Patent Grant
11883306
The disclosure relates to medical devices, such as prosthetic or orthopedic devices. An exemplary embodiment is a liner, sleeve, or sock, generally referred to herein as a “liner,” for suspension comfort in a prosthetic device system. The exemplary embodiments are formed from an elastomeric lattice structure and solid layers creating a ventilated structure permitting a transfer of air and moisture from an interior volume of the liner to an exterior or ambient liner.
Liners are widely known and are used as an interface between a residual limb and a prosthetic socket, allowing a user to comfortably and safely wear the prosthetic socket and prostheses attached thereto, such as prosthetic limbs. Liners may, for instance, provide cushioning between the end of the residual limb and the prosthetic socket, protecting the limb from developing pressure points as a user's weight is applied to the hard components of the prosthetic socket during use. Liners may additionally provide for improved pressure distribution along the residual limb and within the prosthetic socket. In vacuum suspension-type prosthetic systems, a liner may also protect the residual limb from being exposed to an elevated vacuum for extended periods.
Polymeric, particularly elastomeric, materials are commonly used for constructing liners. For example, a medical-grade silicone may be used that is naturally compatible with human tissue and resistant to fluids and bacteria, reducing the risk of infection. Despite limitations on breathability, these liners often remain fresh and odor-free after each use and have lasting strength and thickness despite repeated use. But many liners may not achieve such desired results upon repeated use, depending on the user's characteristics.
An elastomeric material may be preferred, although not limited, for constructing the liner because it has inherent elasticity that conforms to a residual limb. The elasticity of the liner may be tailored to inhibit elasticity in different directions, such as axially. The elasticity of the liner may be tailored to enhance elasticity in one direction (radially) relative to another direction such (axially).
Normally a liner is constructed by molding the elastomeric material between male and female molds to form a solid layer of an elastomeric material that may closely encapsulate the residual limb. The elastomeric material may be extruded into a predetermined shape. The liner is created either by molding or extrusion as having a fixed cross-section profile without adapting the molded or extruded part profile.
This fixed cross-section profile is generally a solid mass of elastomeric material that is both vapor- and-liquid impermeable, and the solid layer is formed cohesively as a monolithic body. To provide sufficient cushioning and protection of the residual limb, such liners typically comprise a relatively thick layer of fluid-impermeable elastomeric material. The thickness may be increased at a distal end of the liner to provide additional cushioning at the point of the liner where the weight of the user is most pronounced against the prosthetic socket.
Because the liner is constructed from a unitary wall or solid layer of elastomeric material, usually formed or cured from a liquid resin poured into the molds or extruded into shape, the material may have uniform properties throughout the body of the liner or simplified properties among various components to the liner (e.g., a taper in thickness). An example of a method for manufacturing a liner is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,952, issued on Sep. 30, 2003, and an example of a liner having multiple components or properties is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,039, issued on Oct. 24, 2000, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
A common practice is to attach a textile material to an exterior surface of the liner, the textile material having defined properties that may provide customized or desired features at specific locations. The solid elastomeric layer may be cured against the textile material, which requires pre-processing steps, such as sewing and shaping, to have desired properties. One example of the time-consuming and cost-increasing pre-processing steps is stitching a distal seam in a textile tube to shape the textile tube into a liner shape. Other components may be provided in a liner, such as a hard distal end cap.
Stitching and securing a textile to a liner body of an elastomeric material and additional liner components may cause pressure points when the liner is worn by a user and pressed against a hard socket. Efforts have been made to minimize such effects, as in U.S. Pat. No. 9,770,891, issued on Sep. 26, 2017, incorporated herein by reference. Nonetheless, attention is still desired for simplifying processes used to provide such textile or other components to a liner body and by yet further minimizing pressure points.
A known problem in liners is the buildup of moisture and heat between the residual limb and the liner, leading to discomfort, unpleasant odors, “milking,” “pistoning,” and tissue breakdown. For example, medical-grade silicone is hydrophobic because it is vapor- and liquid-impermeable. Sweat may buildup between the residual limb and the liner, which may cause slippage of the liner from the residual limb and discomfort, affecting suspension and making skin more prone to breakdown. These drawbacks may lead to a risk of non-compliant use of the prosthetic system or even of catastrophic failure of the prosthetic system during use.
Up to 72% of the amputees experience a reduction in health-related quality of life because of heat and sweating. The impact of sweat and heat on quality of life for trans-femoral amputees is therefore significant. Perspiration and warmth occurring while wearing a liner are the most common complaints reported by amputees. Conventional solid-walled liners impair their occlusive properties, the natural skin regulation mechanisms for humidity, and heat management.
There is a balance between providing a liner with sufficient cushioning and thickness to protect the residual limb from harmful extended contact with hard or rigid surfaces and providing a breathable liner to mitigate heat and moisture buildup. A concern arises in whether the liner can maintain the same strength, thickness, compression, and general functionality in a liner having a ventilated structure as in a conventional solid-walled liner. Likewise, there is a desire to maintain the liner as constructed from an approved and accepted medical-grade elastomeric material, such as silicone.
Efforts to bridge this gap have included providing wicking layers or absorbent materials within the silicone layer or between the silicone and textile material, which may increase the cost and complexity of constructing a liner. An example of such efforts is found in U.S. Pat. No. 9,629,732, granted on Apr. 25, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. Efforts to provide apertures, or wicking layers and absorbent materials, may impair a liner's functionality or result in a liner having inferior mechanical properties relative to a conventional solid-walled liner. Such past ventilated liners may prevent or preclude other desirable features in liners, such as external surface peripheral profiles, as in U.S. Pat. No. 7,118,602, issued on Oct. 10, 2006, and seal systems as in U.S. Pat. No. 9,066,821, issued on Jun. 30, 2015, each reference being incorporated herein by reference.
Despite these efforts in the patent literature, there are few if any commercially available liners having a breathable structure capable of sweat management. Other sweat preventing interventions are tap water iontophoresis, talcum, wiping residual limb, airing out a residual limb. The injection of Botulinum toxin has also been reported to be effective but comes with a greater clinical intervention and provides relief only temporarily.
There still exists a need for a liner that achieves the structural and cushioning benefits of solid-walled, conventional liners but can mitigate the buildup of heat and moisture while preserving its construction from a medical-grade material and accommodating various features common in conventional liners.
Another problem in existing systems and methods for producing liners is the difficulty and cost of providing a custom-fitted prosthetic system with features that correspond to the needs at different portions of the residual limb. Each residual limb has unique dimensions and shape, and the efforts of a trained prosthetist must assess a user's needs should the user's needs to be outside normal shapes and sizes of liners. Individuals may have different bony mass structure and soft-tissue, depending on how the residual limb occurred, and it is difficult to meet the unique limb shape and needs of the individual residual limb, particularly as, due to swelling or weight change, the dimensions and needs of a particular user may be dynamic and change.
As it is difficult to achieve the structural and functional needs of each residual limb, it is desirable to provide a liner that can meet the demands of each user, whether the liner is for lower or upper extremities and whether the user requires an elevated vacuum, seal-in expulsion, and locking suspension systems. Custom liners may be provided for amputees of all lifestyles and activity levels, and there is difficulty meeting the demands of all such individuals with standard conventional-sized liners. Individuals may require material additives for easier donning and doffing, skin-treatment additives, and desired conventional liner features in a custom-fitted liner.
Because many medical devices having elastomeric materials such as medical-grade silicone are formed by injection molding, where a silicone resin is injected into a space defined by a negative mold of the medical device, most medical devices do not have a desired degree of customized properties based on the functionality of different regions of a user's body but have uniform properties throughout. In the example of a liner, however, it may be desired to have more elasticity at and behind the knee compared to above, below, and to the sides of the knee, or a different degree of breathability may be desired at regions proximate active muscle groups that generate more heat and fluid. There is a need for a medical device that provides custom properties at desired locations around the medical device rather than uniform properties.
