cell sensors than what is actually required for a particular fuel cell system, such that sensor plausibility checks may be performed within the same fuel cell system. The first aspect of the disclosure may ensure high availability or uptime of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly without the need for additional and redundant fuel cell sensors, and therefore advantages involve a less complex and more cost-effective vehicle fuel cell system. Further, the provision of two, or more, fuel cell systems may be beneficial for the availability or uptime of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly.
Optionally, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly is configured to, based on values from the first sensor and the second sensor, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor and the second sensor.
Optionally, the first and second fuel cell systems comprise or are connected to a common cooling circuit and thus comprise a common supply of coolant.
Optionally, the first and second fuel cell systems comprise or are connect to common media loops, such as a common coolant, air or fuel media loop. The common media loops may be comprised in a vehicle in which the vehicle fuel cell system assembly is arranged.
Optionally, the first and second sensors are temperature sensors and/or pressure sensors. The first and second sensors may be configured to measure a temperature and/or a pressure of a coolant, air or a fuel.
Optionally, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly comprises a vehicle sensor associated with the common supply and a vehicle control unit in communication with the first control unit and the second control unit, wherein the vehicle control unit is configured to, based on values from the first sensor, the second sensor and the vehicle sensor, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor, the second sensor and the vehicle sensor. Advantages include an effective plausibility check of the vehicle sensor, and also of the first sensor and second sensor comprised in the respective fuel cell systems. Further, the sensor plausibility checks may be particularly reliable as the vehicle control unit may be configured to take operating parameters of the vehicle, of the first fuel cell system and also of the second fuel cell system into account when performing the plausibility checks. Such implementation may be comparably cost-effective as there is no need to arrange for a direct communication between the first and second control units. In addition, the vehicle control unit may typically be able to perform appropriate measures in response to a sensor failing a plausibility check.
Optionally, the vehicle sensor is a coolant sensor, an air sensor or a fuel sensor. The vehicle sensor is typically configured to measure a temperature and/or a pressure.
Optionally, the first control unit and the second control unit are in communication with one another, and the first control unit is configured to, based on values from the first sensor and the second control unit, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor, and the second control unit is configured to, based on values from the second sensor and the first control unit, perform a sensor plausibility check of the second sensor. Optionally, the first fuel cell system comprises a third sensor, and the second fuel cell system comprises a fourth sensor, the first control unit and the second control unit are in communication with one another, and the first control unit is configured to, based on values from the first sensor, the third sensor and the second control unit, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor, and the second control unit is configured to, based on values from the second sensor, the fourth sensor and the first control unit, perform a sensor plausibility check of the second sensor. In the latter example, the first and third sensors may be arranged in the same media loop. The second and fourth sensors may be arranged in the same media loop. Advantages include that the respective control units of the fuel cell systems may perform the sensor plausibility checks. For example, no vehicle control unit or similar needs to be involved in the sensor plausibility checks.
Optionally, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly comprises a third fuel cell system comprising a third sensor and a third control unit, wherein the vehicle fuel cell system assembly is configured to, based on values from the first sensor, the second sensor, and the third sensor, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor, the second sensor and the third sensor. Advantages involve that an increased number of fuel cell systems may ensure reliable sensor plausibility checks. Further, the availability of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly may be yet further improved, as operation may be allowed also should several sensors fail a plausibility check.
Optionally, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly may comprise a vehicle control unit in communication with the first control unit of the first fuel cell system and the second control unit of the second fuel cell system. Advantages include that the vehicle control unit may assist in performing the plausibility checks, and that the vehicle control unit may typically be able to perform appropriate measures in response to a sensor failing a plausibility check.
Optionally, the vehicle control unit is configured to, based on values from the first sensor and the second sensor, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor and the second sensor.
Optionally, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly comprises a vehicle sensor that is associated with the common supply.
Optionally, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly is connected to a vehicle sensor that is associated with the common supply.
