Patent Application
20210213572
The invention relates to a tool blank for a drill comprising veins of a superhard material such as poly-crystalline diamond (PCD) or cubic boron nitride (CBN). The invention also relates to a drill made from such tool blank, and a method for manufacturing a drill.
Solid cemented carbide drills comprising a different material at the tip of the drill, such that the cutting edges are formed in a material better suited for machining specific kinds of work piece materials, are known. For example, cemented carbide drills having cutting edges of a superhard material, such as poly-crystalline diamond (PCD) or cubic boron nitride (CBN), are known. One method for manufacturing such a drill involves grinding a vein slot in the tip of a tool blank, filling the vein slot with powder of the superhard material (e.g. PCD), and fusing the superhard material to the tool blank under high pressure and high temperature, such that veins of the superhard materials are formed in the tool blank. Thereafter a cutting tool is formed in a conventional way by grinding flutes, etc. When manufacturing veined drills, it is common practice to manufacture only the top part of the drill blank, sometimes referred to as a “nib”, using the process described above, and then connect the nib to a conventional tool blank, for example by brazing, before grinding the flutes. EP2519378 discloses a veined drill and a process for manufacturing such drill. When forming the flutes and the cutting edges in the veined tool blank, both cemented carbide and the superhard material within the vein will be removed to some extent. PCD, and other superhard materials, are expensive and difficult to machine, rendering the manufacturing process difficult, time-consuming and expensive. Furthermore, after only a few regrinds, the veined tools will be unusable when the superhard material has been worn away.
It is an object of the present invention to mitigate the shortcomings of the prior art and to provide a veined drill with optimal geometry allowing an increased number of regrinds, and wherein the waste of superhard material is reduced.
Thus, according to a first aspect, the invention relates to a tool blank for a drill, the tool blank being substantially cylindrical and having a front end, a rear end and a central longitudinal axis extending therebetween. The tool blank comprises at least one vein of a superhard material formed at the front end, wherein the vein has a depth in the axial direction and comprises a bottom surface, a first side surface and a second side surface. The vein has an extension in an inward direction from the periphery of the tool blank. The first side surface of the vein forms an inclination angle with respect to the longitudinal axis that varies with the radial distance to the longitudinal axis of the tool blank over at least a major part of the extension of the vein, such that the inclination angle substantially corresponds to a desired axial rake angle of a drill to be manufactured from the tool blank.
According to another aspect, the invention relates to a drill manufactured from such tool blank, wherein the drill comprises at least one cutting edge formed at least partly from a vein of superhard material.
Hence, each vein in the tool blank is preferably located such that a cutting edge of the drill to be manufactured can be formed of the superhard material.
The invention is based on an insight that it would be beneficial to have geometries of veined drills that are close to geometries of conventional solid twist drills. The inventor has realized that, in order to manufacture veined drills with high helix angle and a conventional twist drill geometry with a conventionally placed and shaped vein, a wide vein is required and a significant amount of superhard material must be removed to create the non-constant axial rake angle of the cutting edge which is commonly used for conventional solid cemented carbide twist drills. The uneven geometric extension of the veins resulting from such extensive, but locally varying, removal of superhard material, may also reduce the number of subsequent regrinds that would be possible.
With a design according to the invention, a very small amount of superhard material must be removed to create the desired rake angle of the drill. Thus, the vein of superhard material can be made with a nearly constant width and large depth, allowing an increased number of regrinds before the superhard material is used up at any location of the cutting edge. Hence, according to some embodiments of the drill, the body of superhard material formed from the veins in the tool blank may have a uniform thickness all along its depth at all radial locations along the cutting edge.
The present invention therefore provides a tool blank and a veined drill with improved geometry and lifespan, with reduced waste of superhard material during production thereof.
As used herein, a superhard material is to be understood as a material having a Vickers hardness of at least 25 GPa; a hardness greater than the hardness of conventional cemented carbides used for cutting tools. Thus, the material of the veins will have a greater hardness than the surrounding material of the tool blank. Synthetic and natural diamond, polycrystalline diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (cBN) and polycrystalline cBN (PCBN) material are examples of superhard materials.
The expression “substantially cylindrical” as used herein is to be interpreted as essentially cylindrical at least in part. Thus, the expression includes tool blanks of which the forward end is tapered, e.g. for manufacturability reasons or for defining a pointed drill tip.
The expression “tool blank” may refer to a complete tool blank including the part that will form the shank of the drill. Alternatively, the expression may refer to only a part of such complete tool blank, and in particular the most forwardly located part in which the cutting edges of the drill are to be formed, i.e. the part in which the veins are formed. Such part is also referred to as a nib. In cases where the tool blank is such nib, manufacturing of the drill would comprise a step of connecting the nib to a base body such that a complete tool blank is obtained, out of which the drill can be formed. The nib may have a relatively small axial length, but still be long enough for accommodating the veins, i.e. longer than the maximum depth of the veins. The remaining part of the tool blank, i.e. the tool blank base body, may have an axial length greater than the axial length of the nib. As used herein, the expression “tool pre-blank” or “nib pre-blank” refers to a blank in a state in which veins of superhard material have not yet been formed, but in which slots for accommodating the veins have been formed, in contrast to the expressions “tool blank” or “nib” which refers to a blank comprising the veins of the superhard material.
