Patent Grant
10467513
The present invention relates generally to printing. More particularly, example embodiments of the present invention relate to printing symbols on media.
Generally speaking, data patterns and indicia such as bar code patterns, data matrix patterns, OCR (Optical Character Recognition) fonts, text characters, graphic images, logos and other one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) patterns of geometric and graphic data, which may be referred to herein with the term “symbols,” are useful in a wide variety of applications. Some printers may be specialized for efficient printing of the data patterns.
Bar code printers may thus be widely deployed in various supply chain and identification applications. Printers for bar codes and other such symbols and indicia may use web printing techniques to apply markings related to writing, symbols, graphics, and other indicia onto a theretofore unmarked or pre-printed printable medium. The printable medium may thus comprise a web.
As used herein, the term “web” may refer to a strip of printable material that is significantly longer than it is wide. The web medium may be stored ready to use on a spool, magazine, fan-fold media, or other package or storage means. As printing is performed, the web medium is drawn from the storage means and fed longitudinally into the printer, where it is exposed to a printhead.
The printheads are operable for applying the markings controllably over at least one substantially planar surface of the printable web medium. The printheads may operate according to any mark application technology such as ink drop, matrix dot impact, toner, and any one of the various DPM (Direct Part Mark) printing technologies. The printheads of some bar code printers are operable thermally. The printable web medium used with such thermal printers comprises a heat sensitive material.
As the heat sensitive web medium is drawn into proximity with the thermal printhead, portions of its surface are marked controllably by selective heating therewith. The appearance of the surface portions may thus be darkened from a light shade (e.g., white or near-white) to print the markings. Alternately, the thermal printhead heats a thermally sensitive ribbon, which then transfers the heated image to a plain media substrate comprising the web. The printed web medium then emerges from the printer as a finished printing product.
Bar codes and other symbols may be printed and used as labels. The labels may comprise portions of the web medium, which may be separated therefrom as independent segments. A number of factors can affect the quality of the printing and thus the accuracy with which the markings are applied to the medium. Accurate printing allows labels to convey information correctly.
On the other hand, inaccurate printing may reduce the legibility of a label and cause errors in reading the information the label is intended to convey or provide graphics that are not aesthetically pleasing. The accuracy of the printing and the legibility of the label in relation to the information it is intended to present may be verified. For example, bar codes and OCR printed to particular specifications may be tested for compliance.
Verifying labels upon their emergence from the printers however adds cost, latency and complexity and occurs after the labels have already been printed, which can be wasteful. In-printer compliance testing techniques have thus been developed, with which verification of the labels is performed prior to their emergence from the printer.
In-printer compliance testing techniques may comprise capturing images of the nascent labels within the printer and during the print process. The captured images are evaluated for verification of the labels. In addition to capturing the verification images of each label, the in-printer verification may collect corresponding useful compliance testing statistics for every label printed.
In-printer compliance testing techniques may use the motion of the web medium to trigger the imaging of labels for verification and concomitant print quality correction in real-time. For example, the label may be imaged, digitized and sampled over at least part of the symbol, writing or graphic (hereinafter, “symbol”) presented by the label or other product.
The imaged symbol portion is compared to a print command and related update data thus generated, with which print logic may be updated in real time to control the quality of the printing and thus the accuracy of the label. The verification imaging and the real time quality adjustments are responsive to the motion of the web medium. However, the motion may not be consistently linear.
In fact, the motion of the web medium may tend to be non-linear in some respects. For example, thermal printers may slow down as the end of the label approaches and in some other situations. The verification images made under these circumstances may become distorted, the real time print quality adjustment unreliable and thus, the in-printer label verification may be inaccurate.
Therefore, a need exists for accurate compliance testing of symbols printed on media prior to the production of printed items, which emerge from the printer. A need also exists for the capturing verification images of symbols, which uses the motion of web media upon which the symbols are printed. Further, a need exists for considering non-linearity in the motion of the web media in the capture of the verification images of the printed symbols and compensating for such non-linear movement.
Accordingly, in one aspect, an example embodiment of the present invention embraces a printing method, which provides accurate compliance testing of symbols printed on media prior to the production of printed items. Example embodiments allow the capture of verification images of symbols and parts thereof, which uses the motion of web media upon which the symbols are printed. Further, example embodiments consider non-linearity in the motion of the web media in the capture of the verification images of the printed symbols and compensate for such non-linear movement.