Optionally, the vehicle control unit is configured to, based on values from the first sensor, the second sensor and the vehicle sensor, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor, the second sensor and the vehicle sensor.
Optionally, the vehicle sensor is a temperature sensor and/or a pressure sensor.
Optionally, the first control unit and the second control unit are in communication with one another, the first fuel cell system comprises a third sensor, the second fuel cell system comprises a fourth sensor, and the first control unit is configured to, based on values from the first sensor, the third sensor and the second control unit, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor, and the second control unit is configured to, based on values from the second sensor, the fourth sensor and the first control unit, perform a sensor plausibility check of the second sensor.
Optionally, the first control unit is configured to perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor also based on operating parameters, such as fuel cell power outputs, or state of health information of the first and second fuel cell systems and the second control unit is configured to perform a sensor plausibility check of the second sensor also based on operating parameters, such as fuel cell power outputs, or state of health information of the first and second fuel cell systems.
Optionally, the first and second fuel cell systems are essentially identical. Optionally, the first and second fuel cell systems are different from one another and the vehicle fuel cell system assembly is adapted to take the differences into account when performing the sensor plausibility check.
According to a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a vehicle comprising the vehicle fuel cell system assembly.
Optionally, the vehicle is a heavy-duty vehicle such as a truck or a bus. A fuel cell system assembly may be particularly useful in a heavy-duty vehicle to meet the vehicle's energy demand, as pure battery electric heavy-duty vehicles tend to require very large and heavy high voltage batteries. Typically, a heavy-duty vehicle according to the present disclosure comprises a fuel cell system assembly and a high voltage battery.
According to a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of operating a vehicle fuel cell system assembly, the method comprising first controlling a first fuel cell system by means of a first control unit and based on a value of a first fuel cell sensor; second controlling a second fuel cell system by means of a second control unit and based on a value of a second fuel cell sensor; supplying coolant, air or fuel to the first and second fuel cell systems by means of a common supply; plausibility checking the first sensor and the second sensor; and operating the first and second fuel cell systems by using a value of a sensor that has passed the plausibility check instead of a value of a sensor that has not passed the plausibility check.
Optionally, the plausibility checking of the method is based on values from the first fuel cell sensor and the second fuel cell sensor.
Optionally, the plausibility checking of the method is based on values from the first fuel cell sensor, the second fuel cell sensor and a vehicle sensor.
Optionally, the plausibility checking of the method is based on based on operating parameters, such as fuel cell power outputs, or state of health information of the first and second fuel cell systems.
Optionally, the method of comprises if the first fuel cell sensor does not pass the plausibility check, operating the first and second fuel cell systems by using a value of the vehicle sensor; if the second fuel cell sensor does not pass the plausibility check, operating the first and second fuel cell systems by using a value of the vehicle sensor; and if the vehicle sensor does not pass the plausibility check, operating the first and second fuel cell systems by using a value of the first fuel cell sensor and/or the second fuel cell sensor.
Optionally, the plausibility checking of the method comprises a control unit informing another control unit about which sensor that has not passed the plausibility check.
Optionally, if more than one sensor has not passed the plausibility check, the method comprises reducing a fuel cell power output of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly.
Optionally, the plausibility checking of the method comprises generating a warning message to an operator of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly, in case a sensor has not passed the plausibility check.
Optionally, the method is computer-implemented.
According to a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising program code for performing, when executed by a processor device of a controller, the computer-implemented method of operating a vehicle fuel cell system assembly.
According to a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions, which when executed by a processor device of a controller, cause the processing circuitry to perform the computer-implemented method of operating a vehicle fuel cell system assembly.
Advantages and further possible features of the second to fifth aspects correspond to those of the first aspect, and will not be fully repeated herein.
The disclosed aspects, examples (including any preferred examples), and/or accompanying claims may be suitably combined with each other as would be apparent to anyone of ordinary skill in the art. Additional features and advantages are disclosed in the following description, claims, and drawings, and in part will be readily apparent therefrom to those skilled in the art or recognized by practicing the disclosure as described herein.