There is a need for a liner that can be tailored to an individual user's demands while offering accommodation for conventional liner features. More generally, there is a need for medical devices constructed from elastomeric materials that offer a desirable balance of breathability and mechanical properties to withstand the device's ordinary daily use. Despite prior efforts and alternative treatments, such desired liner should reduce the moisture on skin over commercially available liners, increasing perceiving improvements in stability and suspension, offering equivalent comfort over known liners, and offering overall improved skin health.
The balance of strength, comfort, breathability, and other desired properties of elastomeric and other polymer-based and especially elastomer-based medical-grade materials in medical devices, such as prosthetic and orthopedic devices, is addressed in embodiments of the disclosure. These embodiments exemplify a liner comprising discretely and continuously deposited layers of the medical-grade elastomeric material, such as silicone, used in conventional liners while maintaining at least equivalent mechanical strength and other mechanical properties of such conventional liners.
While such liners may be constructed from the same medical-grade elastomeric material and possess the same mechanical and chemical properties of conventional liners, the structure of the embodiments of the disclosure provide improved cushioning, moisture removal, and/or breathability over known conventional liners. The embodiments may be provided combined with textile covers, reinforcement layers, material additives, and other desired features in conventional liners while having the aforementioned improved features. While medical-grade elastomeric material is discussed, it will be understood that the disclosure is by no means limited to medical-grade material and may make use of any suitable material.
The exemplary embodiments offer a reduction of moisture during increased perspiration, leading to perceived improvements in stability and suspension, improved or at least equivalent comfort over conventional liners, and improved skin health.
The exemplary embodiments possess characteristics that can be extended to a wide range of medical devices, including prosthetic or orthopedic parts, medical implants, medical tubing, prostheses, and other parts or devices. The characteristics may be adapted according to desired properties or needs and customized to address users' needs. For example, the characteristics of the embodiments can be used in devices made by known medical-grade elastomeric materials, removing the necessity for material approval and streamlining regulatory acceptance.
Exemplary liner embodiments are arranged to effectively manage perspiration formed by a limb, prevent slippage of the liner on the limb, and provide suitable cushioning for a limb. The exemplary embodiments described are discussed and shown within the context of a liner in a prosthetic system for use with a hard socket. However, the disclosure is not limited to such a prosthetic embodiment or the exact uses described and embraces any application requiring perspiration management, prevention of slippage, cushioning of the limb, or any other structural and/or functional benefit that may derive in whole or in part from the principles of the disclosure. Principles described herein may be extended to any prosthetic, orthopedic, or medical device and are in no manner merely limited to liners.
In an exemplary embodiment, a liner advantageously bridges the gap between a solid-layer wall liner's strength and the need for breathability while using a medical-grade material. The liner may be customized to have features at particular locations corresponding to individual users' needs, minimizing cost and complexity of manufacturing, and offering physical structure and functionality that benefit different requirements. The liner is just an example of the different structures that can be manufactured and configured according to principles described herein.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the liner has a first or proximal end, a second or distal end, and a tubular liner body defined between the first and second ends. The liner body preferably comprises a facing or base layer formed from an elastomeric material, such as silicone, and has an inner surface extending along with an interior of the tubular liner and defining a periphery thereof. The facing layer defines a plurality of openings extending, preferably through a thickness thereof. As the facing layer is intended to secure against a user's skin about the residual limb, the facing layer may have a more combined solid surface area than a combined area of the plurality of openings to provide an effective skin interface. The facing layer's inner surface is preferably smooth because it has a generally uniform surface elevation aside from the openings.
The facing layer may comprise a plurality of filaments integrally adjacent to and/or chemically bonded, preferably without adhesive, to one another to form a continuous solid layer. The filaments are aligned with one another and are chemically bonded along their length to an adjacent filament without a gap. Such a structure can be formed to constitute a film that is both vapor and liquid impermeable. One filament may be continuously formed against an adjacent filament, whereas the adjacent filament may be formed with gaps along its length, with yet another filament on an opposing side of the adjacent filament to form an apertured or ventilated layer; however, such apertured or ventilated layer has apertures positively formed without mechanically or chemically perforating a solid layer to form such apertures. In embodiments, a solid or continuous film or layer may be formed, and then the material may be removed in any suitable manner to define the apertures.
A first layer formed from an elastomeric material is secured to an outer surface of the facing layer (so the facing layer is secured to the inner side of the first layer) and comprises a first set of interstices or interstices having axes corresponding to axes of the openings of the facing layer. The first layer comprises a first sub-layer, including a plurality of first filaments arranged in a first direction and a second sub-layer, including a plurality of second filaments arranged in a second direction. The second sub-layer overlaps the first sub-layer and forms the plurality of interstices therebetween. An elastomeric material's material properties forming the facing layer may differ from the material properties of an elastomeric material forming the first layer. The facing layer may include a skin care additive such as a moisturizer, an antimicrobial composition, aloe vera, or otherwise, whereas the first layer may not, and vice versa.
Each filament may have a uniform cross-section extending along its length in a predetermined shape in a preferred embodiment. Each filament is formed discretely and extends continuously relative to adjacent filaments. These discretely formed filaments may constitute basic building blocks of the liner or medical device structure. While the preferred embodiments display the filaments as arranged in a lattice-like network, they may be arranged relative to one another at varying distances and orientations relative to one another. The lattice-like network defines a plurality of interstices between the filaments, leading to passages for transferring air and moisture through the lattice-like network. The filaments may be arranged relative to one another in an infinite number of coordinates relative to one another in x-, y-, z- planes and/or coordinates. A cross-section of the filaments may be modified to resemble any desired geometric shape such as a square, rectangle, triangle, or circle, while an exemplary shape is a generally round configuration. The cross-section may be asymmetric and be different at different lengths or locations of a continuous filament.
The first and second sub-layers of the first layer are preferably chemically and integrally bonded to one another and might be formed from the same elastomeric material but are compatible materials nonetheless to assure bonding. Likewise, the facing layer and the first sub-layer are chemically bonded to one another from compatible materials. In this manner, the sub-layers integrally form an inseparable and continuous structure bonded together to act mechanically as a monolithic structure. By chemically and integral bonding, a preferred embodiment is without an adhesive, so the filaments are bonded together as the elastomeric material defining the filaments is a curing material and sufficiently fluid for the layers to at least slightly blend into one another at an interface thereof; however, it is not outside the scope of the disclosure to use an adhesive, a primer, or any other suitable means.
Additional layers may be secured to a second or outer side of the first layer (i.e., a second layer formed similarly to the first layer and secured to the first layer). These additional layers are preferably formed together as an inseparable and continuous structure to act mechanically as a monolithic structure. The second layer may be chemically bonded to the second sub-layer of the first layer and comprise a plurality of interstices with axes corresponding to the first layer's interstices. A textile or fabric layer may be secured to the outer periphery of the first layer or the additional layers. It may be breathable to permit air and moisture passage from the inner surface of the facing layer or interior volume of the liner through an entire thickness of the first layer and additional layers. Hence, an axis extends through each interstice of the first layer, the corresponding interstice of an additional layer, and a respective or corresponding opening of the facing layer. The breathability is not limited to merely passing through a wall thickness, but air and moisture may transfer in all directions within the lattice network of interstices, which define a lattice structure. For example, air and moisture may be channeled to transport through the interstices and out from a proximal end of the liner which may be open to the ambient.
The openings of the facing layer and the interstices of the first layer and additional layers are arranged in a predetermined shape and pattern in a controlled manner. While materials of the base, first, and additional layers may be elastomeric, they may be formed of the same material or different materials. The base, first, and additional layers may have different or similar mechanical properties. The layers may be tailored to different mechanical properties according to the location of the layer relative to the liner. For example, the facing layer may have a lower durometer as a whole than the first layer.