An “inward direction” from the periphery of a tool blank or a tool pre-blank, as used herein when referring to the extension of a vein or a vein slot, respectively, should be understood as a substantially, or at least partly, radial direction approaching the longitudinal axis, but is not limited to a direction completely coinciding with the radial direction, i.e. straight towards the longitudinal axis. On the contrary, an inward direction covers any direction of which the radial component is greater than the tangential component, i.e. such that the vein or vein slot is approaching the longitudinal axis to some degree all along its extension. As an example, an advantageous design of a vein may involve an initial extension in a direction slightly different from the radial direction, and a subsequent extension in a direction straight towards the longitudinal axis. Hence, although the general direction of the vein will be substantially towards the longitudinal axis, or at least towards a point in the vicinity of the longitudinal axis, the vein does not have to extend in a straight line towards the longitudinal axis, but may have a curvilinear extension and/or change direction at various locations along its extension.
The second side surface of the vein may have the same inclination angle with respect to the longitudinal axis as the first side surface, and the width of the vein, i.e. the shortest distance between the first and second side surfaces, may be constant over at least a major part of the depth and extension of the vein. Such uniform design of each vein reduces the amount of superhard material that is required for producing the tool blank and drill without compromising the number of possible regrinds.
The inclination angle may decrease continuously along the extension of the vein from the periphery of the tool blank. Thereby, the vein geometry may correspond to a commonly used rake angle geometry for twist drills.
The bottom surface of each vein may be flat and arranged perpendicularly to the central longitudinal axis of the tool blank. Alternatively, the bottom surface of each vein may be inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tool blank such that the depth of the vein decreases along the extension of the vein from the periphery of the tool blank, wherein the inclination of the bottom surface corresponds to the profile of the cutting edge of a drill to be manufactured from the tool blank. In such embodiments, the bottom surface may have the same profile as the drill tip, wherein such profile may be characterized by a certain point angle and possibly also a corner modification, such as a corner chamfer or corner radius. Such geometry of the bottom surface would further increase the number of possible regrinds before the superhard material is used up at any location of the cutting edge. The front end of the tool blank may also be formed at least partly with a similar profile, for example with a tapering angle corresponding to the point angle of the drill to be manufactured from the tool blank.
The tool blank may comprise a single vein. As an example, such tool blank could be used for manufacturing a single-fluted drill. Alternatively, the tool blank may comprise at least two veins of a superhard material formed at the front end. From such tool blank a two-fluted drill, e.g. having a conventional twist-drill design, could be manufactured. The two veins may be circumferentially spaced by 180°, and extend inwards substantially towards each other from opposite sides of the periphery of the tool blank. The tool blank may comprise additional veins, and the invention is not limited to any specific number of veins or number of flutes/cutting edges of the corresponding drill. For example, a tool blank with three veins may be used for making a three-fluted drill.
The veins formed in the front end of the tool blank may meet and connect at the longitudinal axis of the tool blank. Using such design, all parts of the cutting edges of a drill manufactured from the tool blank would be formed from the superhard material. For a tool blank having two veins formed opposite each other, i.e. circumferentially spaced by 180°, the veins would create a single formation extending from one side of the periphery of the tool blank to the opposite side of the tool blank, passing through the longitudinal axis.
According to alternative embodiments, the veins may not extend all the way to the longitudinal axis of the tool blank, such that there is a region at the front end of the tool blank, around the longitudinal axis, that does not comprise any vein. According to such design, for a drill manufactured from a veined cemented carbide tool blank, some parts of the cutting edges located close to the longitudinal axis, e.g. the chisel, would be formed from cemented carbide and not the superhard material. Cemented carbide is tougher than the superhard material and such configuration may be advantageous in certain applications.
At least a part of the tool blank may be made by additive manufacturing, in particular the part in which veins are formed. Thereby production of the drill is simplified. For example, in cases where the tool blank is a nib, the entire nib pre-blank, i.e. the nib excluding the veins of superhard material, is preferably made by additive manufacturing. In cases where the tool blank is a full-length, complete tool blank comprised of a nib and a base body, preferably only the nib pre-blank is made by additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is particularly suitable for making complex features such as cavities, slots, channels, etc., of which the geometry changes continuously and/or smoothly. Therefore, additive manufacturing is preferably used for the part that contains the slots in which the veins of superhard material is formed, since this allows the location and the design of the veins to be precisely controlled. The veins themselves are not formed by additive manufacturing.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method for manufacturing a drill is provided. The method comprises the steps of:
Such approach for manufacturing a veined drill is preferred since only the relatively small nib has to be exposed to the high pressure and high temperature required to fuse the superhard material, which facilitates production. Thus, even if it might be possible to form a complete tool blank with vein slots as a single integral body, this would complicate the step of fusing the superhard material to the tool blank.
