Velour fabric articles having flame retardance and improved dynamic insulation performance

Abstract
A velour fabric article consists of a fabric body having a technical face formed by a filament stitch yarn and a technical back formed by a loop yarn. The filament stitch yarn includes a heat sensitive material, e.g. a hot melt material or a heat shrinkable material, and/or an elastomeric material, such as spandex. The loop yarn includes flame retardant material, such as M-Aramide fiber. The fabric body has a velour surface formed at one or both of the technical back and the technical face. Raised fibers of at least one of the technical face and the technical back may be entangled, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the other of the technical face and the technical back, e.g., by a hydroentanglement process applied after finishing. The fabric body has permeability of about 90 ft3/ft2/min, or less, under a pressure difference of ½ inch of water across the fabric body.
Description




This invention relates to velour fabric articles, and, more particularly, to velour fabric articles having improved dynamic insulation performance due to relatively greater densification and tortuosity, and improved flame retardance.




BACKGROUND




Velour fabric articles having one or more fleece or raised surface regions at one surface or at both surfaces, e.g., achieved by processes of sanding, brushing and/or napping of exposed fibers, are known to have good insulation performance under static conditions, i.e., in calm or still air with no wind blowing through the fabric. However, the insulating performance of these fabric articles drops rapidly under dynamic conditions, i.e., in a chilling wind. As a result, a consumer wearing a velour fabric article will often find it necessary to also wear a shell, e.g., of woven nylon or other low permeability material, when conditions are likely to be windy.




It is also known to increase the thermal insulation performance of velour fabric articles by incorporating a relatively coarser stitch yarn and/or by tightening the stitch. However, these approaches result in fabric articles with very poor stretch, increased stiffness and increased weight.




SUMMARY




According to one aspect of the invention, a double-face velour fabric article comprises a fabric body having a technical face formed by a filament stitch yarn and a technical back formed by a loop yarn, the filament stitch yarn comprising heat sensitive material and the loop yarn comprising flame retardant material, the fabric body having a velour surface formed at one or both of the technical back and the technical face, and the heat sensitive material responding to application of heat during processing to increase tortuosity with a result of the fabric body having permeability of about 90 ft


3


/ft


2


/min or less under a pressure difference of ½ inch of water across the fabric body (according to the testing method of ASTM Designation: D 737-96, “Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).




Preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention may include one or more of the following additional features. The flame retardant material comprises m-Aramide fibers. The heat sensitive material is preferably selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyester, and polyamide. The heat sensitive material comprises heat shrinkable material, preferably selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, nylon, and polyester. The heat sensitive material responds to application of dry heat and/or to application of wet heat, e.g. steam or hot water, e.g. at about 212° F. to about 450° F. applied for about 2 minutes to about 60 minutes. The filament stitch yarn comprises elastomeric material, e.g. spandex. Filaments of the heat sensitive material and filaments of the elastomeric material are commingled or plaited together. The filament stitch yarn is a cored yarn comprising a core and a sheath, the sheath comprising hot melt material. The core material is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyester and nylon, and the hot melt material is preferably selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyester and polyamide. The loop yarn is split, e.g. by application of heat, e.g. the loop yarn of fine denier fibers or filaments comprises an “islands-in-sea” construction, or by application of a chemical, e.g. caustic soda, or by mechanical action, e.g. napping, to release multiple small diameter filaments. The loop yarn and/or the filament stitch yarn are textured. Raised fibers of the velour surface, of at least one of the technical face and the technical back, are entangled, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body toward the other of the technical face and the technical back. Raised fibers of the technical back are entangled, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical face. The fabric body has a velour surface region formed at the technical back or the fabric body has a velour surface region formed at each of the technical back and the technical face.




According to another aspect of the invention, a double-face velour fabric article comprises a fabric body having a technical face formed by a filament stitch yarn and a technical back formed by a filament loop yarn or spun loop yarn, the filament stitch yarn comprising elastomeric material and the loop yarn comprising flame retardant material, the fabric body having a velour surface formed at one or both of the technical back and the technical face, and the fabric body having permeability of about 90 ft


3


/ft


2


/min or less under a pressure difference of ½ inch of water across the fabric body.




Preferred embodiments of both of these aspects of the invention may include one or more of the following additional features. The flame retardant material comprises m-Aramide fibers. The elastomeric material comprises spandex. The fabric body has permeability of about 70 ft


3


/ft


2


/min or less. Raised fibers of the velour surface of at least one of the technical face and the technical back is entangled, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body toward the other of the technical face and the technical back. Preferably, raised fibers of the technical back are entangled, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical face.




