Patent Application
20050229927
This invention relates to apparatus and methods for delivering medication to the respiratory system of a patient through an invasive or noninvasive pressure-assisted breathing system. More specifically, one aspect of the invention is directed to apparatus and methods for coupling an aerosol generator (nebulizer) with a continuous positive pressure airway (“CPAP”) or bi-level positive airway pressure (“Bi-level”) system. The use of CPAP and Bi-level systems and therapies are conventional forms of non-invasive ventilation treatment for respiratory disorders in adults, e.g. obstructive sleep apnea and respiratory insufficiency, and in children, e.g. abnormal breathing resulting from small or collapsible airways, small lung volumes, muscle weakness, respiratory distress syndrome, persistent obstruction following surgery, etc. Systems that utilize an endotracheal or tracheotomy tube are examples of invasive pressure-assisted breathing systems. As used herein, the term “pressure-assisted breathing system” is intended to include non-invasive systems such as CPAP and Bi-level systems, as well as invasive systems.
Pressure-assisted breathing systems utilize positive pressure during inhalation to increase and maintain lung volumes and to decrease the work of breathing by a patient. The positive pressure effectively dilates the airway and prevents its collapse. The delivery of positive airway pressure is accomplished through the use of a positive air flow source (“flow generator”) that provides oxygen or a gas containing oxygen through a flexible tube connected to a patient interface device such as nasal prongs (cannula), nasopharyngeal tubes or prongs, an endotracheal tube, mask, etc. CPAP devices typically maintain and control continuous positive airway pressure by using a restrictive air outlet device, e.g. a fixed orifice or threshold resistor, or a pressure valve, that modulates the amount of gas leaving the circuit to which the patient interface device is attached. This pressure regulating device may be placed at, before or beyond the patient interface device and defines a primary pressure-generating circuit. During the course of CPAP therapy, the patient may inhale only a fraction of the total flow of gas passing through the primary pressure-generating circuit.
Bi-level systems deliver continuous positive airway pressure but also have the capability to sense when an inspiratory and expiratory effort is being made by the patient. In response to those efforts, Bi-level systems deliver a higher level of inspiratory pressure (IPAP) to keep the airway open and augment inspiratory volumes as a patient breathes in to reduce the work of inhalation, and deliver a lower expiratory pressure (EPAP) as the patient exhales to keep the airway and lungs open during exhalation. Thus, a Bi-level device employs pressure sensors and variable pressure control devices to deliver at least two levels of air pressure that are set to coincide with the patient's inspiratory and expiratory efforts. Bi-level has been found to be useful for a wider range of respiratory disorders than using CPAP alone, particularly in infants and small children.
An aerosol generator or nebulizer has been used to deliver an aerosol of medication through a ventilation device into the respiratory system of a patient. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,824, issued Sep. 9, 2003, and in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/465,023, filed Jun. 18, 2003, and Ser. No. 10/284,068, filed Oct. 30, 2002 describe apparatus and methods for connecting a nebulizer to a ventilator circuit to emit a medicament directly into the flow of gas being delivered to a patient's respiratory system.
Use of a nebulizer in connection with a pressure-assisted breathing system having a positive pressure-generating circuit with continuous flow through the circuit, such as many CPAP and Bi-level systems, presents certain challenges. Hence, this invention is related generally to addressing such challenges.
The present invention provides a pressure-assisted breathing system comprising, in one configuration, a pressure-generating circuit for maintaining a positive pressure within the system, a patient interface device, a respiratory circuit for providing gas communication between the pressure-generating circuit and the patient interface device, and a nebulizer coupled to the respiratory circuit.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pressure-generating circuit may comprise a conduit that couples a flow generator that produces a high volume flow of gas through the conduit with a pressure-regulating device that maintains the CPAP. The respiratory circuit provides a lower-volume positive pressure air flow from the pressure generating-circuit to the patient interface device for inhalation by the patient. The respiratory circuit may comprise a conduit connected at one end to the pressure-generating circuit and at the other end to the patient interface device. In one particular embodiment, the respiratory circuit comprises a flexible tube having a small diameter, e.g. an outside diameter of 5 mm or less, connected at one end, e.g. through a “T” or “Y” shaped junction unit, to a larger flexible tube comprising the pressure-generating circuit, and at the other end to the patient interface device. This arrangement allows the patient to move his/her head freely without disconnecting the patient interface device from the patient. Alternatively, the respiratory circuit may comprise a gas conduit contained within the patient interface device itself.
