Patent Grant
9208339
None.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
In an environment such as a virtual environment, various systems and/or applications on an electronic device or in a remote location may be authorized to access and/or transmit data to internal or external applications. Some of this data may be considered confidential data such as financial or health information, and there may be restrictions on the transmission of that confidential data.
In an embodiment, a method of transmitting information between virtual environments is disclosed. The method comprises copying a first virtual environment, wherein the first virtual environment comprises a plurality of original applications, a first clock, and a first trusted security zone, wherein the first trusted security zone comprises a verification application and a nonce application, and subsequently, creating a second virtual environment, wherein the second virtual environment comprises a copy of at least some applications of the plurality of original applications, a second clock, and a second trusted security zone. The method further comprises receiving, by the verification application, from a copied application, a request for a transmission with an original application of the plurality of the original applications; determining, by the verification application, if a nonce associated with the copied application is a verified nonce, wherein the nonce comprises a clock value. Determining if the nonce is a verified nonce comprises comparing, by the verification application, the clock value of the nonce to a clock value of the first clock; and determining, by the first trusted security zone, if the clock value of the nonce correlates sufficiently to the clock value of the first clock. The method further comprises granting, in response to a determination that the clock value of the nonce correlates sufficiently to the clock value of the first clock, the request and denying, in response to a determination that the clock value of the nonce does not correlate sufficiently to the clock value of the first clock, the request.
In another embodiment, a method for transmitting data between applications in a virtual environment is disclosed. The method comprises receiving, by a first application in a first virtual environment, wherein the first virtual environment comprises a trusted security zone, a plurality of applications, and a clock, at least one of a request to send information to a second application or a request to receive information from the second application, wherein the second application comprises a nonce, and sending, by the first application, a request for verification of the second application to the trusted security zone in the first virtual environment, wherein the trusted security zone comprises a verification application. The method further comprises receiving, by the first application, from the verification application, a confirmation of verification, wherein the confirmation is sent based on: comparing, by the verification application, a nonce associated with the second application with an assigned nonce of a plurality of assigned nonces stored in the trusted security zone, wherein the nonce comprises a clock value; and determining, by the verification application, that the clock value correlates sufficiently to a current clock value on the clock in the first virtual environment.
In an embodiment, a system for transmitting information between applications is disclosed. The system comprises a first virtual environment, wherein the first virtual environment comprises a clock, a first application of a plurality of applications, and a trusted security zone; and wherein the trusted security zone comprises a verification application and a nonce application. The method further comprises a second application wherein the trusted security zone receives a request from the first application to verify the second application; wherein the application in the trusted security zone determines if a nonce associated with the second application is verifiable, wherein the determination is based on a comparison of a clock value of the nonce and a clock value of the clock; and wherein, in response to the determination that the clock value of the nonce correlates sufficiently to the clock value of the clock, the second application at least one of receives a transmission from the first application or sends a transmission to the first application.
These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.
It should be understood at the outset that although illustrative implementations of one or more embodiments are illustrated below, the disclosed systems and methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or not yet in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.
Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to methods and systems for generating and using a nonce in conjunction with a trusted security zone, which may also be referred to herein as a “trust zone.” It is appreciated that a nonce, in some embodiments, may comprise one or more attributes or components and may be a unique, single-use identifier. In other embodiments, the nonce may be reusable, in whole or in part, for two or more uses. Accessing the trusted security zone may comprise one or more of the following: executing one or more secure applications in a trusted security zone of the mobile device; reading data from the trusted security zone portion of memory; writing data to the trusted security zone portion of memory; and accessing one or more keys in the trusted security zone. An application may be granted access to the trusted security zone. In some cases, a plurality of applications created and/or maintained by a telecommunications service provider or a third party such as a vendor may be granted access to communicate with or execute within the trusted security zone. Some applications may be referred to as trusted applications, which may mean that the applications are authorized to execute in the trusted security zone. Alternatively, applications referred to as authenticated applications may be authorized to communicate with the trusted security zone.