In embodiments, a region corresponding to a joint such as a knee may be formed from materials imparting greater elasticity or breathability than an adjacent region. For example, the facing layer may have an unapertured region comprising a substantial surface area of the facing layer beyond just spacing between apertures, as will be discussed. The unapertured region may comprise a solid patch region corresponding to anatomy of a user, such as a groin area, to avoid possible chafing and skin irritation at sensitive areas of the user.
The materials are preferably compatible materials to allow for chemical bonding, so they are joined permanently to each other and may share at least a blended region in which materials of the layers intermix or interlock to form the permanent chemical bond. Other features, such as seals, volume control pads, cushioning pads, distal caps, etc. may be formed from compatible materials and chemically bonded to or within a thickness of the liner body.
By arranging discretely deposited filaments and layers of materials having different properties, the liner advantageously provides enhanced precision in attaining desired mechanical properties, structures, and functions over existing liners. Inner layers may provide greater comfort through having a lower durometer, for example, while outer layers may have a greater thickness and greater elasticity to provide mechanical strength and desired functional properties. In some embodiments, the discretely deposited layers of material may comprise multilayer depositions, points, or filaments of different materials having different properties.
According to a variation, the filaments may be arranged with co-extruded materials, so two materials are co-axial, with an outer layer formed from a material having a different hardness (or other property) than a material forming the inner layer. Among some reasons, the outer layer can protect a soft inner layer and form strong chemical bonds with adjacent filaments. In embodiments, the elastomer may be co-extruded with textiles such as yarn. In other embodiments, the elastomer may be extruded as a continuous filament with different properties at different locations provided by in-line dosing of additives, for example, the addition of oil at certain locations to achieve a lower durometer. The stretchability of the inner layer can be controlled by the outer layer while permitting the compressibility of the soft inner layer. This embodiment allows the discretely formed filaments to have the advantage of providing multiple types of materials simultaneously. For example, the liner can have properties and advantages of a hard, durable material and the properties and advantages of a soft cushioning material.
The combination or bonding of adjacent filaments can be extended to solid wall portions of the liner that are vapor- and liquid-impermeable solid-walled liners or other medical devices having solid wall portions, or which are solid entirely. Preferably, the solid wall portions may be formed from a plurality of adjacent and abutting filaments, which are also discrete and continuous. The resultant structure is preferably smooth and continuous in a sense there is no identification to the naked eye of each filament of the plurality of discrete filaments, whether mechanical, tactile, or functional. The resultant structure of the adjacent filaments is other filaments having blended chemical bonding by adjacent and abutting filaments in x-, y-, z- planes, and/or coordinates.
In an embodiment, a textile is provided over an outer surface of an elastomeric liner body, and the elastomeric material is used to seal and secure the textile on the liner body. The textile may be placed over the liner body and mechanically interlock therewithin that the elastomeric material of the liner body impregnates the textile, and a discrete portion of elastomeric material is used to close the textile material about the liner body, removing any stitching. This feature is advantageous because the embodiment can avoid uncomfortable pressure points by eliminating seams and stitching. This feature is also advantageous because the textile can be attached to the liner body over many points on the textile, ensuring a strong, durable bond. The manufacturing process is also simplified by the removal of the separate stitching procedure.
Because of the controllability of forming the liner according to the structure described above, versatility is provided in forming custom-fitted liners with various features, which are integrally formed or secured to one another. The liners may be custom formed by a lay-up of compatible materials having different yet compatible properties to accommodate uniquely shaped residual limbs.
As the disclosure is not limited to liners, other medical devices may be formed by medical-grade elastomeric materials, such as silicone, according to principles described herein from discretely and continuously deposited elastomeric material. These medical devices may be prosthetic or orthopedic parts, medical implants, medical tubing, prostheses, and other parts or devices employing such medical-grade elastomeric materials.
These and other present disclosure features will become better understood regarding the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings.
The drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Instead, they are drawn to provide a better understanding of the components and are not limited in scope but to provide exemplary illustrations. The figures illustrate exemplary configurations of a liner and in no way limit the structures or configurations of a liner and components according to the present disclosure.
Embodiments of a liner overcome limitations of existing liners by providing a liner structure that advantageously allows for breathability, minimizing the buildup of heat and moisture, without sacrificing the robustness, cushioning, strength, and other advantageous features of solid-walled liners. The liner provides for discrete zones of different features that better address the needs of individual users and the shapes and needs of different residual limbs.
Embodiments according to the disclosure are not limited to a liner, but the liner is merely provided as an exemplary medical device created according to the principles of the present disclosure. Methods and apparatuses that may make devices according to the disclosure principles are described in the co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 16/681,096entitled “Additive Manufacturing System, Method and Corresponding Components for Making Elastomeric Structures,” by the same inventors of this disclosure and filed on Nov. 12, 2019.
According to the methods and systems of the co-pending application, partially cured or uncured medical-grade elastomeric material, such as silicone, is sequentially deposited onto a substrate by a nozzle or similar device from a material source in a controlled manner according to computer control to define a definitive shape, such as an elongate or continuous filament. The deposited elastomeric material may be a thermoset material such as silicone or thermoset polyurethane, resulting in curing after it has been deposited from a nozzle. The additive manufacturing system of the co-pending application can deposit elastomeric material with a preferred blend of elastomeric materials to attain the desired property at the desired location along or within a medical device so that a continuous filament may have different properties, compositions, and shapes at different locations along its length.
Examples of medical-grade silicone are obtainable from NuSil Technology of Carpinteria, Calif., under product designations CF13-2188, MED-4901, MED-6340, or MED-6345. Other silicone compositions can be used, and the embodiments herein are not limited to the exemplary silicone materials but rather may be formed from other suitable polymeric or elastomeric compositions such as polyurethane, block copolymer, etc.
Different structures of a cushion layer or the layers described may be formed according to the disclosure in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 16/680,959, particularly those of lattice structure or solid structures formed by filaments from an elastomeric material. Any layer of the following liner described can be made or have a structure according to the co-pending applications associated with a lattice or solid structure defined by a plurality of discretely formed filaments.
Referring to
The liner 100 includes a textile layer 114 with a first surface located along a second surface opposite the first surface of the cushion layer 112. A facing layer 116 is located along a second surface opposite the first surface of the textile layer 114. The textile layer 114 may be porous, so it is vapor and liquid permeable.
The liner includes a seal region 108 located between the body region 106 and the distal region 110. The seal region 108 has a seal 118 extending radially from the axis A-A relative to the body region 106. The seal may be formed and arranged as of the seals disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,066,821.
Referring to
The facing layer 116 may be formed by a plurality of filaments 129 of an elastomeric material, so the facing layer 116 is formed continuously by the plurality of filaments 129. The plurality of filaments 129 may define a net-like structure that continuously extends about a section or entirety over the second surface of the textile layer 114. The facing layer 116 secures the distal end 104 of the liner, as shown in
The distal end 104 has a thickness 124 formed from an elastomeric polymer. The elastomeric polymer forms an inner surface I of the distal end 104 of the liner. The interface 122 preferably bonds to the elastomeric polymer of the distal end 104. As the textile layer may be stitched to form a tubular shape, the facing layer 116 has a strip portion 130 extending and covering stitching 128 of the textile layer 114.
As shown in
Turning to
The cushion layer 202 and the facing layer 206 extend in the distal region 207 of the liner 200 and may extend more distally to provide a ventilated distal end. While an outer surface of the distal end is covered by the thickness 210 of the distal end, the cushion layer 202 may extend a distance into or along an entirety of the inner surface I of the distal region 207, with the facing layer 206 located along and defining at least a portion of the inner surface I of the liner 200.