According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of forming a velour fabric body comprises the steps of: joining a filament or spun loop yarn and a filament stitch yarn to form a fabric prebody, the filament stitch yarn forming a technical face of the fabric prebody and the loop yarn forming a technical back of the fabric prebody, the filament stitch yarn comprising heat sensitive material and the loop yarn comprising flame retardant material, finishing at least one of the technical face and the technical back of the fabric prebody, thereby to form a velour fabric body having at least one velour surface region, entangling raised fibers of at least one of the technical face and the technical back, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, thereby to increase density and tortuosity of the fiber body, the fabric body having permeability of about 90 ft


3


/ft


2


/min or less under a pressure difference of ½ inch of water across the fabric body.




Preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention may include one or more of the following additional features. The method comprises the further step of entangling the raised fibers in a process of hydroentanglement, by directing fine, high-pressure jets upon at least one of the technical face and the technical back. The method comprises the further step of directing fine, high-pressure jets upon the technical back, to cause raised fibers of the velour surface of the technical back to entangle, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical face. The filament stitch yarn comprises heat sensitive material, and the method comprises the further step of exposing said fabric body to heating sufficient to cause a response by the heat sensitive material, thereby to increase tortuosity. The method comprises the further step of entangling the raised fibers in a process of hydroentanglement, by directing fine, high-pressure water jets upon at least one of the technical face and the technical back. The method comprises the further step of directing fine, high pressure jets (e.g., water jets or air jets) upon the technical back, to cause raised fibers of the velour surface of the technical back to entangle, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical face. The method comprises the step of finishing the technical face and the technical back of the fabric prebody, thereby to form a velour fabric body having velour regions at opposite surfaces. The method comprises exposing the fabric body to the heating sufficient to cause a response by the heat sensitive material during dyeing and/or during finishing. The method comprises exposing the fabric body to dry heat and/or to wet heat, e.g. steam or hot water. The method comprises exposing the fabric body to heating sufficient to cause a response by the heat sensitive material for about 2 minutes to about 60 minutes at about 212° F. to about 450° F. The method comprises exposing the fabric body to heating sufficient to cause a response by the heat sensitive material, thereby to increase tortuosity with a result of the fabric body having permeability of about 70 ft


3


/ft


2


/min or less. The method comprises joining a loop yarn and a filament stitch yarn, the filament stitch yarn comprising elastomeric material, e.g., spandex.




An objective of the invention is to provide velour fabric articles having flame retardance and improved dynamic insulation performance while avoiding increased weight and/or loss of stretch and/or loss of flexibility. A further objective is to provide velour fabric articles that may be worn in chilling, windy conditions without markedly diminished insulation performance. Generally, tortuosity, and therefore density, is increased by using heat-sensitive and/or elastomeric materials in the stitch yarns and entangling the loop yarn fibers. The improved dynamic insulation performance achieved in conditions of relative wind speed (i.e., wind blowing and/or movement of the wearer in relation to ambient atmosphere) enhances flame retardance properties by allowing less air to penetrate through the fabric construction. Thus flame retardance is enhanced, e.g. in accordance with very stringent flame retardance requirements of the protective cloth and military markets, e.g., as set forth in NFPA 1975-94 (the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference), by including fibers of inherent flame retardant material, e.g., m-Aramide fibers (NOMEX®, as available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, of Wilmington, Del.) in the loop yarn of fleece or raised surface regions of the resulting velour fabric articles.




The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.











DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS





FIG. 1

is a somewhat diagrammatic end section view of a double-face fabric prebody, e.g., as formed in a reverse plaiting circular knitting process.





FIG. 2

is a somewhat diagrammatic end section view of a double-face velour fabric article of the invention formed by finishing the double-face fabric prebody of

FIG. 1

; and





FIG. 3

is a somewhat diagrammatic end section view of a prior art double-face velour fabric article that is comparable to the double-face velour fabric article of FIG.


2


.





FIG. 4

is a perspective view of a segment of a circular knitting machine, and

FIGS. 5-11

are sequential views of a cylinder latch needle in a reverse plaiting circular knitting process, e.g., for use in forming the double-face fabric prebody of FIG.


1


.