Examples are described in more detail below with reference to the appended drawings.
The detailed description set forth below provides information and examples of the disclosed technology with sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure.
The vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 illustrated in
The vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 further comprises a second fuel cell system 200 comprising a second sensor 210 and a second control unit 220 adapted to control the second fuel cell system 200 based on a value of the second sensor 210. The second sensor 210 may be referred to as the second fuel cell sensor 210 and second control unit 220 may be referred to as the second fuel cell control unit 220.
Further, in both examples, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 comprises a common supply 50 of coolant, air (50′) or fuel (not shown) to the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200. This may in the context of fuel cells be referred to as the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 comprising common media loops (coolant or air or fuel), or that the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 are connected to common media loops. In particular the coolant media loop may form a part of the vehicle 400 and therefore not be comprised in the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1.
Referring to the example of
In
The vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 of the present examples is configured to perform a sensor plausibility check (hereinafter also referred to as plausibility check) of the first sensor 110 and to perform a plausibility check of the second sensor 210. Further, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 is configured to use a value of a sensor 110, 210 that has passed the plausibility check instead of a value of a sensor 110, 210 that has not passed the plausibility check. For example, if the second sensor 210 does not pass the plausibility check, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 may use a value of the first sensor 110 instead of a value of the second sensor 210.
In this way, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 enables or allows operation of the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 even in case a sensor 110, 210 of said fuel cell systems 100, 200 does not pass, i.e., fails, the plausibility check.
The vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 may be configured to, based on values from the first sensor 110 and the second sensor 210, perform a sensor plausibility check of the first sensor 110 and of the second sensor 210.
In the present examples, the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 comprise or are connected to a common cooling circuit 60 and thus comprise a common supply 50 of coolant. In other words, the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 may provide for cooling of both fuel cell systems 100, 200 using one single cooling circuit 60.
As is shown in
The first and second sensors 110, 210 may be temperature sensors and/or pressure sensors.
Referring to the example of
The vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 may further comprise a vehicle sensor 10. Typically, the vehicle sensor 10 is associated with the common supply 50. In the example of
In the context of the present disclosure, the vehicle control unit 20 may be a control unit 20 that is associated with the vehicle 400. The vehicle control unit 20 may perform a number of functions that relate to the operation of the vehicle 400. Thus, the vehicle control unit 20 may not be primarily dedicated to the first or second fuel cell systems 100, 200. In other words, the vehicle control unit 20 may not be comprised in the first or second fuel cell system 100, 200.
In the context of the present disclosure, the vehicle sensor 10 may, as mentioned, be associated with the common supply 50. The vehicle sensor 10 may not be primarily associated with the first or second fuel cell systems 100, 200. In other words, the vehicle sensor 10 may not be comprised in the first or second fuel cell system 100, 200.
The example of
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Referring still to
Similarly, the vehicle control unit 20 may be configured to perform sensor plausibility checks of the first and second coolant sensors 110, 210 also based on state of health information of the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200. For example, the first fuel cell system 100 may have a worse state of health than the second fuel cell system 200, and the vehicle control unit 20 may in view thereof expect e.g., the first coolant sensor 110 to detect a higher temperature.
In some examples, the vehicle control unit 20 of
As is to be apprehended, referring to the example of
Referring to the above description of the example of
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It is to be apprehended that the example of
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Referring to the alternative vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 of
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Further, at least one of the control units 120, 220 may, based e.g., on the power output of the first or second fuel cell system 100, 200, be configured to calculate an expected value of its assigned sensor(s), in the present example the third and fourth sensors 112, 212. For example, the first control unit 120 may be configured to, based on a value from the first sensor 110, the third sensor 112, a calculated expected value of the third sensor 112, and values from the second control unit 220 (e.g., a value of the second sensor 210), perform a sensor plausibility check of the third sensor 112. The second control unit 220 may be configured to operate in the corresponding manner.