Referring to the embodiment of
The lattice structure of the cushion layer 144 is preferably formed from at least one elastomer. The facing layer 142 may be formed from an elastomer having different properties from the at least one elastomer of the lattice structure of the cushion layer 144, such as having a lower durometer form improved skin facing properties. The facing layer 142 may be formed from a plurality of filaments arranged in a pattern of a first series of filaments extending in a first direction D1, and a second series of filaments extending in a second direction D2 different from the first direction. The facing layer may be formed continuously with filaments extending in the same direction, although interrupted according to a pattern of the openings, as in
The apertured structure 148 may be formed by interstices between the first and second series of filaments extending in the first and second directions D1, D2. The first and second directions D1, D2 are generally perpendicular relative to one another.
In another embodiment shown in
The first and second sub-layers 143a, 143b may be formed by filaments that bond to one another to generally form a structural indistinctive cohesive layer; however, one layer, such as the first sub-layer 143a, may be defined by a plurality of filaments directly adjacent to one another in a single plane, although some are interrupted relative to other filaments to form the openings 161. The first sub-layer 143a intended to be directly adjacent to the skin of a user may be formed from a soft inner silicone elastomer, whereas the second sub-layer 143b may be formed from a relatively harder silicone, providing structural rigidity to the facing to withstand movement of the user against the facing layer 143. The openings 161 may extend through the second sub-layer 143b. An advantage to this arrangement is that the first and second layers may be formed from different elastomers, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,039, granted Oct. 24, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference. However, the definitive structure of the layer 143 is formed from filaments that offer greater control over a ventilation feature 159, as opposed to the injection molding process taught by U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,039.
As the ventilation feature 159 is tailored to a predetermined pattern, each opening of the plurality of openings 161 may gradually increase in size from the first side of the facing layer 143 or inner surface of the body portion to a second side of the facing layer 143. The first and second sub-layers of filaments 143a, 143b, may include yet a supplementary layer 145, and such filaments may extend contiguously to one another, blending into each other to define the facing layer 143 as continuous without interruption aside from the openings 161.
The supplementary layer 145 of filaments is bonded to at least one of the first and second sub-layers of filaments 143a, 143b. The supplementary layer 145 may comprise filaments spaced apart and oriented in a third direction D3. The supplementary layer 145 of filaments may be provided to enhance the facing layer's structural integrity or provide an interface between the facing layer and other filaments, particularly if there is a mismatch among properties of the filaments. This supplementary layer 145 of filaments may serve as a bonding layer among different filaments, whereby the supplementary layer of filaments is complementary to the material used for the adjacent layer of filaments.
A third layer of filaments 147 may extend along the second side of the facing layer 143 or the supplementary layer 145 of filaments. The third layer of filaments 147 is spaced apart and extends parallel to one another in a fourth direction D4. As the fourth direction D4 generally extends axially, the third layer of filaments 147 may provide the liner with improved axial elongation control and facilitate moisture toward a proximal end of the liner.
The size of the filaments may vary according to the desired mechanical properties associated with them. For example, the third layer of filaments 147 may have a diameter or thickness greater than a diameter or thickness of the supplementary layer 145 of filaments, as the third layer of filaments 147 may control axial elongation, whereas the supplementary layer of filaments may provide ventilation or bonding between the facing layer 143 and the third layer of filaments 147. Another example may be that the first and second sub-layers of filaments 143a, 143b may have a diameter or thickness greater than a diameter or thickness of the supplementary layer 145 of filaments.
The body portion 141 includes a cushion layer 165 defined by a lattice structure disclosed in the references above by incorporation. For example, the cushion layer 165 includes at least the fourth and fifth layers of filaments 149, 151. The fourth and fifth layers of filaments 149, 151 extend transversely relative to one another. The fourth and fifth layers of filaments 149, 151 may extend obliquely relative to the third layer of filaments 147. The arrangement of the fourth and fifth filaments 149, 151 provides compressibility and may inhibit radial elongation of the body portion 141.
A sixth layer of filaments 153 may extend along with the fifth layer of filaments 151. The sixth layer of filaments 153 may be spaced apart and oriented in the fourth direction D4, similarly to the third layer of filaments 147.
An interface layer 155 may be disposed between the sixth layer of filaments 153 and a textile layer 157. The interface layer 155 may be selected from a material providing chemical bonding or adhesion to the sixth layer of filaments 153 and the textile layer 157. For example, the material of the interface layer 155 may be an elastomeric material arranged to impregnate at least a portion of the textile layer 157.
Referring to
As illustrated in
The interstices are sized and configured by the lattice structure to permit a transfer of air and moisture across a thickness of the cushion layer. As in other embodiments, the liner 300 may be provided with a seal region 308 having a seal 318, and a distal region 310 below or distal the seal region 308 and including a distal cup 320. The seal 318 is considered to extend from the exterior surface E1 of the liner as it is located on and over the textile layer 314.
In this embodiment, a textile layer 314 extends along an outer surface E1 of the liner 300 between the proximal and distal ends 302, 304. The textile layer 314 preferably extends along an entirety of the outer surface E1. The textile layer 314 may be a continuous tube, either with or without a seam, or may be segmented and located along the entirety or only portions short of the entirety of the outer surface E1. As mentioned above, the textile layer 314 may be porous so that it is vapor and liquid permeable and communicates to the interior volume 305 by an apertured cushioning layer 312 extending between the facing layer 316, which is apertured, and the textile layer 314.
The facing layer 316 extends about the interior volume 305 in the body region 306. According to a preferred embodiment, the facing layer 316 is constructed from a lower durometer material, such as silicone, than the filaments or sub-layers forming the cushion layer. The lower durometer material of the facing layer, while preferably thinner than an aggregate thickness of the cushion layer provides a skin-friendly interface to the skin of the user. The facing layer 316 generally terminates at the seal region 308, demarcated by a border 322.
As shown in
While apertured pattern 326 in a preferred embodiment of
The apertures' size may be adapted according to the balance of air and moisture transfer and skin adherence, in a preferred embodiment, the apertures are substantially smaller than the distance therebetween. An example of spacing of the apertures defined as a distance D6 between two apertures may be preferably established as 0.8 to 1.2 mm, more preferably 1.0 mm, and the diameter D5 of the apertures may be preferably established as 0.16 to 0.24 mm, more preferably 0.2 mm whereby the ratio of spacing to diameter may be in the preferred ratio of about 5:1. It follows that the surface area of non-apertured portions of the facing layer to the surface area comprising the apertures is about 5:1, thereby offering a facing layer that provides ventilation but does not sacrifice offering a secure surface that snugly abuts the skin of the user to offer superior fit and comfort with ventilation while avoiding chafing and skin irritation. Of course, the disclosure is not limited to such dimensions, ranges, and ratios; however, it has been unexpectedly found that the dimensions mentioned above, ranges, and ratios provide a superior balance between skin adherence and ventilation.
In an example shown more clearly in
The solid patch region 332 may have a plurality of configurations. In the preferred example, the solid patch region 332 extends from the open proximal end relative to the axis B-B to a distance short of the border 322 to the seal region 308, while tapering relative to the radius 366 of the liner. The solid patch region extension is provided to tailor the liner to areas requiring improved skin contact and reduce skin irritation.
In a distance 362 between the solid patch region 332 and the border 322, as in
While
The solid patch region may be configured in a single region or segmented regions, thereby including a plurality of solid patch regions above the border 322. The solid patch region may be modified circumferentially, axially, and in shape.
The matching layer is preferably constructed from a higher durometer material than the relatively lower durometer material forming the facing layer. According to methods described herein and incorporated by reference, the matching layer may be formed from the same material forming the sub-layers of the cushion layer to provide bonding compatibility between the facing layer and the cushion layer for making the liner. By including the matching layer, the facing layer may be consolidated and resist failure against rubbing against skin due to its lower durometer relative to the durometer of the cushion layer.
The cushion layer 312 is preferable as in any of the embodiments mentioned above and includes a plurality of sub-layers 378 that may be formed in a lattice arrangement or any of the arrangements mentioned above discussed herein. The cushion layer 312 and the corresponding sub-layers 378 may be tailored with different properties relative to one another or at strategic portions of the liner to modify the compressibility and cushioning, and fit of the liner on a user. For example, different layers or regions of the cushion layer 312 may be constructed from different durometers, as discussed at least in documents incorporated herein by reference.