In an example embodiment, the method for printing a symbol on a medium comprises marking a plurality of sequential parts of the symbol onto each of a corresponding plurality of sequential segments of the medium. A characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is evaluated. A speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. An image captured in relation to the evaluation is adjusted based on the monitored speed.
In an example embodiment, the adjusting of the captured image comprises setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed.
In another example embodiment, the adjusting the captured image comprises predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof. A change is applied to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion, in which the change applied ameliorates the predicted distortion.
The monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may comprise sensing a rate with which a motive force is imparted to the medium. The motive force may be imparted to the medium with a rotational and/or stepwise drive action. The monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may thus comprise sensing a rotation rate or a stepping rate of the drive action. Alternately, the speed may be ascertained by measuring the rotational rate of a roller that may be in contact with the media or by sensing marks that may be pre-printed on the media.
The printing method may also comprise generating data relating to the monitored speed. The adjusting of the captured image step may thus be performed in response to the data generated in relation to the monitored speed.
In another aspect, example embodiments of the present invention embrace a system operable for printing a symbol on a medium. In an example embodiment, the printing system comprises a marker operable for marking a plurality of sequential parts of the symbol onto each of a corresponding plurality of sequential segments of the medium. A scanner is operable for evaluating a characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts.
A first controller is operable for monitoring a speed with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. Based on the monitored speed, the controller is also operable for adjusting an image captured in relation to the evaluation of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts based on the monitored speed.
The adjusting of the captured image may comprise setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed. The adjusting of the captured image may also (e.g., alternatively) comprise predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof, and applying a change to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion. The change applied is operable for ameliorating the predicted distortion.
In an example embodiment, the monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may comprise sensing a rate with which a motive force is imparted to the medium. The motive force is imparted to the medium with a rotational and/or a stepwise drive action. The monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may thus comprise sensing a rate corresponding to the rotational and/or stepwise drive action.
The printing system may comprise at least a second controller, which is operable for controlling the rate with which a motive force is imparted to the medium. The system may also comprise a data link operable for communicatively coupling data from the at least second controller to the first controller. The data relates to the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted to the medium.
The at least second controller sends the data relating to the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted directly, via the data link, to the first controller. The first controller is operable in response to receiving the data for setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed.
The printing system may also comprise a recorder associated with the second controller. The recorder is operable with the second controller for recording the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted to the medium.
The recorded rate may correspond to the data relating to the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted to the medium. The recorder is further operable for sending the data corresponding to the recorded rate to the first controller.
The printing system may also comprise an image processor associated with the first controller and operable therewith in response to receiving the data. In response to receiving the data, the image processor predicts a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof. The image processor applies a change to the captured image corresponding to the distortion anticipated by the prediction. The change applied to the captured image ameliorates the predicted distortion therein.
In yet another aspect, example embodiments of the present invention embrace media products. An example embodiment relates to a media product comprising a symbol, such as a 1D bar code pattern or 2D data matrix pattern, which is printed on a medium by a printing process, as summarized in relation to the example method summarized above. Another example embodiment of the present invention relates to a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions, which upon execution by a processor device are operable for controlling a printing system, or a computerized printer apparatus, to perform a process for printing a symbol on a medium, as summarized in relation to the example method summarized above.
In yet another aspect again, example embodiments of the present invention embrace non-transitory computer readable storage media. An example embodiment relates to a non-transitory computer readable storage media, which comprises instructions tangibly (physically, electronically, optically, magnetically, etc.) stored in one or more components thereof such as memory cells, optical, “flash” based, or magnetic storage media. The instructions are operable for causing, or controlling a computer processor to perform a printing process, such as the example printing process summarized above.
The foregoing illustrative summary, as well as other example features, functions and/or aspects of embodiments of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further explained within the following detailed description of example embodiments and each figure (FIG.) of the accompanying drawings.
Example embodiments of the present invention are described in relation to printing symbols on media. Sequential parts of a symbol are marked onto each of multiple corresponding sequential segments of the medium. A characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is evaluated. A speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. An image captured in relation to the evaluation is adjusted based on the monitored speed.
The adjusting of the captured image may comprise setting a rate at which the evaluation of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed. Alternatively, the adjusting of the captured image may comprise predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the monitored speed. A change corresponding to the predicted distortion is then applied to the captured image. The change applied to the captured image is ameliorative of the distortion predicted therein.