FIG. 12

is a somewhat diagrammatic end section view of a double-face velour fabric article being subjected to a process of hydroentanglement; and





FIG. 13

is a similar, somewhat diagrammatic end section view of a resulting double-face velour fabric article of the invention, having improved dynamic insulation performance.





FIG. 14

is a plot of curves showing the relationship between change in effective thermal insulation and wind velocity for covers or fabrics of different permeability (P. Larose, “The Effect of Wind on the Thermal Resistance of Clothing with Special Reference to the Protection Given by Coverall Fabrics of Various Permeabilities,” Canadian Journal of Research, Vol. 25, Sec. A, No. 4, (July 1947), pp. 169-190.).





FIGS. 15-20

are somewhat diagrammatic end section views of other embodiments of double-face velour fabric articles of the invention formed of filament stitch yarns and/or loop yarns including or consisting largely of materials with characteristics selected for improving dynamic insulation performance of the fabric article, namely heat sensitive materials, elastic materials and/or combinations thereof;





FIG. 21

is a somewhat diagrammatic end section view of an alternative embodiment of a double-face velour fabric article of the invention formed of loop yarns including, or consisting largely of, materials with characteristics selected for improving flame retardance; and





FIG. 22

is a somewhat diagrammatic end section view of another alternative embodiment of a velour fabric article of the invention having raised or fleece surface region(s) formed at a single surface by finishing fibers of loop yarns including, or consisting largely of, materials with characteristics selected for improving flame retardance.











Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.




DETAILED DESCRIPTION




Referring to

FIG. 1

, a double-face fabric prebody


12


, e.g., for use in forming a double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention (FIG.


2


), is formed by joining a stitch yarn


14


and a loop yarn


16


in a standard reverse plaiting circular knitting (terry knitting) process (see FIGS.


4


-


11


), e.g., as described in Knitting Technology, by David J. Spencer (Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2nd edition, 1996), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In the terry knitting process, the stitch yarn


14


forms the technical face


18


of the resulting fabric prebody


12


and the loop yarn


16


forms the opposite technical back


20


, where it is formed into loops


22


. In the fabric prebody


12


formed by reverse plaiting circular knitting, the loop yarn


16


extends outwardly to overlie and cover the stitch yarn


14


at the technical face


18


.




The loop yarn


16


forming the technical back


20


of the knit fabric body


12


can be made of any synthetic or natural material. The cross section and luster of the fibers or filaments may be varied, e.g., as dictated by requirements of the intended end use. The loop yarn


16


can be a textured or flat filament or, preferably, a yarn of fine denier filaments or fibers (e.g., 1.5 dpf or lower), with a textured yarn being preferred for relatively greater dynamic insulating effect, as discussed below. The loop yarn overall denier is typically in the range of about 70 denier to 300 denier, with a preferred count of about 150 denier. At the preferred count, the filament count range is from about 100 filaments to 300 filaments, therefore providing a denier per filament (dpf) of from 1.5 to 0.5, respectively. A relatively smaller dpf, e.g. 1 dpf, is preferred for relatively greater dynamic insulating effect, as will be discussed below. A preferred commercial loop yarn is a 150/132 denier textured polyester yarn of fine denier filaments or fibers with a dpf of 1.14, e.g. as available from UNIFI, Inc., of Greensboro, N.C.




The stitch yarn


14


forming the technical face


16


of the knit fabric body


12


can be also made of any type of synthetic or natural material in a textured or flat filament yarn, with a textured yarn being preferred for relatively greater dynamic insulating effect. The range of stitch yarn count denier is typically between about 50 denier to 150 denier. Where the loop yarn is 150/132 textured, the preferred stitch yarn count is about 100 denier, and the filament count ranges from about 34 filaments to 200 filaments, i.e. 100/34 to 100/200, resulting in dpf from about 3 dpf to 0.5 dpf, with relatively finer filaments being preferred, again, for relatively greater dynamic insulating performance. A preferred stitch yarn is 100/136 denier textured polyester with about 0.7 dpf, e.g. as available commercially from UNIFI, Inc. Another preferred yarn is 130/408 denier textured polyester with about 0.3 dpf, e.g. as available from Hyosung, Inc., of Seoul, Korea.




From these examples, it can be seen that, for achieving markedly improved dynamic insulating performance, use of a textured 150/132 loop yarn and a textured 100/136 stitch yarn is preferred.