In some cases, one application may want to send information to or receive information from another application. For example, a first application may receive a request from a second application. This request may be for the second application to send information to the first application and/or for the first application to send information to the second application. However, the first application may not know if the second application is actually the second application (identify verification) or if the second application is a spoofed or otherwise corrupted or false source. This may be especially of interest if the information involved in the request is sensitive or confidential information such as financial data or health information. In addition, the first application may not know where the second application is hosted and/or is executing from, for example, whether the second application is executing on the same device as the first application, a different device than the first application, or on a remote server, in a cloned virtual environment, or in another location. Depending upon the embodiment, the first application and the second application may be in different virtual processing environments or may be in the same virtual processing environment. A virtual processing environment, as known to one skilled in the art, may be created by an operating system to provide applications executing in the virtual processing environment the appearance that they are executing on their own central processing unit. Typically a plurality of virtual processing environments—two or more—are created on a single central processing unit by an operating system; applications executing in a first one of the virtual processing environments feel as though their virtual processing environment is the complete central processing unit; and applications executing in a second one of the virtual processing environments feel as though their virtual processing environment is the complete central processing unit.
In one embodiment, a first application in a virtual environment receives a request from a second application. The virtual environment may comprise a trusted security zone, a clock, and a plurality of applications including the first and second applications. The request received by the first application may be for the first application to send information to the second application and/or for the first application to receive information from the second application. The first application may have been authorized to operate in and/or through a trusted security zone but may not know if the second application is a verified application from which it may receive information or to which it may send information. In that embodiment, the first application may want to verify that the second application is not spoofed. The first application may ask the trusted security zone to verify the second application. In an embodiment, the trusted security zone may comprise a verification application. The verification application may verify a nonce associated with and/or assigned to the second application. This may not mean that the second application would be authenticated or authorized to execute in or interact with the trusted security zone, just that the trusted security zone is the agent that verifies a nonce associated with and/or assigned to the second application so that the second application may interact with the first application. The first application may send a request to the trusted security zone to verify the second application, and the trusted security zone may then determine if the second application has a nonce assigned to and/or associated with it and if that nonce can be verified.
In an embodiment, the nonce is a unique identifier comprising at least one component that may be a number, letter, symbol, or combination thereof. In an embodiment, the nonce may comprise a time stamp that may indicate when the nonce was assigned, or may comprise a clock value that reflects the time of the virtual environment where the second application is located. The trusted security zone may also comprise a nonce application that assigns nonces to applications and that may store information such as the date, time, and other nonce components that were assigned to an application. A nonce may be assigned, for example, upon a first use/execution of an application that is in communication with or is executing in a trusted security zone. A nonce may also be assigned at the request of the verification application in response to receiving a request for verification from the first application.
If the verification application in the trusted security zone determines that the second application has a nonce assigned to it and/or associated with it, the verification application compares this nonce against information stored in the nonce application for the second application and/or stored in the trusted security zone portion of memory. The stored information may comprise a plurality of nonce components such as the date and time the nonce was assigned that should correspond to the time stamp, and/or the number, letter, symbol, or combination thereof that was assigned. If the stored information sufficiently correlates to the information from the second application, the trusted security zone may send a notification to the first application that the second application has been verified, at which time the requested transmission of information to/from the first application may commence. The nonce may comprise a clock value. In that case, the clock value is compared with the clock time in the virtual environment where the first application resides to look for a sufficient correlation. This is discussed in more detail in the embodiments below.
In combination with the present disclosure, one skilled in the art will readily be able to determine a clock value correlation threshold. In an embodiment, clock values that are within 1 second of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In another embodiment, clock values that are within 1 millisecond of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In another embodiment, clock values that are within 1 microsecond of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In general, a clock value correlation threshold may be determined such that the threshold is less than the clock skew that would typically be associated with cloning a second virtual execution environment along with the associated environment clock or environment clock value from a first virtual execution environment and first environment clock.