The nebulizer is coupled to the respiratory circuit and is adapted to emit an aerosolized medicament directly into the portion of the total gas flow that is inhaled by the patient, preferably in the direct vicinity of the patient's nose, mouth or artificial airway, thereby eliminating the dilution effect caused by introducing the aerosolized medicament into the high-volume gas flow of the pressure-generating circuit. Nebulizers suitable for the practice of the present invention generally comprise a reservoir for holding a liquid medicament to be delivered to a patient's respiratory system, a vibrating aperture-type aerosol generator for aerosolizing the liquid medicament and a connector for connecting nebulizer to the respiratory circuit. Particularly preferred nebulizers of the invention are small and light-weight, for example having a net weight (without liquid) of 5 gms or less, preferably 3 gms or less, and have a connector adapted to attach to the weaker smaller diameter tube making up the respiratory circuit. Such “miniature” nebulizers may have a small reservoir that holds one unit dose of medicament, e.g. less than 4 ml of liquid, and a light-weight aerosol generator, e.g. on the order of about 1 gm in weight. In addition, preferred nebulizers are quiet in operation, e.g. producing less than 5 decibels of sound pressure, so that they can conveniently be placed very close to the patient.
The present invention also provides a method of respiratory therapy comprising the steps of providing a pressure-assisted breathing system having a pressure-generating circuit for providing positive airway pressure and a respiratory circuit coupled to the pressure-generating circuit for providing a flow of gas to a patient's respiratory system, and introducing an aerosolized medicament only into the flow of gas in the respiratory circuit. The present invention also provides a method of delivering a surfactant medicament to a patient's respiratory system.
The present invention provides a number of benefits. The nebulizer of the present invention is located outside the primary high flow pressure-generating circuit of the pressure-assisted breathing system, thereby minimizing the dilution effect that would occur if the aerosolized medicament is introduced into the total (much greater) flow of gas passing through the primary pressure-generating circuit. In addition, because of its small size and quiet operation, the nebulizer may be located in very close proximity to the patient's airway, thereby decreasing the distance which the medicament must travel and further increasing the efficiency of the system.
Due to the increased efficiency of the present invention, the reservoir of the nebulizer may be sized to accommodate a smaller amount of medicament. For example, the reservoir of the nebulizer may have a capacity equal to a single unit dose of medicament, i.e. an amount sufficient for one treatment, and substantially all of the medicament may be delivered to the patient without the need to replenish the reservoir. This is particularly beneficial in respiratory therapies that utilize phospholipid surfactants since these medicaments are scarce, expensive and, because of their high viscosity, difficult to deliver. The present invention may also eliminate the need to pump medicament from an outside container to the nebulizer, although in some applications of the invention this may be desirable.
The following detailed description is directed to a CPAP embodiment of the invention for illustrative purposes only, it being understood that the invention is not limited to such embodiment and can be applied to other pressure-assisted breathing systems.
A Bi-level system is similar to system 100, but may employ variable flow valves coupled with pressure sensors to vary the pressure in respiratory circuit R to coincide with the respiratory cycle of the patient. An invasive CPAP system is also similar to system 100, but would employ, for example an endotracheal tube, as the patient interface device 4.
In the embodiment of
In one aspect of the present invention, the delivery of aerosolized medicament to a pressure-assisted breathing system is achieved in an efficient manner without the previously-described substantial dilution or loss of medicament. One arrangement may involve an improved CPAP or Bi-level system that introduces an aerosolized medicament directly into the air flow being inhaled by the patient during respiratory therapy and outside the air flow in the primary pressure-generating circuit. Such a CPAP or a Bi-level system may also be configured to employ small amounts of liquid medicament per treatment, for example a unit dose of 4 ml or less. Also, such CPAP or Bi-level systems may utilize a nebulizer having a small, low volume reservoir, thereby providing to smaller patients an efficient method of respiratory therapy using a CPAP or Bi-level system.