In comparison, in a prior art double-face velour fabric article (


100


,

FIG. 3

) without the improved dynamic insulation performance of the present invention, a typical stitch yarn


102


is 70/34 denier filament textured polyester, with individual fiber fineness of greater than 2.0 dpf, e.g. as available commercially from UNIFI, Inc.




In a preferred method of the invention, the fabric prebody


12


is formed by reverse plaiting on a fine cut circular knitting machine (e.g., 28 cut). This is principally a terry knit construction, where segments


22


of the loop yarn


16


cover the stitch yarn


14


on the technical face


18


and loops


23


of the loop yarn


16


form loops


23


at the technical back


20


of the fabric prebody


12


(see FIG.


1


).




The fabric prebody


12


is next subjected to finishing. During the finishing process, the technical face and technical back surfaces


18


,


20


, respectively, of the fabric prebody


12


, with the segments


22


of loop yarn


16


overlying the stitch yarn


14


at the technical face surface


18


and the loops


23


formed at the technical back surface


20


, go through a finishing process such as sanding, brushing and/or napping, to generate a velour


24


,


26


. The yarn fibers are raised at both faces of the fabric prebody


12


(FIG.


1


), including the technical face


18


and the technical back


20


, to form the velour


24


,


26


at each face of the fabric body


30


of the double-face velour fabric article


10


(

FIG. 2

) of the invention. The fabric prebody


12


and/or fabric body


10


may also be treated, e.g., chemically, to make it hydrophobic.




Referring to

FIG. 12

, after finishing, the fabric article


10


is next subjected to a process of hydroentanglement, such as employed in fabrication of spun staples yarn and in the fabrication of non-woven fabrics. During this process, fine, high-pressure water jets


32


(or air jets) are directed onto, e.g., the technical back


20


of the fabric article


10


. In this manner, raised fibers


34


of the velour surface of the technical back


20


are entangled, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body


30


, toward the technical face


18


. The hydroentanglement process thus serves to densify the velour surface, resulting in the double-face fabric article


40


(FIG.


13


), advantageously, without substantial increase in bulk or thickness, for improved dynamic insulation, i.e. against through-flow of air, e.g., in a chilling wind. By way of example only, after finishing, the technical back


20


of a double-face velour fabric article


10


may be treated by hydroentanglement using fine, high-pressure water jets


32


, e.g., with water applied at 100 m/sec to 350 m/sec through jets having apertures of 0.01 mm to 1.0 mm diameter. Alternatively, raised fibers of the technical face may be entangled in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical back.




Entangling raised fibers of the technical back, i.e., of the loop yarn, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical face, results in relatively greater densification and therefore greater tortuosity, e.g., as compared to entanglement of raised fibers of the technical face, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical back. Entangling from back to face, in addition to resulting in a relatively greater increase in tortuosity, also increases smoothness of the fabric/garment outer surface, while entangling from face to back increases tortuosity and increases smoothness of the fabric/garment inner surface.




Fabric performance and aesthetics of the fabric article


40


can also be adjusted by selection of knitting gauge (e.g., in the range of about 18 to about 36, and preferably about 28), yarn type (e.g., preferably textured, or flat filament), yarn denier (e.g., about 70 to about 300, and preferably about 100), fiber denier (e.g., about 0.3 to about 1.5, and preferably about 1.0), etc. Adjustment of jet speed and/or aperture size, e.g., within the ranges mentioned above, can further or instead be employed to adjust fabric performance and/or aesthetics.




The fabric article


40


is thereafter heat set to stabilize the fabric article width.




In this and other embodiments of the invention described below, heat may be applied to the fabric body, e.g. dry heat and/or wet heat, such as hot water or steam, e.g. during finishing or dyeing. As mentioned elsewhere, the stitch yarn (and/or the loop yarn) may include heat sensitive and/or elastomeric materials.




In a resulting double-face velour fabric article


10


of this embodiment of the invention, the overall density, i.e., weight per length, of the filament stitch yarn


14


is closely comparable to stitch yarn


102


used in a comparable prior art fabric article


100


having velour


104


,


106


at the opposite faces. The diameter of the filament stitch yarn


14


may be slightly greater than that of the prior art stitch yarn


102


(likely due to increased filament-to-filament engagement of the filaments of the filament stitch yarn


14


). The yarn count and gauge of the double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention are also substantially the same as those for the comparable prior art fabric article


100


. As a result, the weight and stretch performance of the double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention is closely comparable to the weight and stretch of the prior art double-face velour fabric article


100


of the same gauge and yarn count.