In an embodiment, the application requesting transmission of information, which in this is case the second application, may not have a nonce assigned. In that embodiment, a nonce may be assigned to the second application by the nonce application that is in communication with the verification application. Nonces may be assigned to applications when applications are first loaded into virtual environments, or may be assigned when the application attempts to communicate using the trusted security zone, or when the application attempts to execute in the trusted security zone. Applications may seek verification prior to transmission because the request for transmission of data was for sensitive, protected, or confidential data such as financial or healthcare data, or because the application does not want to receive a transmission of data from or send a transmission of data to an unknown source. In that embodiment, the verification application may commence verification after the nonce is assigned to the second application. In an alternate embodiment, if neither application has a nonce assigned to and/or associated with it, the verification application may request that the nonce application assign at least the application requesting transmission of information (the second application) a nonce. In some cases, the application requesting transmission of information may also have an assigned and/or associated nonce. This nonce assignment/association may depend on the type and/or sensitivity level of information requested for transmission. If the verification of the second application is successful, a notification may be sent from the trusted security zone to the first application, and then the first application may send/receive the information in the request for transmission from the second application. In an embodiment, while a nonce may be intended for single use verification, the first application may, based upon this verification, allow further transmissions to/from the second application. These further transmissions may be allowed for a predetermined period of time, for a predetermined number of messages, or combinations thereof.
If, in any of these embodiments, the verification of the nonce assigned to the second application fails, the verification application may notify the first application that the second application has not been verified. The first application may decide to re-attempt verification, may block the second application from further communication, or the trusted security zone may automatically re-attempt verification and may or may not send a notification indicating the re-attempt to the first application. The trusted security zone, for example by way of the verification application, may notify the first application that verification may be attempted again at a predetermined interval and/or that different or additional information may be requested.
In one embodiment, the first and the second applications may be in the same virtual environment. In an alternate embodiment, the first application and the second application are referred to as original applications and are in a virtual environment that may be referred to as a first or an original virtual environment. It is appreciated that, in some embodiments, the first environment may have been cloned from another environment. In another embodiment, this first virtual environment may be cloned to create a second virtual environment. The second virtual environment may comprise a copy of the plurality of original applications from the first virtual environment. This copied plurality of applications may include a copy of each the first application and the second application from the first virtual environment, as well as a trusted security zone, and a clock. In that embodiment, an application that resides in the cloned environment, which may be referred to as a copied application, may attempt to contact an application from the first virtual environment to request to send information to and/or receive information from an application in the first virtual environment such as the first application. In that embodiment, the first application in the first virtual environment may contact the trusted security zone in the first environment for verification of a nonce associated with the copied application in the second virtual environment. As discussed above, the verification application in conjunction with the nonce application determines if the copied application has a nonce. If the copied application does not have a nonce, the verification application in the first virtual environment may send a message to the first application requesting further instruction, providing options on how to proceed, or may send another request for additional information to the copied application.
If the copied application has a nonce, the verification application may verify the nonce in conjunction with the nonce application. This verification may comprise a comparison of a code assigned to the application and/or a clock value. If the nonce is determined to be a known nonce for the subject application, a further check of the clock value, which may or may not be part of the nonce, may be performed. The clock value may correspond to the clock value of the virtual environment where the second application currently executes. When the first virtual environment was cloned, the time it took to copy and clone the original virtual environment may mean that the clock value of the copied application may not correspond to the clock value in the first virtual environment. In that event, a notification may be sent to the first application that the copied application's verification failed. The first application may then block the copied application from contacting it again, re-attempt verification using the trusted security zone, and/or may send a notification to a telecommunications service provider regarding the failed verification and possible presence of a spoofed application. In an embodiment, the first application may take action to cause the copied application to obtain a nonce on its own behalf and the verification may be re-attempted.
In an alternate embodiment, when a second application requests service from a first application, the second application sends a request with a nonce to the first application, the first application asks the trusted security zone to confirm the nonce, and if the nonce is confirmed, service is provided to the second application.
A trusted security zone provides chipsets with a hardware root of trust, a secure execution environment for applications, and secure access to peripherals. A hardware root of trust means the chipset should only execute programs intended by the device manufacturer or vendor and resists software and physical attacks, and therefore remains trusted to provide the intended level of security. The chipset architecture is designed to promote a programmable environment that allows the confidentiality and integrity of assets to be protected from specific attacks. Trusted security zone capabilities are becoming features in both wireless and fixed hardware architecture designs. Providing the trusted security zone in the main mobile device chipset and protecting the hardware root of trust removes the need for separate secure hardware to authenticate the device or user. To ensure the integrity of the applications requiring trusted data, such as a mobile financial services application, the trusted security zone also provides the secure execution environment where only trusted applications can operate, safe from attacks. Security is further promoted by restricting access of non-trusted applications to peripherals, such as data inputs and data outputs, while a trusted application is running in the secure execution environment. In an embodiment, the trusted security zone may be conceptualized as hardware assisted security.