As is illustrated (
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In the examples of
The method 500 further comprises controlling 520 a second fuel cell system 200 by means of a second control unit 220 and based on a value of a second fuel cell sensor 210. Said controlling may be referred to as a second controlling 520 as is relates to the second fuel cell system 200. The first controlling 510 and the second controlling 520 are typically performed simultaneously.
The method 500 further comprises supplying 530 coolant, air or fuel to the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 by means of a common supply 50.
The method 500 further comprises plausibility checking 540 the first sensor 110 and the second sensor 210.
The method 500 further comprises operating 550 the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 by using a value of a sensor 110, 210 that has passed the plausibility check instead of a value of a sensor 110, 210 that has not passed the plausibility check.
The method 500 may for example be performed on a vehicle fuel cell system assembly of the type described with reference to
As has been described, the plausibility checking 540 is typically based on values from the first fuel cell sensor 110 and the second fuel cell sensor 210. In more detail, as has been described with reference to the examples of
If the first fuel cell sensor 110 does not pass the plausibility check, the method 500 may provide for operating 550 the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 by using a value of the vehicle sensor 10.
If the second fuel cell sensor 210 does not pass the plausibility check, the method 500 may provide for operating 550 the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 by using a value of the vehicle sensor 10.
If the vehicle sensor 10 does not pass the plausibility check, the method 500 may provide for operating 550 the first and second fuel cell systems 100, 200 by using a value of the first fuel cell sensor 110 and/or the second fuel cell sensor 210.
The plausibility checking 540 may comprise a control unit 120, 220, 20 informing another control unit 120, 220, 20 about which sensor 110, 210, 10 that has failed the plausibility check. The plausibility checking 540 may in addition comprise generating a warning message to an operator of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly. Typically, the operator may be a driver of a vehicle in which the vehicle fuel cell system assembly is arranged. The vehicle fuel cell system assembly may continue its operation, but the operator may arrange for expeditious or immediate service. For example, a driver may schedule a vehicle service or may immediately drive the vehicle to a workshop or a service center.
As has been described with reference to the examples of
In such a case, if the first fuel cell sensor 110 does not pass the plausibility check, the method 500 may provide for operating 550 the first fuel cell system 100 by using a value of the second fuel cell sensor 210 sensor. If the second fuel cell sensor 210 does not pass the plausibility check, the method 500 may provide for operating 550 the second fuel cell system 200 by using a value of the first fuel cell sensor 110.
In accordance with the method 500, if a sensor 110, 210, 10 has failed the plausibility check, the method 500 may provide for reducing 560 a fuel cell power output of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1. Typically, however, the method 500 may entail reducing a fuel cell power output of the vehicle fuel cell system assembly 1 only if more than one sensor has failed the plausibility check.
The first and a second fuel cell systems 100, 200 typically each comprise undepicted fuel cell stacks with bipolar plates, electrical connections, inputs and outputs for cathode gas (typically air) and anode gas (such as hydrogen). As this disclosure primary relates to sensor plausibility checking and not to the fuel cell systems per se, the functions and features of the fuel cell systems are not described in detail.
The above-described methods are typically computer-implemented.
The computer system 900 may comprise at least one computing device or electronic device capable of including firmware, hardware, and/or executing software instructions to implement the functionality described herein. The computer system 900 may include processing circuitry 902 (e.g., processing circuitry including one or more processor devices or control units), a memory 904, and a system bus 906. The computer system 900 may include at least one computing device having the processing circuitry 902. The system bus 906 provides an interface for system components including, but not limited to, the memory 904 and the processing circuitry 902. The processing circuitry 902 may include any number of hardware components for conducting data or signal processing or for executing computer code stored in memory 904. The processing circuitry 902 may, for example, include a general-purpose processor, an application specific processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a circuit containing processing components, a group of distributed processing components, a group of distributed computers configured for processing, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The processing circuitry 902 may further include computer executable code that controls operation of the programmable device.