The fact that the weight density of the filament stitch yarn


14


and the stitch yarn


102


are the same indicates that the ratio of yarn material to open volume for each of the respective articles is also approximately the same. However, in the filament stitch yarn


14


, and in the resulting double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention, the average cross sectional area of the individual filaments is considerably less that the average cross sectional area of filaments in the stitch yarn


102


employed in the comparable prior art fabric article


100


, e.g. the denier per filament (dpf) of the preferred filament stitch yarn


14


is about 0.7 dpf, as compared to 3.0 dpf for the stitch yarn


102


of comparable prior art fabric article


100


. As a result, the paths for passage of air, e.g., a chilling wind, through double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention, while relatively more numerous, are also considerably smaller and relatively more tortuous, as compared to a comparable prior art double-face velour fabric article


100


. The enhanced performance of the fabric article of the invention is achieved by increasing the yarn count and the filament count to make the paths through the fabric more tortuous, thus making it more difficult for air, i.e., a chilling wind, to penetrate quickly through the double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention. As a result, the dynamic insulation performance of the double-face velour fabric of the invention is dramatically increased over the prior art.




In

FIG. 14

, there is reproduced a plot of curves showing the relationship between change in effective thermal insulation and wind velocity for covers or fabrics of different permeabilities, as appeared in an article by P. Larose, entitled “The Effect of Wind on the Thermal Resistance of Clothing with Special Reference to the Protection Given by Coverall Fabrics of Various Permeabilities,” which appeared in Canadian Journal of Research (Vol. 25, Sec. A, No. 4, (July 1947), pp. 169-190), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The permeabilities of the materials tested varied between 0 and 193 ft


3


/ft


2


/min under a pressure difference of ½ inch of water across the fabric.




In particular, it can be seen in the plot that at zero wind velocity there is relatively little difference in insulating performance among the materials tested. The dynamic insulating performance for each of the materials tested also decreased with increasing wind velocity. However, as may be seen in the plot, the rate of decrease in dynamic insulating performance was much more precipitous in fabrics of relatively greater permeability, i.e. as permeability increased, the rate of loss of dynamic insulating performance with increasing wind velocity was relatively smaller for fabrics of low permeability, as compared to fabrics having relatively greater permeability.




In Table A (below), the improvement in dynamic insulation performance of double-face velour fabric articles


10


(

FIG. 2

) of the invention in a chilling wind can easily be seen when compared to the performance of a comparable prior art double-face velour fabric article


100


(FIG.


3


). In particular, the double-face velour fabric article


10


of the invention has considerably better dynamic insulating performance, and good static (no wind) and dynamic (windy) insulation performance, due to the increased tortuosity of air paths through the fabric, with good stretch properties and light weight.




The word “tortuosity” is used to describe the fabric property enhanced according to this invention by increasing yarn count and filament count. The paths through the fabric are made more “tortuous” than those of prior art fabrics, and greater “tortuosity” results in greater dynamic insulating effect. In addition, if a given fabric body is subjected to less than normal stretching, resulting in reduced final width of the fabric (i.e., the width resulting after heat setting of the fabric during the finishing process), the higher, still, the dynamic insulating performance of the resulting fabric article of the invention.
















TABLE A












A1




A2




B1




B2









Loop Yarn




150/100




150/132




150/100




150/132







textured




textured




textured




textured






Stitch Yarn




100/34 




100/34 




100/34 




100/34 







textured




textured




textured




textured






Width




58-inch




58-inch




54-inch




54-inch







cuttable




cuttable




cuttable




cuttable






“Dynamic




100-110 cfm




60-70 cfm




70-80 cfm




50-60 cfm






Insulating






Performance”
















Compare:




A1 to A2




A2 has finer loop yarn, and therefore relatively








better dynamic insulating performance.






Compare:




A1 to B1




B1 has narrower width, and therefore better








dynamic insulating performance.






Compare:




A1 to B2




B2 has finer loop yarn, and therefore better








dynamic insulating performance.






Compare:




A1 to B2




B2 has finer loop yarn and narrower width, and








therefore better dynamic insulating performance














In other preferred embodiments, fabric articles of the invention having relatively greater densification and tortuosity, and therefore increased dynamic insulation performance for enhanced protection from wind penetration, are achieved by incorporation of stitch yarns and/or loop yarns of predetermined selected characteristics. For example, stitch yarns and/or loop yarns including, or formed largely of, heat sensitive materials, e.g. hot melt or heat shrinkable materials, and/or elastomeric materials, such as spandex, may be employed.