A complete trusted execution environment (TEE) may be implemented through the use of the trusted security zone hardware and software architecture. The trusted execution environment is an execution environment that is parallel to the execution environment of the main mobile device operating system. The trusted execution environment and/or the trusted security zone may provide a base layer of functionality and/or utilities for use of applications that may execute in the trusted security zone. For example, in an embodiment, trust tokens may be generated by the base layer of functionality and/or utilities of the trusted execution environment and/or trusted security zone for use in trusted end-to-end communication links to document a continuity of trust of the communications. For more details on establishing trusted end-to-end communication links relying on hardware assisted security, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/532,588, filed Jun. 25, 2012, entitled “End-to-end Trusted Communications Infrastructure,” by Leo Michael McRoberts, et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Through standardization of application programming interfaces (APIs), the trusted execution environment becomes a place to which scalable deployment of secure services can be targeted. A device which has a chipset that has a trusted execution environment on it may exist in a trusted services environment, where devices in the trusted services environment are trusted and protected against attacks. The trusted execution environment can be implemented on mobile phones and tablets as well as extending to other trusted devices such as personal computers, servers, sensors, medical devices, point-of-sale terminals, industrial automation, handheld terminals, automotive, etc.
The trusted security zone is implemented by partitioning all of the hardware and software resources of the mobile device into two partitions: a secure partition and a normal partition. Placing sensitive resources in the secure partition can protect against possible attacks on those resources. For example, resources such as trusted software applications may run in the secure partition and have access to hardware peripherals such as a touchscreen or a secure location in memory. Less secure peripherals such as wireless radios may be disabled completely while the secure partition is being accessed, while other peripherals may only be accessed from the secure partition. While the secure partition is being accessed through the trusted execution environment, the main mobile operating system in the normal partition is suspended, and applications in the normal partition are prevented from accessing the secure peripherals and data. This prevents corrupted applications or malware applications from breaking the trust of the device.
The trusted security zone is implemented by partitioning the hardware and software resources to exist in a secure subsystem which is not accessible to components outside the secure subsystem. The trusted security zone is built into the processor architecture at the time of manufacture through hardware logic present in the trusted security zone which enables a perimeter boundary between the secure partition and the normal partition. The trusted security zone may only be manipulated by those with the proper credential and, in an embodiment, may not be added to the chip after it is manufactured. Software architecture to support the secure partition may be provided through a dedicated secure kernel running trusted applications. Trusted applications are independent secure applications which can be accessed by normal applications through an application programming interface in the trusted execution environment on a chipset that utilizes the trusted security zone.
In an embodiment, the normal partition applications run on a first virtual processor, and the secure partition applications run on a second virtual processor. Both virtual processors may run on a single physical processor, executing in a time-sliced fashion, removing the need for a dedicated physical security processor. Time-sliced execution comprises switching contexts between the two virtual processors to share processor resources based on tightly controlled mechanisms such as secure software instructions or hardware exceptions. The context of the currently running virtual processor is saved, the context of the virtual processor being switched to is restored, and processing is restarted in the restored virtual processor. Time-sliced execution protects the trusted security zone by stopping the execution of the normal partition while the secure partition is executing.
The two virtual processors context switch via a processor mode called monitor mode when changing the currently running virtual processor. The mechanisms by which the processor can enter monitor mode from the normal partition are tightly controlled. The entry to monitor mode can be triggered by software executing a dedicated instruction, the Secure Monitor Call (SMC) instruction, or by a subset of the hardware exception mechanisms such as hardware interrupts, which can be configured to cause the processor to switch into monitor mode. The software that executes within monitor mode then saves the context of the running virtual processor and switches to the secure virtual processor.