As apparent, the bottom surface and the first and second side surfaces of the vein slots correspond to the respective surfaces of the veins of superhard material formed therein. Therefore, in the disclosure herein, reference to these respective surfaces can be used interchangeably when discussing orientation (e.g. inclination) of the surfaces. Thus, the inclination angle formed by the first surface of the vein slot with respect to the longitudinal axis should be understood as corresponding to the inclination angle formed by the first surface of the corresponding vein with respect to the longitudinal axis.
The vein slots are preferably located such that the superhard material subsequently fused therein will be located such as to form at least part of the cutting edges of the drill subsequently formed.
The nib pre-blank and/or the tool blank base body (i.e. all parts of the tool blank other than the veins of superhard material) may be formed from cemented carbide, such as tungsten carbide or other materials of similar hardness. Both the nib pre-blank and the base body may, but do not have to, be made of the same material.
A mass of particles, i.e. powder, comprising particles of the superhard material, e.g. poly-crystalline diamond (PCD) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBD) may be used to fill the vein slots. Optionally, binder materials such as alcohols, or any other binder material that may be used in the art may be added to the particles to form a slurry. The powder/slurry is packed into the vein slots so as to at least partially fill the vein slots of the nib pre-blank. The vein slots may be completely filled or even overfilled with powder/slurry.
When the superhard material within the vein slots has been fused to the nib pre-blank, the veins of superhard material created thereby acts as an integral part of the sintered nib.
The sintered nib may be connected to the tool blank base body using brazing, sinter fusing, or any other known method suitable for joining different parts of a tool body.
Forming flutes and cutting edges in the tool blank may involve grinding. Other alternatives are laser machining or electro erosion. Using the method according to the invention, only a relatively small amount of superhard material must be removed in order to create the cutting edges and the corresponding rake surfaces and clearance surfaces. Other features may also be formed in the drill, such as, for example, channels for distributing coolant to the cutting edges. However, such features may also be formed already in the tool blank base body and/or formed during the step of forming the nib pre-blank.
The nib pre-blank may be made using additive manufacturing. Even though possible to use additive manufacturing for also making the tool blank base body or a complete tool pre-blank (i.e. the tool blank excluding the veins of superhard material) as a single integral body, it is preferred to manufacture only the relatively small nib pre-blank, having a complex geometry, by additive manufacturing, while manufacturing the tool blank base body, having a less complex geometry, by conventional methods.
In this embodiment, the second side surface 14 has an inclination angle that varies in the same way as the first side surface, such that the width of each vein slot 4′ is constant. As best seen in
In step 701, a substantially cylindrical nib pre-blank is formed with at least one vein slot at a front end thereof. Forming each vein slot comprises the steps of forming a bottom surface at a depth, and forming a first and a second side surface in an extension inwards from the periphery of the nib pre-blank. The step of forming the first side surface comprises forming the surface at an inclination angle to a longitudinal axis of the nib pre-blank that varies with the radial distance to the longitudinal axis over at least a major part of the extension of the vein slot, such that the inclination angle substantially corresponds to a desired axial rake angle of the drill. Preferably, the nib pre-blank is made by additive manufacturing. Various kinds of additive manufacturing methods could be used, such as, for example, selective laser sintering or electron beam melting. Such techniques are well known in the art and are not further described herein.
In step 702, the vein slots are at least partly filled with powder or a slurry comprising particles of a superhard material. Thus, a mass of particles, i.e. powder, comprising particles of the superhard material, e.g. poly-crystalline diamond (PCD) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBD) may be used to fill the vein slots. Optionally, binder materials such as alcohols, or any other binder material that may be used in the art may be added to the particles to form a slurry. The powder/slurry is packed into the vein slots so as to at least partially fill the vein slots of the blank. The vein slots may be completely filled or even overfilled with powder/slurry.
In step 703, a high pressure and high temperature is applied to the nib pre-blank such as to fuse the superhard material in the vein slots with the nib pre-blank, forming a sintered nib having veins of the superhard material. The nib pre-blank may be subjected to pressures of about 45 Kbar to about 90 Kbar and temperatures of about 1200° to about 1600° C. for approximately about 1 to about 50 minutes. When the particles of superhard material have been bonded directly to each other and to the carbide by the sintering process, the nib is removed from the press. Apparatuses and techniques for such sintering are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,941,248, 3,141,746, 3,745,623 and 3,743,489.
In step 704, the sintered nib is connected to a tool blank base body, such as a conventional tool blank, e.g. a cemented carbide rod. This can be achieved by brazing or sinter fusing or by any other technique known in the art suitable for connecting two pieces of cemented carbide.
In step 705, flutes and cutting edges are formed by removing material of the tool blank, wherein the cutting edges are formed at least partly from the veins of superhard material. This step usually involves grinding. Other techniques for forming flutes and/or cutting edges, or other geometrical features of the drill, includes laser machining and electro erosion.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18172004.6 | May 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/061049 | 4/30/2019 | WO | 00 |