For example, referring now to

FIG. 15

, in a preferred embodiment, a fabric article


30


of the invention formed by reverse plaiting on a fine cut circular knitting machine includes a stitch yarn


32


and a loop yarn


34


finished into a velour


36


,


38


at the opposite surfaces. The stitch yarn


32


includes, or consists largely of, yarn or filaments of heat sensitive material


33


, e.g. heat shrinkable material, or hot melt material (typically commingled (e.g., blended) with other fiber that will maintain yarn integrity after heat treatment). The loop yarn


34


, which, in this embodiment, may be a filament yarn but is more typically a spun yarn, includes, or consists largely of, fibers of suitable flame retardant material, e.g., such as m-Aramide, 1.5 denier, e.g. as manufactured by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, of Wilmington, Del., under the trademark NOMEX®. The m-aramide fibers may be used alone, or in a blend, e.g. with fibers of p-aramide, e.g. as manufactured by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, of Wilmington, Del., under the trademark KEVLAR®, and/or with fibers of other suitable material having good electrostatic dissipation characteristics. Suitable heat sensitive materials include polypropylene, nylon, polyester, polyamide, and the like, preferably with high shrinkage, e.g., about 5% to about 50% after about 2 minutes to about 60 minutes at about 212° F. to about 450° F. Heat is thereafter applied to the fabric article, e.g., dry heat and/or wet heat, such as hot water or steam, e.g. during dyeing and/or finishing. Upon exposure to heat, the hot melt material fuses to narrow or fill interstices between the yarns filaments, and the heat shrinkable material shortens and thickens, and/or reduces in effective length, thus to reduce the paths for passage of chilling wind through the fabric and thereby increase the tortuosity and the dynamic insulation performance of the fabric article


30


of the invention.




Referring next to

FIG. 16

, in another embodiment, in a fabric article


40


of the invention, the stitch yarn


42


comprises a cored yarn


43


having a core formed, e.g., of polyester or nylon, with a sheath formed of a heat sensitive material, e.g., a hot melt material, such as polypropylene, polyester or nylon, e.g. as available commercially from Engineered Yarn Company, of Fall River, Mass. The loop yarn


44


includes, or consists largely of, fibers of flame retardant material


46


. During heating of the fabric article of this embodiment, e.g. during dyeing and/or finishing, the hot melt material of the sheath fuses, thus increasing the tortuosity and further reducing the paths for passage of chilling wind through the fabric and improving the dynamic insulation performance of the fabric article


40


of the invention.




Referring now to

FIG. 17

, in a fabric article


50


of the invention, the stitch yarn


52


includes elastomeric material


53


, e.g. such as spandex. The loop yarn


54


includes, or consists largely of, fibers of flame retardant material


56


. The elastomeric material


53


in the stitch yarn


52


also provides for relatively greater densification and tortuosity, and therefore increased dynamic insulation performance for enhanced protection from wind penetration, as well as providing for fabric stretch and enhanced wearer comfort.




Referring now to

FIG. 18

, a fabric article


60


of the invention may also be formed of stitch yams


62


including or consisting largely of combinations of heat sensitive materials


63


and elastomeric materials


65


. For example, stitch yarns employed in the fabric article


60


may include fibers or filaments of different characteristics that have been commingled or plaited together. The loop yarn


64


includes, or consists largely of, fibers of flame retardant materials


66


.




Referring to

FIG. 19

, in another embodiment, a fabric article


70


of the invention is formed of loop yarns


72


of standard denier that, upon application of heat, e.g. during dyeing and/or finishing, split axially into multiple, elongated fibers or filaments. The result is a reduction or narrowing of paths for passage of chilling wind through the fabric, to increase tortuosity and dynamic insulation performance of the fabric article


70


. The loop yarns may be caused to split also by application, e.g., of a chemical treatment, e.g. caustic soda, or by application of a mechanical action, e.g. napping.




Referring finally to

FIG. 20

, in yet another embodiment, a fabric article


80


of the invention is formed of loop yarns


82


having an “islands-in-sea” construction. Namely, the loop yarns


82


are formed of a hot melt polymeric body (“sea”) containing multiple filaments (“islands”) of small diameter, e.g. 0.01 to 0.03 denier. Upon application of heat to the fabric article


80


, e.g., during dyeing and/or finishing, the hot melt material melts to release the individual, small diameter filaments. Again, the release of the small filaments results in increased tortuosity and dynamic insulation performance of the fabric article


80


.