As depicted in
In an alternative, the facing layer 316 may have a thicker construction and negate a need for at least part of or the entirety of the cushion layer, with the composition and properties of the facing layer serving as a cushion layer. The textile layer 314 is secured to the cushion layer 312 with an adhesive arranged not to occlude the ventilation feature of the liner. According to the cross-sectional arrangement, a transfer of ventilated air and moisture VA can flow from the interior volume 305 to the ambient outside the liner from the textile layer 314.
The liner embodiments of this disclosure may be adapted according to different layers and structures thereof. Unlike in conventional liners, which generally comprise an injection molded structure of a single material or at least two layers, such layers are adjacent to one another over most if not the entirety of the liner. The variability of mechanical properties of such layers are limited by the inherent material characteristics of the layers.
The embodiments of this disclosure are constructed from discrete layers of material that may or may not be similar in construction and material composition but are arranged in sections relative to the circumferential, axial, and radial locations to better tailor the liner according to its intended purposes. The construction may involve thickness differences achieved by terminating layers, extending or overlapping layers, and structural features such as apertured or non-apertured regions. Indeed, the structural variations over geographical locations of the liner are endless as the methods used and incorporated herein by reference achieve a liner that offers supreme variability and adaptability, not previously seen in prosthetic liners.
Each of the layers 368, 370, 372 may have different properties, such as different durometers, but each layer is integrally secured to each other according to methods and structural arrangements discussed herein and in documents incorporated herein by reference. For example, in the distal cup 320, the first or innermost layer 368 may provide a softer durometer to accommodate a sensitive distal end of a residual limb. The first layer 368 may also be provided in the silicone or other polymeric material used, therefore, with skin conditioning agents such as aloe vera, silicone oil, and menthol, as understood in conventional liners. The second layer 370 may serve as a cushion layer with properties that include increased compressibility relative to the third layer 372, which may have a harder durometer and more capable of withstanding pressure and motion relative to a prosthetic socket at a distal end thereof. Of course, none of these properties of the layers is limiting, and one skilled in the art may adapt a number of distal region layers and their corresponding properties accordingly.
A challenge in providing the distal region 310 is increasing axial stiffness and durability to withstand the pressure exerted by the seal interface between the socket and liner without making the stiffness uncomfortable to a user. In one example, the third layer of the distal region 310 may be adapted to include a thin layer of higher durometer elastomeric material, or the third layer itself may be adapted to a thin layer of higher durometer material relative to at least the first layer. In this scenario, the thin layer, generally within the range of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, is applied to the distal region and terminating at the seal indent or recess 324. A drawback is that the thin layer must be adapted to avoid making the axial stiffness too great relative to the other layers. To relieve the stiffness from being too great, aside from thickness and material selection, axial lines may be cut through or into a depth of the thin layer to reduce the stiffness if considered too great.
Another option to enhance the axial stiffness of the distal region is to provide an additional textile layer over the textile layer 314. Such an additional textile layer may be cut to size to the distal region and provided as a kit for a user should the user wish to increase axial stiffness without modifying the liner as a whole. Indeed, a plurality of additional textile layers may be provided, each having a different stiffness or adapted to be secured over one another to enhance stiffness.
Another option may be to secure an additional matrix over the distal end, which may be done during the fabrication of the liner and/or after fabrication. The additional matrix may be formed from a plastic material that is stiff yet thin so as not to impede comfort to the user. The additional matrix may be structurally formed with gaps or clearances to enable stretching according to the donning of the liner by the user while maintaining high axial stiffness.
Another option is to print or provide additional filaments over the third layer, rather than merely a coating and later forming lines. The additional filaments may be provided from a compatible material adhering to the third layer but of a high durometer material to enhance the relative axial stiffness of the distal end area of the liner.
The seal 318 may be adapted with a low friction coating 338 along with the seal inside, as shown in
For the first or innermost layer 368, this layer extends past the indent 324 to provide a consistent inner surface for placement adjacent to the residual limb in the distal end 304 of the liner. Such extension allows for firm adherence to the skin of the user without creating pressure points from the liner itself from a transition of the first layer 368 to the facing layer 316. Such extension of the first layer 368 past the indent 324 offers a thicker wall than a facing layer 316, and may be able to better withstand the weight of the residual limb at the distal end and irregular shape of such residual limb. As mentioned, the first layer 368 may be provided with additives to better adapt to the skin and may have a softer construction than other layers due to its intended purpose of being adjacent to the residual limb, particularly at the distal end where more pressure is exerted from the user to the intended prosthetic socket.
The first layer 368 may extend well past the seal 318, and the entirety of the innermost or first layer completely extends along the interior volume in at least the distal region 310 and most if not all of the seal region 308 to thereby isolate a solid surface along the interior volume before the breathable facing layer contacts the user. Additional pressure is applied to the liner due to the seal 318, and it is preferred that the seal and distal regions 308, 310 lack breathability according to this embodiment to avoid breaking the seal, whereas, above the seal, the liner may include breathability features, as with the facing layer.
The second layer 370 is defined as extending to a base 319 of the seal 318, along with the third layer 372 extending axially beyond the base 319. With the first, second, and third layers 368, 370, 372 extending to about the base 319, at location 336, thereby defining the proximal end of the distal cup 320, the thickness of the liner at the base 319 can better withstand pressure and a vacuum created distally of at least the base 319, when the seal 318 is engaged with a socket wall. The third layer 372 may be constructed to form the necessary indent 324 for the seal 318, whereas the first and second layers 368, 370 may be unchanged aside from the axial location they terminate.
The cushion layer 312, as in preceding embodiments, is preferably constructed from at least two layers providing a ventilated structure. To accommodate the axial terminations of the first, second, and third layers 368, 370, 372 of the distal region 310, the layers of the cushion layer 312 axially terminate at different locations adjacent to the first, second, and third layers 368, 370, 372, and in terminating and accommodating the thickness of the first, second, and third layers 368, 370, 372, corresponding layers of the cushion layer 312 also terminate.
For example, in zone 380, where the second layer 370 terminates between axial extensions of the first and third layers 368, 372, the cushion layer 312 terminates with two overlapping sub-layers sandwiched between the first and third layers 368, 372, to accommodate for the thickness lost by the termination of second layer 370. As the cushion layer 312 extends proximally from the zone 380, an additional sub-layer is introduced as the cushion layer 312 extends to the termination point of the third layer 370, at which additional sub-layers are introduced to accommodate for the thickness loss of the third layer 370. To form part of the indent 324, a sub-layer 390 of the cushion layer 312 may deflect over other sub-layers of the cushion layer 312 in zone 384, thereby providing part of an exterior surface indent of the liner at a proximal end of the seal 318.
Proceeding proximally, the cushion layer 312 has sub-layers adjacent to the first layer 368 and the textile layer 314 in zone 386. The textile layer 314 may extend over and comprise an exterior surface E of the liner through the liner body, seal, and distal regions. Once the first layer 368 axially terminates, the facing layer 316 extends along the interior volume 305 and defines the interior surface I about the interior volume 305 of the liner in zone 388, with additional sub-layers of the cushion layer 312 being introduced to make up for the thickness lost from the termination of the first layer 368.
As exemplified from
In concert with
From the seal region 308, the thickness of the body region 306 tapers as it extends toward the proximal end 302. For example, at a first height 356 extending proximally relative to the border 322, the body region 306 has a greater thickness 348, than a thickness 350 from a height 358 extending therefrom. The thickness 352 at the proximal edge at the proximal end is at the minimum of the body region 306. Such minimal thickness and a corresponding increase of thickness from the proximal end 302 to the seal region 308 enables better donning of the liner as it provides easier rolling of the body region 306. Likewise, as the liner bears more support as it extends distally, the taper of the body region 306 toward the proximal end offers a more comfortable liner, particularly as less cushioning is required toward the proximal end.