The trusted security zone runs a separate operating system that is not accessible to the device users. For security purposes, the trusted security zone is not open to users for installing applications, which means users do not have access to install applications in the trusted security zone. This prevents corrupted applications or malware applications from executing powerful instructions reserved to the trusted security zone and thus preserves the trust of the device. The security of the system is achieved at least in part by partitioning the hardware and software resources of the mobile phone so they exist in one of two partitions, the secure partition for the security subsystem and the normal partition for everything else. Placing the trusted security zone in the secure partition and restricting access from the normal partition protects against software and basic hardware attacks. Hardware logic ensures that no secure partition resources can be accessed by the normal partition components or applications. A dedicated secure partition operating system runs in a virtual processor separate from the normal partition operating system that likewise executes in its own virtual processor. Users may install applications on the mobile device which may execute in the normal partition operating system described above. The trusted security zone runs a separate operating system for the secure partition that is installed by the mobile device manufacturer or vendor, and users are not able to install new applications in or alter the contents of the trusted security zone.
At least some of the applications of the plurality of original applications 106 may be considered trusted or authenticated applications. A trusted application may be one that may execute in whole or in part in the trusted security zone 110, and an authenticated application may be one that may interact with the trusted security zone 110 but may not execute in the trusted security zone 110. In an embodiment, trusted and authenticated applications may have a first nonce 108 assigned to them by a first nonce application 114 that executes in the trusted security zone 110. The first nonce 108 may be a unique, single-use, identifier that may be requested by an original application or that may be assigned to the application automatically upon downloading from a trusted and/or otherwise authorized and/or authenticated source. The first nonce 108 is a randomly constructed string of characters and/or special characters that is deemed difficult to guess or discover by trial and error. The first nonce 108 may comprise a plurality of components or attributes. In an embodiment, one attribute or component of the first nonce 108 may be an identifier comprising at least one group of numbers, letters, symbols, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments where the first nonce 108 includes more than one component/attribute, the components/attributes may also be referred to as a level of protection. In another embodiment, the first nonce 108 may comprise a time stamp which may reflect the date and/or time that the first nonce 108 was assigned to an application. In a different embodiment, the time stamp of the first nonce 108 may comprise a clock value that reflects the clock value of the first clock 104 in the virtual environment when the first nonce 108 was assigned.
At block 302 in
At block 304, the first application 106a may send a request to the trusted security zone 110 to verify a second nonce 108b that may be assigned to and/or associated with the second application 106b. The verification may comprise a verification that the second application 106b is what it claims to be and/or is executing from a known, safe, or otherwise verifiable location. In an embodiment, the first application 106a may be a trusted or authenticated application that has had a first nonce 108a assigned to it prior to the request being sent to the first trusted security zone 110 at block 302. A nonce may be assigned when an application is loaded into an environment or when an application attempts to communicate with or execute in the first trusted security zone 110. At block 306, the first verification application 112, which may reside in the first trusted security zone 110, determines if there is a nonce associated with and/or assigned to the second application 106b. In some embodiments, at the request of the second application 106b or automatically based on predetermined settings, the first verification application 112 may also look for and/or request a nonce from the first application 106a.