Alternatively, referring to

FIG. 21

, in a different embodiment, a double face velour fabric article


90


of the invention is formed of very bulky filament stitch yarn


92


with relatively low shrinkage. The resulting fabric article


90


will be significantly heavier, less drapeable, and will have relatively poor stretch/recovery, e.g. as compared to the embodiments described above. However, the high bulk, high thickness of the raised surface regions


94


,


96


formed by finishing fibers of the loop yarn


93


of flame retardant material


98


will provide enhanced protection or shielding of the stitch yarn


92


from excessive heat and thermal shrinkage, as well as from burning and melting.




Finally, referring to

FIG. 22

, in yet another embodiment of the invention, a velour fabric article


100


, in this case having one or more raised or fleece surface regions


102


at only one surface, is formed with a plaiting circular knit construction from a loop yarn


104


, e.g. including, or consisting largely of, flame retardant material


106


, such as m-Aramide fibers (NOMEX®) of 1.5 denier, and a filament stitch yarn


108


, e.g. including, or consisting largely of, thermoplastic filament yarn


110


, formed of materials such as polyester, nylon, or polypropylene, commingled or plaited with spandex material


112


, such as LYCRA® (also available from E. I. du Pont). The fibers of the loop yarn


104


are finished at the technical back


114


to create a velour or fleece region


102


at one surface. The fabric article


100


of this embodiment has good stretch, when tested according to ASTM 2594, in both length and width dimensions. The single face velour fabric


100


can be formed into articles for tight fit, which enhances the comfort and insulation performance in dynamic (windy) conditions. Positioning the fleece surface


102


of flame retardant material


106


against the wearer's skin also shields against potential drip of the thermoplastic stitch yarn material


110


onto the skin, e.g. in a fire condition. Positioning of the flame retardant surface region


102


against the skin also improves thermal insulation (in cold weather), as well as providing enhanced thermal insulation, as measured on a Frazier air permeability unit in accordance with ASTM D-737. It also shields against penetration of material from melting fibers of the stitch yarn


108


through to burn the wearer's skin.




Due to the increased tortuosity, including after heat treatment, a fabric article of the invention formed with stitch yarns including or consisting largely of heat sensitive materials and/or elastomeric materials, such as spandex, and/or loop yarns formed of heat sensitive materials and/or elastomeric materials such as spandex, and/or cored yarns having a sheath of hot melt material, have enhanced dynamic insulation performance, e.g. as compared to a prior art fabric article


100


(

FIG. 3

) having the same weight. As a result, the fabric articles of the invention are particularly suited for use, e.g., in lightweight clothing and the like for use in extreme conditions of chilling wind and cold temperature.




Examples of fabric articles of the invention formed with heat sensitive materials and/or elastomeric materials will now be described. The air permeability was tested according to ASTM D-737 (the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) on a Frazier machine with ½ of water pressure drop.




EXAMPLE 1




A fabric article of the invention, designated S/7380, was formed of a stitch yarn consisting of 150/34 POWERSTRETCH™ heat shrinkable textured polyester, available from UNIFI, Inc., and a loop yarn consisting of 150/132 textured polyester. After exposure to heat, the air permeability of the finished fabric article was 70 ft


3


/ft


2


/min.




EXAMPLE 2




Another fabric article of the invention, designated E555P, was formed of a stitch yarn consisting of 50/36 textured polyester with 20 denier spandex on every other end plaited with the 50/36 textured polyester and a loop yarn consisting of 150/132 textured polyester. After exposure to heat, the air permeability of the finished fabric article was 59 ft


3


/ft


2


/min.




EXAMPLE 3




Yet another fabric article of the invention, designated E657Y, was formed of a stitch yarn consisting of 50/36 textured polyester commingled with 40/20 textured polypropylene and a loop yarn consisting of 100/96 textured polyester. After exposure to heat, the air permeability of the finished fabric article was 38-40 ft


3


/ft


2


/min.




EXAMPLE 4




Another fabric article of the invention, designated E667Q, was formed of a stitch yarn consisting of 100/34 POWERSTRETCH™ heat shrinkable textured polyester and a loop yarn consisting of 100/96 textured polyester. After exposure to heat, the air permeability of the finished fabric article was 60-70 ft


3


/ft


2


/min.