The system bus 906 may be any of several types of bus structures that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and/or a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The memory 904 may be one or more devices for storing data and/or computer code for completing or facilitating methods described herein. The memory 904 may include database components, object code components, script components, or other types of information structure for supporting the various activities herein. Any distributed or local memory device may be utilized with the systems and methods of this description. The memory 904 may be communicably connected to the processing circuitry 902 (e.g., via a circuit or any other wired, wireless, or network connection) and may include computer code for executing one or more processes described herein. The memory 904 may include non-volatile memory 908 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), etc.), and volatile memory 910 (e.g., random-access memory (RAM)), or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of machine-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a computer or other machine with processing circuitry 902. A basic input/output system (BIOS) 912 may be stored in the non-volatile memory 908 and can include the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer system 900.
The computer system 900 may further include or be coupled to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a storage device 914, which may comprise, for example, an internal or external hard disk drive (HDD) (e.g., enhanced integrated drive electronics (EIDE) or serial advanced technology attachment (SATA)), HDD (e.g., EIDE or SATA) for storage, flash memory, or the like. The storage device 914 and other drives associated with computer-readable media and computer-usable media may provide non-volatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and the like.
Computer-code which is hard or soft coded may be provided in the form of one or more modules. The module(s) can be implemented as software and/or hard-coded in circuitry to implement the functionality described herein in whole or in part. The modules may be stored in the storage device 914 and/or in the volatile memory 910, which may include an operating system 916 and/or one or more program modules 918. All or a portion of the examples disclosed herein may be implemented as a computer program 920 stored on a transitory or non-transitory computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium (e.g., single medium or multiple media), such as the storage device 914, which includes complex programming instructions (e.g., complex computer-readable program code) to cause the processing circuitry 902 to carry out actions described herein. Thus, the computer-readable program code of the computer program 920 can comprise software instructions for implementing the functionality of the examples described herein when executed by the processing circuitry 902. In some examples, the storage device 914 may be a computer program product (e.g., readable storage medium) storing the computer program 920 thereon, where at least a portion of a computer program 920 may be loadable (e.g., into a processor) for implementing the functionality of the examples described herein when executed by the processing circuitry 902. The processing circuitry 902 may serve as a controller or control system for the computer system 900 that is to implement the functionality described herein.
The computer system 900 may include an input device interface 922 configured to receive input and selections to be communicated to the computer system 900 when executing instructions, such as from a keyboard, mouse, touch-sensitive surface, etc. Such input devices may be connected to the processing circuitry 902 through the input device interface 922 coupled to the system bus 906 but can be connected through other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 1394 serial port, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, an IR interface, and the like. The computer system 900 may include an output device interface 924 configured to forward output, such as to a display, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 900 may include a communications interface 926 suitable for communicating with a network as appropriate or desired.
A sensor plausibility check may be defined as a method in which a sensor value is checked to see whether it is plausible or not. In other words, whether the sensor value is acceptable, plausible and comprehensible or not.
The operational actions described in any of the exemplary aspects herein are described to provide examples and discussion. The actions may be performed by hardware components, may be embodied in machine-executable instructions to cause a processor to perform the actions, or may be performed by a combination of hardware and software. Although a specific order of method actions may be shown or described, the order of the actions may differ. In addition, two or more actions may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence.
Also disclosed are examples according to the following clauses:
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including” when used herein specify the presence of stated features, integers, actions, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, actions, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Relative terms such as “below” or “above” or “upper” or “lower” or “horizontal” or “vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that these terms and those discussed above are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the aspects described above and illustrated in the drawings; rather, the skilled person will recognize that many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims. In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed aspects for purposes of illustration only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the disclosure being set forth in the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23205505.3 | Oct 2023 | EP | regional |