In one embodiment, both the first application 106a and the second application 106b may be trusted or authenticated applications that have had first nonce 108a and second nonce 108b, respectively, assigned prior to the request being sent to the first trusted security zone 110 at block 304. In that embodiment, at block 316, the first verification application 112 may confirm, for example, in conjunction with the first nonce application 114, that the first nonce 108a and the second nonce 108b assigned to the first application 106a and the second application 106b correspond to the nonces recorded in the first nonce application 114 as being assigned to those respective applications. The verification at block 310 by the first verification application 112 may verify at least the second nonce 108b. The second nonce 108b may comprise a plurality of attributes and/or components, and at least one attribute and/or component of the plurality of attributes and/or components may be verified in this process. This attribute and/or component may include a combination of symbols, numbers, letters, or combinations thereof, and/or a time stamp and/or a clock value. In some embodiments, the second application 106b may request verification of the first application 106a which may proceed in a similar fashion to the verification for the second application 106b in
In an embodiment, the time stamp of the second nonce 108b may be checked against the time stamp for the nonce assigned to the second application 106b that may be stored in the first nonce application 114. This time stamp may reflect when the second nonce 108b was assigned. In an alternate embodiment, the clock value may be checked against the value of the first clock 104 in the first virtual environment 102 where the first application 106a is located where the second application 106b is requesting to communicate with; this is discussed in more detail below with respect to
If at block 310 the first verification application 112 successfully verifies the second nonce 108b associated with and/or assigned to second application 106b at block 316, the second application 106b may be considered verified. This may be based on the verification application 112 determining that the clock value of the nonce 108b corresponds and/or correlates sufficiently to the clock value of the first clock, which may in some embodiments mean an exact match and in other embodiments may mean a match close enough to determine that the clock value of the nonce 108b is not likely to reflect that of a different and/or unauthorized cloned environment. Determining whether the clock associated with the nonce 108b correlates sufficiently with the clock value of the first clock 104 may be based on comparing the difference between the two clock values and a clock value correlation threshold. If the difference is less than the correlation threshold, the two clock values are deemed sufficiently correlated. In combination with the present disclosure, one skilled in the art will readily be able to determine a clock value correlation threshold. In an embodiment, clock values that are within 1 second of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In another embodiment, clock values that are within 1 millisecond of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In another embodiment, clock values that are within 1 microsecond of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In general, a clock value correlation threshold may be determined such that the threshold is less than the clock skew that would typically be associated with cloning a second virtual execution environment along with the associated environment clock or environment clock value from a first virtual execution environment and first environment clock.
When the clock value of the nonce 108b correlates sufficiently to the clock value of the first clock, at block 318, the first application 106a may receive a confirmation of verification, and the transmission request sent at block 302 may be granted by the first application at block 320. The information requested by the second application 106b from the first application 106a and/or the information that the second application 106b requested to send to the first application 106a may be transmitted to the first application 106a at block 322.
If the verification at block 310 fails at block 312, the second application 106b may be asked by the verification application 112 to re-authenticate, may be denied communications/transmissions with the first application 106a, may be flagged by the first verification application 112 and/or the first nonce application 114 at block 314 as an application with which communication should not be allowed, or combinations thereof. It is appreciated that, in an embodiment, the nonces such as the first nonce 108a and the second nonce 108b assigned by the first nonce application 114 are each used only for a single use, a single communication/transmission, or series of related transmissions. In an embodiment, if an application other than 106b of the first plurality of applications 106 desires transmit information to and/or receive information from the first application 106a which has never interacted with that other application or for which a previous verification is no longer valid due to a predetermined time period, a number of transmissions, or a type of transmissions has expired or been exceeded. In that embodiment, a different nonce may be assigned to the other application 106b requesting transmission or receipt of information from the first application 106a and the method in
In
The first application 106a may send a request to the first trusted security zone 110 to verify the nonce associated with and/or assigned to second application at block 304. The verification at block 306 may comprise a verification that the second application A′ 120a is what it claims to be. In an embodiment, the first application 106a may be a trusted or authenticated application that has had a first nonce 108a assigned to it prior to the request being sent to the first trusted security zone 110 at block 304. The first verification application 112 in the first trusted security zone 110 may receive the request sent at block 304 from the first application 106a. In one embodiment, both the first application 106a and the second application A′ 120a may be trusted or authenticated applications that have had a first nonce 108a and a second nonce 122, respectively, assigned prior to the request being sent to the trusted security zone 110 and prior to the first virtual environment 102 being cloned at block 502. In that embodiment, at block 306, the first verification application 112 may verify that the nonces assigned to at least one of the first application 106a and the second application A′ 120a corresponds to the nonces recorded and stored in the nonce application 114 as being assigned to each respective application. This verification at block 306 may comprise a verification of the first nonce 108a and the second nonce 122 which may comprise a plurality of attributes and/or components, and at least one attribute and/or component is verified in this process.