Overview
Example embodiments of the present invention relate to printing symbols on media. In an example embodiment, a method for printing a symbol on a medium comprises marking a plurality of sequential parts of the symbol onto each of a corresponding plurality of sequential segments of the medium. Characteristics of each of the sequential symbol parts are evaluated. A speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. An image captured in relation to the evaluating is adjusted based on the monitored speed.
The adjustment of the captured image comprises setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed.
Alternatively, the adjusting the captured image comprises predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof. A change is applied to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion, in which the change applied ameliorates the predicted distortion.
Example embodiments also relate to a printing system, printed media products, and to non-transitory computer readable media.
Example embodiments of the present invention thus relate to a printing process, which provides accurate compliance testing of symbols printed on media prior to the production of printed items, which emerge from the printer. Example embodiments allow the capture of verification images of symbols, which uses the motion of web media upon which the symbols are printed. Further, example embodiments consider non-linearity in the motion of the web media in the capture of the verification images of the printed symbols and compensate for such non-linear movement.
Example Printers
In-printer compliance testing techniques may comprise capturing images of the nascent labels. The captured images are evaluated for verification of the labels. In addition to capturing the verification images of each label, the in-printer verification may collect corresponding useful compliance testing statistics for every label printed. The in-printer compliance testing techniques may use the motion of the web medium to trigger the imaging of labels for verification and concomitant print quality correction in real-time. For example, the label may be imaged, digitized and sampled over at least part of the symbol, writing or graphic (symbol) presented by the label.
For example, the U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,279 to H. Sprague Ackley (“Ackley,” one of the present Applicants) describes printing with real-time print quality correction, such as in 1D or 2D bar code printing, which is assigned to the common Assignee of the present application. A feedback mechanism has an imaging head for imaging, digitizing, or sampling at least a portion of a symbol, a comparator for comparing the imaged portion to a print command provided by a print logic print driver so as to generate print logic update information, wherein the print logic is updated in real time in response to the print logic update information.
The printing method and apparatus thus described may relate to a printing method, a printer system and/or other aspects or embodiments of an embodiment of the present invention. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,279 to Ackley is incorporated by reference for all purposes, as if fully set forth herein. Example printers may include PM43, PM23, PD43, PD42, PX4i, PM4i, PC43, PC23 model printers and/or models from the PX-series, PF-series, PM-series, PD-series and/or PC-series of printer of printers (which are available commercially from Honeywell™ International, Inc., a corporation in New Jersey).
As described in the referenced U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,279 to Ackley, the imaged symbol portion is compared to a print command and related update data thus generated, with which print logic may be updated in real time to control the quality of the printing and thus the accuracy of the label. The verification imaging and the real time quality adjustments are responsive to the motion of the web medium. However, the motion may not be consistently linear.
The motion of the web media on which symbols are being printed may be non-linear in some respects. For example, thermal printers may tend to slow down as the end of the label approaches the end of a print process (and in some other situations). The images made under these circumstances may become distorted and the real time print quality adjustment unreliable and thus, and inadequate for use.
The motor ramps up to an operational speed during an early portion 14 of the print event duration 11 until a speed plateau 15 is reached. The actual marking corresponding to the printing of a symbol (or portions thereof) upon the medium may commence upon reaching the plateau speed 15.
Later, e.g., towards an end portion 16 of the print event duration 11, the motor speed ramps down to a halt as the printing event is completed. Scanning relating to evaluating images captured to verify label compliance however may continue, at least in part, during the ramp down period 16. As the speed of the medium changes however, distortions such as printed element elongation, related to the speed change, may occur in the verification images captured during the ramp down period 16. Accordingly, in one aspect, an example embodiment of the present invention embraces a method for printing a symbol on a medium, which minimizes or eliminates such distortion. More complicated ramping profiles may occur e.g., when printing a batch of labels. Thus, the graph 10 represents label printing scenarios generally.
Example Process
In step 21, a plurality of sequential parts of the symbol onto each of a corresponding plurality of sequential segments of the medium.
In step 22, a characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is evaluated. For example, the scanner may capture and evaluate gray-level information (e.g. contrast) from the printed symbol.
In step 23, a speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium.
In step 24, an image captured in relation to the evaluating step is adjusted based on the monitored speed. In an example embodiment, the evaluating step may be adjusted based on a feedback data signal relating to the monitored speed.
In a step 240, the adjusting of the captured image step comprises setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed.
In another example embodiment, the adjusting the captured image step comprises predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof.
In a step 241, a distortion is predicted in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts. The prediction of the distortion corresponds to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof.
In step 242, a change is applied to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion, in which the change applied ameliorates the predicted distortion.
The monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may comprise sensing a rate with which a motive force is imparted to the medium. The motive force may be imparted to the medium with a rotational and/or stepwise drive action. The monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may thus comprise sensing a rotation rate or a stepping rate of the drive action.
The printing method may also comprise generating data relating to the monitored speed. Referring again to
Example Printer System
In another aspect, an example embodiment of the present invention embraces a system operable for printing a symbol on a medium.
In an example embodiment, the system 500 comprises a marker 509, such as a thermal printhead. Driven and/or controlled with a print driver 510, the marker 509 is operable for marking a plurality of (e.g., multiple) sequential parts of the symbol onto each of a corresponding plurality of sequential segments of a printable medium (“printed media”) 501. The printed media 501 may comprise a web of thermally sensitive material such as heat-sensitive paper or plastic. A scanner 505 is operable for evaluating a characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts.
A first controller 506 is operable for monitoring a speed with which the medium 501 is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium 501.
Based on the monitored speed, the first controller 506 is also operable for adjusting an image captured in relation to the evaluating the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts based on the monitored speed.
In an example embodiment, the adjusting of the captured image comprises setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based directly on the monitored speed.
The adjusting of the captured image may also comprise predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof. Applying a change to the captured image may thus correspond to the predicted distortion. The change applied is operable for ameliorating the predicted distortion.
In an example embodiment, the monitoring of the speed with which the medium 501 is moved may comprise sensing a rate with which a motive force is imparted to the medium 501. The motive force is imparted to the medium 501 with a rotational and/or a stepwise drive action, such as from a platen roller driven by a stepper motor 502. The monitoring of the speed with which the medium is moved may thus comprise sensing a rate corresponding to the rotational and/or stepwise drive action.
The printing system 500 may comprise multiple control functionalities, which may be implemented in hardware, software, and/or firmware. For example, the printing system 500 comprises at least a second controller 504 operable for controlling the rate with which a motive force is imparted to the medium.
The printing system 500 may also comprise a data link 503 operable for communicatively coupling data from the at least second controller 504 to the first controller 505. The data relates to the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted to the medium 501.
The at least second controller 504 may send the data relating to the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted directly, via the data link 503, to the first controller 506. The first controller 506 is operable in response to receiving the data for setting a rate at which the scanner 505 evaluates the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts.
The printing system 500 may also comprise a recorder 507 associated with the at least second controller 504. The recorder 507 is operable with the at least second controller 504 for recording the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted to the medium 501.
The recorded rate may correspond to the data relating to the rate sensed at which the motive force is imparted to the medium. The recorder 507 is further operable for sending the data corresponding to the recorded rate to the first controller 506.
The printing system 500 may also comprise an image processor 508 associated with the first controller 506 and operable therewith in response to receiving the data. In response to receiving the data, the image processor 508 predicts a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof. For example, the distortion may relate to a relative number if image pixels used for each row of data acquired.
The image processor 508 applies a change to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion. The change applied to the captured image ameliorates the predicted distortion therein.
The image processor 508 may comprise microprocessor. One or more of the image processor 508, recorder 507, controllers 506 and/or 504, and/or print driver 510 may comprise an integrated circuit (IC) device such as a programmed microprocessor, or another programmed or configured IC device such as a programmable logic device (PLD), a microcontroller, field programmable gate array (FPGA), or application-specific IC (ASIC). One or more components of the printing system 500 may comprise processing and memory functionalities, which may be implemented with electronic hardware, software, and/or firmware.
The printer system 50 may be operable for performing the example printing processes 20, 30, and 40, as described above with reference to
An example embodiment of the present invention relates to media product. The media product comprises a symbol, such as a 1D bar code pattern or 2D data matrix pattern. The media product is printed on a medium by a printing process, such as the example printing processes 20, 30, and 40, as described above with reference to
The bar code symbols 610 and 620 each comprise a plurality of bar elements 66a and a plurality of space elements 68b. The space elements 68b are disposed in parallel with the bar elements 66a. In the drag mode, the bar code symbol 610 is printed parallel to the direction of printing 699. In the picket fence mode, the bar code symbol 620 is printed in a perpendicular orientation to the direction of printing 699.
The bar code symbols 610 and 620 may each comprise data patterns related to, for example, an International (or “European”) Article Number and/or Universal Product Code (EAN/UPC symbology) pattern, PDF417 (ISO/EC-15438 related) pattern, which comprise four of the vertical bar like symbols 66a disposed over 17 of the horizontally disposed spacer symbols 68b), 1D dot code pattern, or other 1D symbols.