The thicknesses of the body region and the seal and distal regions may be adapted according to axial heights. For example, as shown more clearly in
The thickness of the body region is adapted by thickness changes of the cushion layer, as the facing layer and the textile layer generally have a uniform thickness in that the thicknesses of the facing layer and textile layer are mostly if not completely consistent. Alternatively, the facing layer may be varied, although since its thickness is preferably much thinner than a thickness cushion layer, there may be less variance, particularly since it is generally constructed as a solid layer, in contrast to the multiple filaments making up the cushion layer. It is generally through modifying axial terminations of the sub-layers and their relative orientation in which the thickness changes occur, at least in the body region.
By providing a medical device according to embodiments described, the problems of medical devices such as liners poorly navigating the tension between mechanical strength needed to cushion and protect a body portion such as a residual limb and the need for a breathable device to mitigate the buildup of fluid and heat are addressed. The structures forming layers, multilayer filaments, and openings and structures defined advantageously provide for the permeability of the liner to fluid and heat while retaining needed structural strength to cushion the residual limb. The liner further provides simplified manufacturing processes by incorporating the stitching or sewing of a textile cover in the material forming the layers or liner body.
The embodiments of a liner further provide for a multilayer liner structure with layers and sub-layers that comprise different materials and/or properties for providing a liner with properly arranged portions having mechanical strength, elasticity, comfort features, frictional features, and stiffness.
It is to be understood that not necessarily all objects or advantages may be achieved under an embodiment of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the medical device may be embodied or carried out, so it achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without achieving other objects or advantages as taught or suggested herein.
The skilled artisan will recognize the interchangeability of various disclosed features. Besides the variations described, other known equivalents for each feature can be mixed and matched by one of skill in this art to construct a medical device under principles of the present disclosure. It will be understood by the skilled artisan that the features described may apply to other types of orthopedic, prosthetic, or medical devices.
Although this disclosure describes certain exemplary embodiments and examples of a medical device or liner, it nevertheless will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed prosthetic socket embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or users of the disclosure and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. It is intended that the present disclosure should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, and may be extended to medical devices and supports, and other applications that may employ the features described.
This application incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/934,261, filed Nov. 12, 2019, U.S. application Ser. No. 16/681,096, filed Nov. 12, 2019, and U.S. application Ser. No. 16/680,959, filed Nov. 12, 2019.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 529719 | Eils | Nov 1894 | A |
| 541275 | Hepp | Jun 1895 | A |
| 2104742 | Fleischer | Jan 1938 | A |
| 2414716 | Carson | Jan 1947 | A |
| 2490586 | Embree | Dec 1949 | A |
| 2680501 | Cunningham | Jun 1954 | A |
| 2765159 | Garofalo | Oct 1956 | A |
| 3019552 | Schleich | Feb 1962 | A |
| 3081514 | Griswold | Mar 1963 | A |
| 3125195 | Moore | Mar 1964 | A |
| 3389451 | Speca et al. | Jun 1968 | A |
| 3391048 | Dyer et al. | Jul 1968 | A |
| 3468748 | Bassett | Sep 1969 | A |
| 3661670 | Pierpont, Jr. | May 1972 | A |
| 4107870 | Ausnit | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4205152 | Mizuguchi et al. | May 1980 | A |
| 4290170 | Brookstein et al. | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4575330 | Hull | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4674580 | Schuh et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4735418 | Engel | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4777859 | Plummer, Jr. | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4867834 | Alenskis et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4978564 | Douglas | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5045147 | Benson et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5156629 | Shane et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5281181 | McCollum | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5288287 | Castillo et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5372283 | Schmitkons et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5387245 | Fay et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5571208 | Caspers | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5594652 | Penn et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5603122 | Kania | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5702489 | Slemker | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5781652 | Pratt | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5853313 | Zheng | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5888216 | Haberman | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5901060 | Schall et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5928803 | Yasuda | Jul 1999 | A |
| 6012494 | Balazs | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6024712 | Iglesias et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6136039 | Kristinsson et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6165406 | Jang et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6176875 | Lenker et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6231616 | Helmy | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6231617 | Fay | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6264199 | Schaedel | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6305769 | Thayer et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6358453 | Slemker et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6463351 | Clynch | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6508842 | Caspers | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6554868 | Caspers | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6592539 | Einarsson et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6626952 | Janusson et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6630093 | Jones | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6645253 | Caspers | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6926742 | Caspers et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6968246 | Watson et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6991444 | Aghi | Jan 2006 | B1 |
| 7007370 | Gracias et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7118602 | Bjarnason | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7160612 | Magill et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7162322 | Arbogast et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7169189 | Bjarnason et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7216678 | Baer | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7225045 | Gothait et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7225050 | Sutula, Jr. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7300619 | Napadensky et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7351264 | Wilson | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7438843 | Asgeirsson | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7447558 | Pratt | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7500846 | Eshed et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7575807 | Barvosa-Carter et al. | Aug 2009 | B1 |
| 7708709 | Brewer | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7785331 | Leisinger et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7851122 | Napadensky | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7862624 | Tran | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7867286 | Einarsson | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 8082696 | Oliver et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8142860 | Vanmaele et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8246888 | Hopkins et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8308817 | Egilsson et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8366789 | Summit | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8424249 | Oliver | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8475074 | Henry | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8523951 | Kania | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8652602 | Dolla | Feb 2014 | B1 |
| 8668744 | McCarthy | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8795386 | Pianykh et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8906113 | Mosler et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8940057 | Asgeirsson | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8992183 | Perich et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9002496 | Elsey | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9079337 | Lipton et al. | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| D744719 | Amarasiriwardena | Dec 2015 | S |
| 9364348 | Sandahl | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9398963 | King | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9486333 | Wang et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9550327 | Swanson et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9669586 | Page | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9757256 | Sandahl | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9814607 | Zhe et al. | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9901451 | Conway et al. | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 9970140 | Taninaka et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9993357 | Jonsson | Jun 2018 | B2 |
| 9993973 | Barnhart | Jun 2018 | B1 |
| 10005235 | Millar | Jun 2018 | B2 |
| 10022917 | Pax | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10028845 | Jonasson et al. | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10064726 | Wei | Sep 2018 | B1 |
| 10076880 | Page | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10166726 | Fripp et al. | Jan 2019 | B2 |
| 10286601 | Chang | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10513089 | Tibbits et al. | Dec 2019 | B2 |