Referring now to
CPAP system 200 includes a primary pressure-generating circuit P and a respiratory circuit R. As used herein, the term “circuit” is intended to mean a gas communication path between two points. Circuit P includes a flow generator 2 in gas communication with a pressure regulating device 3. Circuit R includes a patient interface device 4 in gas communication with circuit P at junction 5. In contrast to the CPAP system 100 illustrated in
Flexible tube 36 is preferably relatively thin, smaller in diameter and more flexible than flexible tubes 32 and 35. For example, flexible tube 36 may be commercially available silicone tubing having an outside diameter of about 5 mm. The more flexible nature of flexible tube 36 allows the patient's head to more freely move about without disconnecting the patient interface device 39 from the patient.
Flow generator 31 may conveniently comprise any of the known sources of pressurized gas suitable for use with pressure-assisted breathing systems such as CPAP or Bi-level. Typically, the flow generator is capable of supplying a flow of high-volume gas, which includes at least some portion of oxygen, at slightly greater than atmospheric pressure. For example, the source of pressurized gas may be an air blower or a ventilator (as shown in
Pressure-regulating device 34 may comprise any of the known devices for controlling and maintaining air pressure within a CPAP or Bi-level system at the desired level. Typically, pressure-regulating device 34 may comprise a restrictive air outlet device such as a pressure valve or threshold resistor that modulates the flow of gas leaving the pressure-regulating circuit P. This resistance to air flow may be varied so that the continuous positive airway pressure conducted by respiratory circuit R to patient interface device 39 will suit the needs of the particular patient using the apparatus. Although pressure-regulating device 34 is typically placed downstream of junction unit 33, it may also be placed at or upstream to junction 33.
Junction unit 33 is the point at which respiratory circuit R is in gas communication with primary pressure-generating circuit P. Junction unit 33 preferably comprises a “T” or “Y”-shaped hollow unit (sometimes referred to as the “WYE”) to which flexible tubes 32, 35 and 36 are coupled. As shown in
Patient interface device 39 is coupled to nebulizer 38, either directly (as shown) or through a short section of flexible tube of the same size and material as tubing 36. Patient interface device may include any of the known devices for providing gas communication between the CPAP device and the patient's respiratory system. By way of example, the patient interface device may include nasal prongs (as shown), an oral/nasal mask, a nasal mask, nasopharyngeal prongs, an endotracheal tube, a tracheotomy tube, a nasopharyngeal tube, and the like.
Nebulizer apparatus 38 is disposed in respiratory circuit R between primary pressure-generating circuit P and patient interface device 39 so as to emit an aerosolized medicament into the flow of gas in respiratory circuit R that is inhaled by the patient. Vibrating aperture-type nebulizer apparatus are preferred for the practice of this invention, for example, as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,824, issued Sep. 9, 2003, and in copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/465,023, filed Jun. 18, 2003, and Ser. No. 10/284,068, filed Oct. 30, 2002. The entire disclosures of said patent and applications are incorporated herein.
A particularly preferred nebulizer apparatus is the “miniature” nebulizer 38 illustrated in
Referring now to
Aerosol generator 52 may comprise a piezoelectric element and a vibratable member having a plurality of tapered apertures extending between a first surface and a second surface thereof. Representative vibratable aperture-type aerosol generators are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,164,740; 5,586,550; 5,758,637; and 6,085,740, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In general, the first surface of the vibratable member, which faces upwardly, receives the liquid medicament from reservoir 51, and the aerosolized medicament is generated at the second surface of the vibratable member when droplets of medicament are ejected from the apertures upon vibration of the vibratable member. Aerosol generators of the present invention are preferably small and light-weight, for example, about 1 gm.
Aerosol generator 52 is positioned so as to facilitate flow of liquid medicament from the reservoir 51 to the aerosol generator 52 and to facilitate passage of the aerosolized medicament from the aerosol generator 52 into arm 42. Arm 42 may comprise a supply conduit 55 in fluid communication with aerosol generator 52 at one end and connector unit 93 at the other end so as to conduct a flow of aerosolized medicament (Flow A) toward connector 93. Connector 93 may comprise a gas conduit 56, which is defined on one end by inlet conduit 57 in inlet nipple 45 and at the other end by outlet conduit 58 in outlet nipple 46. The gas conduit 56 of connector 93 may be quit small, e.g. less than 10 cc in volume for infant applications, thereby decreasing dead space in the respiratory circuit.