If the second nonce 122 comprises a time stamp, the time stamp may be checked against the time stamp for that application stored in the first nonce application 114, and this time stamp may reflect a clock value when the second nonce 122 was assigned. In an alternate embodiment, the time stamp may be a clock value that corresponds to the clock time in the environment where the second application A′ 120a resides. The clock value of the nonce 122 may be checked against the clock value on the first clock 104 in the first virtual environment 102 where the first application 106a is located.
In one embodiment, the first verification application 112 “asks” the second application A′ 120a for the time. If the current time associated with the second nonce 122 of the second application A′ 120a does not correlate sufficiently to the clock value of the first clock 104 in the first virtual environment 102, the transmission request may be denied at block 312. In one example, the verification at block 306 may fail because the clock associated with the second nonce 122 of the second application A′ 120a may not correlate closely to the current clock value on the first clock 104. This difference may be due to the time difference created when the environment 102 is cloned/copied, and may be used to indicate a spoofed or otherwise undesirable application. It is appreciated that at least the first clock 104 and any related copies may keep time down to units of measurement as small as may be needed to detect cloned, spoofed, or otherwise potentially untrustworthy applications.
Determining whether the clock associated with the second nonce 122 correlates sufficiently with the clock value of the first clock 104 may be based on comparing the difference between the two clock values and a clock value correlation threshold. If the difference is less than the correlation threshold, the two clock values are deemed sufficiently correlated. In combination with the present disclosure, one skilled in the art will readily be able to determine a clock value correlation threshold. In an embodiment, clock values that are within 1 second of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In another embodiment, clock values that are within 1 millisecond of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In another embodiment, clock values that are within 1 microsecond of each other may be sufficiently correlated. In general, a clock value correlation threshold may be determined such that the threshold is less than the clock skew that would typically be associated with cloning a second virtual execution environment along with the associated environment clock or environment clock value from a first virtual execution environment and first environment clock.
If the first verification application 112 at block 306 successfully verifies the first nonce 108a and/or the second nonce 122 at block 316, the request at 302 may be granted at block 320, after the first application 106a receives confirmation of verification at block 318. The information requested from the first application 106a and/or the information that the second application A′ 120a requested to send at block 302 may then be transmitted at block 322. In an alternate embodiment, if the application requesting transmission of information, in this case the second application A′ 120a, is not a trusted or authenticated application and therefore may not have a nonce, the first verification application 112 at block 308 may interpret this as a failed verification similar to block 312 and/or may require further steps for verification at block 324.
If the second application A′ 120a has a second nonce 122, but the verification at 306 fails, the second application 120a may be asked to re-authenticate. Instead of, or in addition to this re-authentication, a message may be sent to the first application 106a at block 314 that the verification failed at block 312, and the second application A′ 120a may be denied communications with the first application 106a. In alternate embodiments, the second application A′ 120a may be flagged at block 314 by the first verification application 112 and/or the first nonce application 114 as an application with which communication may not be allowed. It is appreciated that the nonces assigned by the nonce application 114 may be for only a single use, a single communication/transmission, or a series of related transmissions. If an application of the first plurality of applications 106 and an application of the second plurality of applications 120 wish to communicate or transmit information after the initial transmission at 322, a different nonce may be assigned to at least the application requesting transmission or receipt of information (the second application A′ 120a in this example) and the method in
The DSP 502 or some other form of controller or central processing unit operates to control the various components of the mobile device 400 in accordance with embedded software or firmware stored in memory 504 or stored in memory contained within the DSP 502 itself. In addition to the embedded software or firmware, the DSP 502 may execute other applications stored in the memory 504 or made available via information carrier media such as portable data storage media like the removable memory card 520 or via wired or wireless network communications. The application software may comprise a compiled set of machine-readable instructions that configure the DSP 502 to provide the desired functionality, or the application software may be high-level software instructions to be processed by an interpreter or compiler to indirectly configure the DSP 502.
The DSP 502 may communicate with a wireless network via the analog baseband processing unit 510. In some embodiments, the communication may provide Internet connectivity, enabling a user to gain access to content on the Internet and to send and receive e-mail or text messages. The input/output interface 518 interconnects the DSP 502 and various memories and interfaces. The memory 504 and the removable memory card 520 may provide software and data to configure the operation of the DSP 502. Among the interfaces may be the USB port 522 and the infrared port 524. The USB port 522 may enable the mobile device 400 to function as a peripheral device to exchange information with a personal computer or other computer system. The infrared port 524 and other optional ports such as a Bluetooth® interface or an IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless interface may enable the mobile device 400 to communicate wirelessly with other nearby handsets and/or wireless base stations.