| 10543643 | Sachs et al. | Jan 2020 | B2 |
| 10549505 | Tibbits et al. | Feb 2020 | B2 |
| 10633772 | Tibbits et al. | Apr 2020 | B2 |
| 10806605 | Herr et al. | Oct 2020 | B2 |
| 20020043950 | Yim et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020104973 | Kerekes | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020116847 | Yen | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020125790 | Horning et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20030090034 | Mülhaupt et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030177749 | Jen | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030181990 | Phillips | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20040030411 | Caspers | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040098136 | Caspers | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040137178 | Janusson et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040143345 | Caspers | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040197519 | Elzey et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040244309 | Raue | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040260402 | Baldini et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050101693 | Arbogast et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050119777 | Arbogast et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050149202 | Schaffer et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050227560 | Allred, III | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20060016507 | Baer | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020348 | Slemker et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060159869 | Kramer et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184231 | Rucker | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20070036964 | Rosenberger et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070055383 | King | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070073410 | Raugel | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070106173 | Korotko et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070123998 | Egilsson | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070134486 | Bansal et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070150069 | Takami et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070162154 | Scott | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070163305 | Baer et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070191965 | Colvin et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20080027199 | Mazurek et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039757 | Nordt, III et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080057809 | Rock | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080066393 | Sorenson | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080075850 | Rock | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080075930 | Kornbluh et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080105324 | Baer | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080109103 | Gershenfeld et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188949 | MacKenzie | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234458 | West | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080269420 | Tong et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090036999 | Egilsson | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090176054 | Laib et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090218307 | Davies et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090233067 | Doornheim et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090240344 | Colvin et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090248168 | Tuke et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20100023149 | Sanders et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100161076 | Pallari | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100168439 | Olson | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100191360 | Napadensky et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20110270414 | Laghi et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110285052 | Wigand et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120037263 | Malloy | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120068378 | Swanson et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091744 | McKnight et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120094060 | Gershenfeld et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120109336 | Laghi et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120133080 | Moussa et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120137611 | Oliver | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120241993 | Lipton et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120308805 | Sella | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130001834 | El-Shiblani et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130040091 | Dikovsky et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130046394 | Lipschutz et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130073068 | Napadensky | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130078415 | Rock | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130089642 | Lipson et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130246018 | Spadaccini et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130249981 | Nakagawa et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20140013962 | Lipton et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140037873 | Cheung et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140050811 | Lipton et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140059734 | Toronjo | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140101816 | Toronjo | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140163445 | Pallari et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140188260 | Layman et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140277585 | Kelley et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140311187 | Amarasiriwardena et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20150014881 | Elsey | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150017411 | Wilkie et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150075033 | Cross et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150142150 | Layman et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150174885 | Khan | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150250624 | Mosler et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150321419 | Linthicum et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150321420 | Karpas et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150367375 | Page | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160009029 | Cohen et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160096323 | Fry et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160228255 | Samuelson et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160297104 | Guillemette et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160318247 | Schlachter | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160324666 | Barberio | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160332382 | Coward et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20170036402 | Zachariasen et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170081573 | Kipke et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170105853 | Jonsson et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170173879 | Myerberg et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170190121 | Aggarwal et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170203509 | Stieghorst et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170210064 | Aw et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170216056 | Hill et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170239888 | Ruiz et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170259502 | Chapiro et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170312981 | Selbertinger et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20180021140 | Angelini et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180036952 | Hocker et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180056602 | Susnjara et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180098919 | Pallari et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180153716 | Martin | Jun 2018 | A1 |
| 20180207856 | Seriani | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180235779 | Dudding | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180236723 | Susnjara et al. | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180281295 | Tibbits et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180281340 | Brienza et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180296343 | Wei | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180353308 | Tompkins | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180368996 | Van Vliet et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180370141 | Eller et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190039309 | Busbee et al. | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190039310 | Busbee et al. | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190053919 | Egilsson et al. | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190070345 | McBride et al. | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190099952 | MacNeish, III et al. | Apr 2019 | A1 |
| 20190106593 | Kenney et al. | Apr 2019 | A1 |
| 20190142406 | Amplatz et al. | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190183663 | Will et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190374355 | Størup | Dec 2019 | A1 |
| 20200016833 | Yuwaki et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200146850 | Asgeirsson | May 2020 | A1 |
| 20210129443 | Plott et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210145613 | Anderson et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210197490 | Budge et al. | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 6615 | Jan 2004 | AT |
| 2398059 | Aug 2001 | CA |
| 103876263 | Jun 2014 | CN |
| 105287064 | Feb 2016 | CN |
| 106003728 | Oct 2016 | CN |
| 107351375 | Nov 2017 | CN |
| 106667629 | Apr 2018 | CN |
| 109414330 | Mar 2019 | CN |
| 110461277 | Nov 2019 | CN |
| 112140529 | Dec 2020 | CN |
| 917687 | Sep 1954 | DE |
| 10018987 | Oct 2001 | DE |
| 10153796 | Jun 2003 | DE |
| 20309318 | Sep 2003 | DE |
| 202008015143 | Feb 2009 | DE |
| 202009000527 | Mar 2009 | DE |
| 102011119591 | May 2013 | DE |
| 102012009757 | Dec 2013 | DE |
| 102013102471 | Sep 2014 | DE |
| 102014011373 | Feb 2016 | DE |
| 102014219570 | May 2016 | DE |
| 102016201002 | Jul 2017 | DE |
| 102016108631 | Nov 2017 | DE |