The downstream end of flexible tubing 36 (
Nebulizer apparatus 38 may be connected to a controller (not shown) for controlling operation of and to supply power to the aerosol generator. Preferably, the controller and other electronic components are connected with wires, cables and connectors that are small and flexible. Examples of other components that may also be associated with nebulizer apparatus 38 are a timer, status indication means, liquid medicament supply nebule or syringe, etc., all as known by those skilled in the art and described in detail in the aforementioned patent and patent applications.
The present invention is particularly useful in respiratory therapies that utilize surfactant medicaments. Such surfactants are protein-lipid compositions, e.g. phospholipids, that are produced naturally in the lungs and are essential to the lungs' ability to absorb oxygen. They facilitate respiration by continually modifying surface tension of the fluid normally present within the air sacs, or alveoli, that line the inside of the lungs. In the absence of sufficient surfactant, these air sacs tend to collapse, and, as a result, the lungs do not absorb sufficient oxygen. Insufficient surfactant in the lungs results in a variety of respiratory illnesses in both adults and humans. Since most of these surfactant medicaments are animal-based, the current supply is limited, and although synthetic surfactants are available, their manufacture is both inexact and expensive. In addition, the surfactant medicaments are typically high in viscosity and are difficult to deliver to the patient's respiratory system. The increased efficiency of the pressure-assisted breathing system of the present invention, and the smaller amount of medicament required for a treatment according to the present invention, can be a substantial advantage when such scarce and expensive medicaments are employed.
In a preferred embodiment, the nebulizer of the present invention has a reservoir capacity equal to a unit dose of medicament. As an example, one dose of a liquid phospholipid surfactant medicament is typically achieved by instilling about 100 mg of the surfactant into an infant's lung. However, the required aerosol dose appears to be considerably less. For example, animal researchers have determined that an inhaled dose of about 4.5 mg/kg of surfactant is sufficient to substantially improve oxygenation in animal models. This suggests that a sufficient unit dose of surfactant to deliver to the lungs of a 1 kg. infant in aerosolized form may be about 5-10 mg. Since liquid surfactant is typically dispensed in a dilute solution having a concentration of 25 mg/ml, about ⅖ ml ( 10/25 ml) of liquid surfactant may be required to obtain 10 mg of active surfactant. A neonate CPAP system may be designed according the present invention to deliver about 6-18% of the total aerosolized medicament to an infant's lungs with a normal breathing pattern. If, for example, the nebulizer efficiency is 10%, the amount of surfactant solution required in the nebulizer reservoir to deliver a unit dose of aerosolized surfactant would have to be increased by a factor of 10, i.e. 10×⅖ ml or 4 ml. Therefore, a nebulizer reservoir having a capacity of 4 ml may be sufficient to provide a unit dose of surfactant to a 1 kg infant in accordance with the present invention without the need to replenish the reservoir.
The unit dose and the corresponding nebulizer reservoir size may vary depending on the efficiency of the nebulizer, the weight of the patient and the amount of surfactant needed. For example, if the infant in the above example weighs 3 kg, a unit dose (and corresponding reservoir size) would be about 12 ml of liquid surfactant (i.e. 3 kg×4 ml/kg). Similarly, if 5 mg of active surfactant is needed in the above example, a unit dose would be about 2 ml of liquid surfactant (i.e. 5/25 ml×10), and if the efficiency of the nebulizer in the above example is 15%, a unit dose would be about 2⅔ ml (i.e. ⅖ ml× 100/15).
A nebulizer according to the present invention may administer a unit dose by aerosol in less than 20 minutes, and possibly in as little as 5 minutes. Aerosol generation can be continuous or phasic, and can be timed to titrated dose delivery rate over time; for example, a 4 ml maximum dose with nebulization for 1 second out of every 10, 20 or 30 seconds.
The miniature vibrating aperture-type nebulizer apparatus of the present invention is so small and quiet that it may be placed in very close proximity to the mouth, nose or artificial airway of the patient. This placement further ensures that the aerosolized medicament is introduced directly into the flow of gas being inhaled by the CPAP patient (i.e. into the respiratory circuit) and eliminates the dilution effect caused by introducing the medicament into the high-volume flow of gas from the flow generator (i.e. in the pressure-generating circuit).
It is understood that while the invention has been described above in connection with preferred specific embodiments, the description and drawings are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