A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, any suitable type of yarn may be employed. Also, other suitable methods of constructing a velour fabric article of the invention may be employed. For example, in the preferred embodiment described above, the construction provided by reverse plaiting is employed in order to expose the loop yarn


16


for finishing at both surfaces of the fabric body, with segments


22


of the loop yarn


16


overlaying the stitch yarn


14


at the technical face


18


and formed into loops


23


at the technical back


20


. This is preferred, for reasons of dynamic insulation performance, over a construction in which only the loop yarn is finished. However, where improvement of dynamic insulation performance is not the primary or an overwhelming consideration, a construction exposing the stitch yarn and the loop yarn side by side for finishing at one or both surfaces of a fabric body may be preferred. In embodiments of fabric articles of the invention formed with heat sensitive materials, heat may be applied other than or in addition to during dyeing and/or finishing, e.g., before, after, or between these stages of manufacture. Also, referring again to

FIG. 13

, a double-face velour fabric article


40


of the invention may be formed by applying the hydroentanglement process to the technical face


18


and/or the technical back


20


, e.g., using fine, high-pressure water jets


32


and/or


32


′, respectively.




As mentioned above, a fabric article with stitch yarn and/or loop yarn comprising heat sensitive and/or elastomeric material may also be entangled or hydroentangled according to the invention.




Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.



Claims
  • 1. A method of forming a velour fabric body, said method comprising the steps of: joining a loop yarn and a filament stitch yarn to form a fabric prebody, the filament stitch yarn forming a technical face of the fabric prebody and the loop yarn forming a technical back of the fabric prebody, the filament stitch yarn comprising heat sensitive material and the loop yarn comprising flame retardant material,finishing at least one of said technical face and said technical back of the fabric prebody, thereby to form a velour fabric body having at least one velour surface region, and entangling raised fibers of at least one of the technical face and the technical back, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, thereby to increase density and tortuosity of the fiber body, the fabric body having permeability of about 90 ft3/ft2/min or less under a pressure difference of ½ inch of water across the fabric body.
  • 2. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, comprising the further step of entangling the raised fibers in a process of hydroentanglement, by directing fine, high pressure jets upon at least one of the technical face and the technical back.
  • 3. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1 or claim 2, comprising the further step of directing fine, high pressure jets upon the technical back, to cause raised fibers of the velour surface of the technical back to entangle, including in and/or through interstices of the fabric body, toward the technical face.
  • 4. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, wherein the filament stitch yarn comprises heat sensitive material, and said method comprises the further step of exposing said fabric body to heating sufficient to cause a response by the heat sensitive material, thereby to increase tortuosity.
  • 5. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, wherein said method comprises the step of finishing said technical face and said technical back of the fabric prebody, thereby to form a velour fabric body having velour regions at opposite surfaces.
  • 6. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, comprising exposing said fabric body to said heating sufficient to cause a response by said heat sensitive material during dyeing.
  • 7. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, comprising exposing said fabric body to said heating sufficient to cause a response by said heat sensitive material during finishing.
  • 8. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, comprising exposing said fabric body to dry heat.
  • 9. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 1, comprising exposing said fabric body to wet heat.
  • 10. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 9, comprising exposing said fabric body to steam.
  • 11. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 9, comprising exposing said fabric body to hot water.
  • 12. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 9, comprising exposing said fabric body to said heating sufficient to cause a response by said heat sensitive material for about 2 minutes to about 60 minutes at about 212° F. to about 450° F.
  • 13. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 9, comprising joining a loop yarn and a filament stitch yarn, the filament stitch yarn comprising elastomeric material.
  • 14. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 9, comprising exposing said fabric body to heating sufficient to cause a response by said heat sensitive material, thereby to increase tortuosity with a result of said fabric body having permeability of about 70 ft3/ft2/min or less.
  • 15. The method of forming a velour fabric body of claim 9, wherein the filament stitch yarn comprises elastomeric material.
Parent Case Info

This application is a division of the U.S. application Ser. No. 10/122,024 filed Apr. 12, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/982,720, filed Oct. 18, 2001, now pending, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/883,643, filed Jun. 18, 2001, now abandoned, which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/347,825, filed Jul. 2, 1999, now abandoned, the entire disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

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Continuation in Parts (2)
Number Date Country
Parent 09/982720 Oct 2001 US
Child 10/122024 US
Parent 09/883643 Jun 2001 US
Child 09/982720 US