| 202017106997 | Jan 2018 | DE |
| 102017106903 | Jul 2018 | DE |
| 202019100501 | Mar 2019 | DE |
| 102012017324 | Apr 2019 | DE |
| 102017126465 | May 2019 | DE |
| 102018106573 | Sep 2019 | DE |
| 102018124516 | Apr 2020 | DE |
| 102018127117 | Apr 2020 | DE |
| 102012022484 | Jun 2020 | DE |
| 102018131550 | Jun 2020 | DE |
| 102018133486 | Jun 2020 | DE |
| 0876130 | Mar 2006 | EP |
| 1854621 | Nov 2007 | EP |
| 2090273 | Aug 2009 | EP |
| 2568935 | Mar 2013 | EP |
| 2599464 | Jun 2013 | EP |
| 3100704 | Dec 2016 | EP |
| 3156216 | Apr 2017 | EP |
| 3243632 | Nov 2017 | EP |
| 3300700 | Jul 2018 | EP |
| 3454792 | Mar 2019 | EP |
| 2459361 | Jun 2019 | EP |
| 1243060 | Oct 1960 | FR |
| 1331581 | Jul 1963 | FR |
| 2095097 | Feb 1972 | FR |
| 2479923 | Oct 1981 | FR |
| 2583334 | Dec 1986 | FR |
| 2956590 | Aug 2011 | FR |
| 2455167 | Jun 2009 | GB |
| 10742024 | Feb 1995 | JP |
| 0069747 | Nov 2000 | WO |
| 0178968 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| 03016067 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 03051241 | Jun 2003 | WO |
| 2006113585 | Oct 2006 | WO |
| 2006135851 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| 2013072064 | May 2013 | WO |
| 2013121230 | Aug 2013 | WO |
| 2013142343 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| 2014025089 | Feb 2014 | WO |
| 2014130878 | Aug 2014 | WO |
| 2014144985 | Sep 2014 | WO |
| 2015017421 | Feb 2015 | WO |
| 2015059502 | Apr 2015 | WO |
| 2015084422 | Jun 2015 | WO |
| 2015139095 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| 2015197495 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| 2016033469 | Mar 2016 | WO |
| 2016057853 | Apr 2016 | WO |
| 2017011753 | Jan 2017 | WO |
| 2017012888 | Jan 2017 | WO |
| 2017019681 | Feb 2017 | WO |
| 2017062690 | Apr 2017 | WO |
| 2017079475 | May 2017 | WO |
| 2017081040 | May 2017 | WO |
| 2017136405 | Aug 2017 | WO |
| 2017194479 | Nov 2017 | WO |
| 2018044759 | Mar 2018 | WO |
| 2018054966 | Mar 2018 | WO |
| 2018088965 | May 2018 | WO |
| 2018151923 | Aug 2018 | WO |
| 2018183803 | Oct 2018 | WO |
| 2018187514 | Oct 2018 | WO |
| 2019091716 | May 2019 | WO |
| 2019110170 | Jun 2019 | WO |
| 2019179894 | Sep 2019 | WO |
| 2019219514 | Nov 2019 | WO |
| 2020069817 | Apr 2020 | WO |
| 2020074374 | Apr 2020 | WO |
| 2020120187 | Jun 2020 | WO |
| 2020126501 | Jun 2020 | WO |
| 2021101806 | May 2021 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| U.S. Appl. No. 62/759,237, filed Nov. 12, 2018. |
| “MED-4901; Liquid Silicone Rubber,” NuSil, Nov. 2018, retrieved from https://nusil.com/product/med-4901_liquid-silicone-rubber on Nov. 11, 2019, 3 Pages. |
| “MED-6345; Soft Silicone Adhesive,” NuSil, Nov. 30, 2018, retrieved from https://nusil.com/en/product/MED-6345_soft-silicone-adhesive?h=MED-6345 on Nov. 11, 2019, 3 Pages. |
| Klute et al., “Prosthetic Liners for Lower Limb Amputees: A Review of the Literature,” Prosthetics and Orthotics International, vol. 34, No. 2, Jun. 30, 2010, pp. 146-153. |
| Franzino, “3 Ways to Adhere Silicone to Silicone,” Albright Technologies Monthly Insider, Issue 17, Mar. 31, 2013, 2 Pages. |
| “CF19-2186; Medium Cure Rate, General Purpose Silicone Elastomer,” NuSil, May 21, 2014, retrieved from https://nusil.com/en/product/CF19-2186_medium-cure-rate-general-purpose-silicone-elastomer?h=cf19 on Jan. 3, 2020. |
| “MED-4950; Liquid Silicone Rubber,” NuSil, May 16, 2014, retrieved from https://nusil.com/en/product/MED-4950_liquid-silicone-rubber?h=med-4950 on Jan. 3, 2020, 3 Pages. |
| Ventola, “Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses,” P&T, vol. 39, No. 10, Oct. 31, 2014, pp. 704-712. |
| Femmer et al., “Print Your Own Membrane: Direct Rapid Prototyping of Polydimethylsiloxane,” Royal Society of Chemistry, vol. 14, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2014, pp. 2610-2613. |
| “A True Rotary 3D Printer?” element14, Jun. 27, 2015, retrieved from www.element14.com/community/thread/25031a-true-rotary-3, Oct. 22, 2018. |
| Ostermeier, “3D Printing With Silicone,” Assembly Magazine, Oct. 2, 2015, pp. 1-4. |
| Coulter et al., “4D Printing Inflatable Silicone Structures,” 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, vol. 2, No. 3, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2015, pp. 1-6. |
| Cagle, “A Computational Tool to Enhance Clinical Selection of Prosthetic Liners for People with Lower Limb Amputation,” University of Washington, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2016, pp. 1-154. |
| Hoy, “Design and Implementation of a Three-Dimensional Printer Using a Cylindrical Printing Process,” Electrical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2016, pp. 1-31. |
| Momeni et al., “A Review of 4D Printing,” Materials and Design, vol. 122, Mar. 1, 2017, pp. 42-79. |
| O'Bryan et al., “Self-Assembled Micro-Organogels for 3D Printing Silicone Structures,” Science Advances, vol. 3, May 10, 2017, pp. 1-8. |
| Rios, “Evaluation of Advanced Polymers for Additive Manufacturing,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sep. 8, 2017, pp. 1-22. |
| “Rethinking Foam-Carbon's Lattice Innovation,” retrieved from www.carbon3d.com, Dec. 6, 2017, pp. 1-9. |
| Kiessling et al., “Gravity-Drawn Silicone Filaments: Production, Characterization, and Wormlike Chain Dynamics,” American Chemical Society, Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 9, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2017, pp. 39916-39920. |
| Low et al., “Perspective on 3D Printing of Separation Membranes and Comparison to Related Unconventional Fabrication Techniques,” Journal of Membrane Science, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2017, pp. 596-613. |
| Tian et al., “Silicone Foam Additive Manufacturing by Liquid Rope Coiling,” Science Direct, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2017, pp. 196-201. |
| Dhokia et al., “The Design and Manufacture of a Prototype Personalized Liner for Lower Limb Amputees,” Science Direct, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2017, pp. 476-481. |
| Jasiuk et al., “An Overview on Additive Manufacturing of Polymers,” The Minerals, Metal & Materials Society, vol. 70, No. 3, Jan. 25, 2018, pp. 275-283. |
| Woodford, “Centrifuges,” Jun. 24, 2018, retrieved from www.explainthatstuff.com/centrifuges on Nov. 7, 2018, pp. 1-10. |
| “How Liners Work,” Ottobock, retrieved from www.ottobockus.com/prosthetics on Oct. 22, 2018, 1 Page. |
| “Technology: The Process in a Nutshell,” Spectroplast AG, retrieved from www.spectroplast.com/technology on Oct. 31, 2018, pp. 1-5. |
| Liravi et al., “A Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Method for the Fabrication of Silicone Bio-Structures: 3D Printing Optimization and Surface Characterization,” Elsevier: Materials and Design, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2018, pp. 46-61. |
| Ruiz et al., “3D Printing Assisted Method of Manufacturing a Perforated Silicone Prosthetic Limb Liner,” RESNA Annual Conference, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2017, pp. 1-4. |
| Zhakeyev et al., “Additive Manufacturing: Unlocking the Evolution of Energy Materials,” Advanced Science, vol. 4, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2017, pp. 1-44. |
| Javaid et al., “Current Status and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing in Orthopaedics: An Overview,” Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2019. pp. 380-386. |
| McColl et al., “Design and Fabrication of Melt Electrowritten Tubes Using Intuitive Software,” Materials and Design, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2018, pp. 46-58. |
| “3D Printing of Silicone Parts in Additive Manufacturing,” Capri Systec Ltd, May 22, 2018, pp. 1-3. |
| Li et al., “Review of 3D Printable Hydrogels and Constructs,” Materials and Design, Issue 159, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2018, pp. 20-38. |
| Helmenstine, “What Is Centripetal Force? Definition and Equations,” Thought Co., Sep. 21, 2018, pp. 1-3. |
| Liravi et al., “Additive Manufacturing of Silicone Structures: A Review and Prospective,” Additive Manufacturing, Issue 24, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2018, pp. 232-242. |
| “3D Printing With Silicones—A Breakthrough in Additive Manufacturing,” retrieved from www.plastics.gl/3d-printing-2/3d-printing-with-silicones-a-breakthrough-in-additive-manufacturing/ on Oct. 31, 2018. |
| Culmone et al., “Additive Manufacturing of Medical Instruments: A State-of-the-Art Review,” Additive Manufacturing, Issue 27, 2019, pp. 461-473. |
| Ooi, “How to 3D Print Rubber-Like Materials,” All3DP, retrieved from https://all3dp.com/2/how-to-3d-print-rubber-like-materials/ on Aug. 13, 2019, pp. 1-7. |
| “Progressive Cavity Pumps—Volumetric Dosing Systems,” retrieved from www.viscotec.de/en/technology/ retrieved on Aug. 13, 2019. |
| Yuan et al., “Polymeric Composites for Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing: Materials and Applications,” Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 91, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2019, pp. 141-168. |
| Chen et al., “3D Printed Multifunctional, Hyperelastic Silicone Rubber Foam,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 29, Issue 1900469, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2019, pp. 1-9. |
| Porter et al., “Additive Manufacturing Utilizing Stock Ultraviolet Curable Silicone,” Solid Freeform Fabrication 2017: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, pp. 1-13. |
| Liravi et al., “A Hybrid Method for Additive Manufacturing of Silicone Structures,” Solid Freeform Fabrication 2017: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, pp. 1-21. |
| Toursangsaraki, “A Review of Multi-Material and Composite Parts Production by Modified Additive Manufacturing Methods”, Jun. 12, 2018, pp. 1-25. |
| Unkovskiy et al., “Direct 3D Printing of Silicone Facial Prostheses: A Preliminary Experience in Digital Workflow,” The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Aug. 30, 2018, pp. 1-6. |
| Duoss et al., “Three-Dimensional Printing of Elastomeric, Cellular Architectures with Negative Stiffness,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 24, at least as early as Dec. 31, 2014, pp. 4905-4913. |
| International Search Report from PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/060863, dated Apr. 15, 2020. |
| International Search Report from PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/060881, dated Apr. 20, 2020. |
| Hsu, L.H.: “The development of a rapid prototyping prosthetic socket coated with a resin layer for transtibial amputees”, Prosthetics and Orthotics International, vol. 34, No. 1, Mar. 1, 2010 (Mar. 1, 2010), pp. 37-45. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210137708 A1 | May 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62934261 | Nov 2019 | US |