The print media 611, 622, 644 and 655 each move longitudinally in a direction 699 of respective printing operations. The print media 611, 622, 644, and 655 may each comprise a thermally sensitive paper or plastic material disposed in a web configuration, which is significantly longer than it is wide. The direction of printing 699 is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the print media 611, 622, 644, and 655, along which the media move.
The symbols 610, 620, 640 and 650 may be printed on the respective web media 611, 622, 644 and 655 according to the example process 20 (
Responsive to the print command, the activated and energized printhead prints a part of the bar code 610, 620, and/or 650 and the media 611, 622, and/or 655, respectively, advance in the direction 699. Each time that the media is advanced, the print driver activates print elements of the printhead for printing of subsequent bar elements 66a, and spacing of parallel space elements 66b, onto a segment (e.g., portion) of the medium 699.
As the printed elements advance past the printhead, the scanner (e.g., scanner 55;
The image processor (e.g., image processor 58;
The digitized image may, additionally or alternatively, be compared to one or more other defined standards. Based on the results of the comparison, the print logic updates print information and determines whether the printed symbol parts differ from the desired image.
For example, the image parts may display distortion such as elongation or smearing. The elongation and/or smearing may be detected, and an extent of the distortion determined. The print logic update information may comprise, e.g., an updated pointer to a table of fonts or other programmed print features, with which a new print command may be generated.
A print quality report may be generated based on the comparison. The print quality report may indicate whether or not the printed image complies with a defined specification, stored in relation to evaluating the symbol and portions thereof. The print quality report, may indicate the manner in which the printed image differs from the desired image, and the steps taken by the printer to correct the deviation.
The bar elements of the machine readable data code symbol parts may comprise an array of closely proximate dots or other pixels (picture elements). As the medium 610 advances past the printhead, the scanner may digitize the pixels or other elements or features of the bar code symbols 610, 620, and/or 650. Successive portions of the elements may be imaged and stored in a memory area for comparison with the print command.
With the drag mode or the picket fence mode of printing, the digitized portion of the printed image comprises a portion of a plurality of the symbolic characters 66a and 68b. Scanning and/or concomitant sampling may be performed over a portion of the bar code characters 66a and 68b and compared with the print command. The print logic, as well as the print command and the print driver, may update before printing is complete over the entire bar code symbol 610.
Example embodiments of the present invention relate to printing the symbols on the media. In an example embodiment, a method for printing symbols on media comprises marking a plurality of sequential parts of a symbol onto each of a corresponding plurality of sequential segments of a medium. Characteristics of each of the sequential symbol parts are evaluated. A speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. An image captured in relation to the evaluating step is adjusted based on the monitored speed.
The adjusting of the captured image step may comprise setting a rate at which the evaluating of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed. Alternatively, the adjusting the captured image step may comprise predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the speed monitored upon the marking thereof. A change is applied to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion, in which the change applied ameliorates the predicted distortion. Example embodiments also relate to printing systems, printed media products, and non-transitory computer readable media.
To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications:
Example embodiments of the present invention are thus described in relation to the printing of symbols on media. Sequential parts of a symbol are marked onto each of multiple corresponding sequential segments of the medium. Characteristics of each of the sequential symbol parts are evaluated. A speed is monitored with which the medium is moved upon the marking of each of the sequential symbol parts onto each of the corresponding sequential segments of the medium. An image captured in relation to the evaluation is adjusted based on the monitored speed. Adjusting of the captured image may comprise setting a rate at which the evaluation of the characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts is performed based on the monitored speed. Alternatively, the adjusting of the captured image may comprise predicting a distortion in the evaluated characteristic of each of the sequential symbol parts corresponding to the monitored speed, and a change applied to the captured image corresponding to the predicted distortion. The change applied to the captured image is ameliorative of the distortion predicted therein.
For clarity and brevity, as well as to avoid unnecessary or unhelpful obfuscating, obscuring, obstructing, or occluding features of an example embodiment, certain intricacies and details, which are known generally to artisans of ordinary skill in related technologies, may have been omitted or discussed in less than exhaustive detail. Any such omissions or discussions are unnecessary for describing example embodiments of the invention, and not particularly relevant to understanding of significant features, functions and aspects of the example embodiments described herein.
In the specification and/or figures, typical embodiments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such example embodiments. The use of the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170046603 A1 | Feb 2017 | US |