The keypad 528 couples to the DSP 502 via the input/output interface 518 to provide one mechanism for the user to make selections, enter information, and otherwise provide input to the mobile device 400. Another input mechanism may be the touch screen LCD 530, which may also display text and/or graphics to the user. The touch screen LCD controller 532 couples the DSP 502 to the touch screen LCD 530. The GPS receiver 538 is coupled to the DSP 502 to decode global positioning system signals, thereby enabling the mobile device 400 to determine its position.
It is understood that by programming and/or loading executable instructions onto the computer system 380, at least one of the CPU 382, the RAM 388, and the ROM 386 are changed, transforming the computer system 380 in part into a particular machine or apparatus having the novel functionality taught by the present disclosure. It is fundamental to the electrical engineering and software engineering arts that functionality that can be implemented by loading executable software into a computer can be converted to a hardware implementation by well known design rules. Decisions between implementing a concept in software versus hardware typically hinge on considerations of stability of the design and numbers of units to be produced rather than any issues involved in translating from the software domain to the hardware domain. Generally, a design that is still subject to frequent change may be preferred to be implemented in software, because re-spinning a hardware implementation is more expensive than re-spinning a software design. Generally, a design that is stable that will be produced in large volume may be preferred to be implemented in hardware, for example in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), because for large production runs the hardware implementation may be less expensive than the software implementation. Often a design may be developed and tested in a software form and later transformed, by well known design rules, to an equivalent hardware implementation in an application specific integrated circuit that hardwires the instructions of the software. In the same manner as a machine controlled by a new ASIC is a particular machine or apparatus, likewise a computer that has been programmed and/or loaded with executable instructions may be viewed as a particular machine or apparatus.
The secondary storage 384 is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives and is used for non-volatile storage of data and as an over-flow data storage device if RAM 388 is not large enough to hold all working data. Secondary storage 384 may be used to store programs which are loaded into RAM 388 when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM 386 is used to store instructions and perhaps data which are read during program execution. ROM 386 is a non-volatile memory device which typically has a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of secondary storage 384. The RAM 388 is used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both ROM 386 and RAM 388 is typically faster than to secondary storage 384. The secondary storage 384, the RAM 388, and/or the ROM 386 may be referred to in some contexts as computer readable storage media and/or non-transitory computer readable media.
I/O devices 390 may include printers, video monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screen displays, keyboards, keypads, switches, dials, mice, track balls, voice recognizers, card readers, paper tape readers, or other well-known input devices.
The network connectivity devices 392 may take the form of modems, modem banks, Ethernet cards, universal serial bus (USB) interface cards, serial interfaces, token ring cards, fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) cards, wireless local area network (WLAN) cards, radio transceiver cards such as code division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobile communications (GSM), long-term evolution (LTE), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and/or other air interface protocol radio transceiver cards, and other well-known network devices. These network connectivity devices 392 may enable the processor 382 to communicate with the Internet or one or more intranets. With such a network connection, it is contemplated that the processor 382 might receive information from the network, or might output information to the network in the course of performing the above-described method steps. Such information, which is often represented as a sequence of instructions to be executed using processor 382, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave.
Such information, which may include data or instructions to be executed using processor 382 for example, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data baseband signal or signal embodied in a carrier wave. The baseband signal or signal embedded in the carrier wave, or other types of signals currently used or hereafter developed, may be generated according to several methods well known to one skilled in the art. The baseband signal and/or signal embedded in the carrier wave may be referred to in some contexts as a transitory signal.
The processor 382 executes instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts which it accesses from hard disk, floppy disk, optical disk (these various disk based systems may all be considered secondary storage 384), ROM 386, RAM 388, or the network connectivity devices 392. While only one processor 382 is shown, multiple processors may be present. Thus, while instructions may be discussed as executed by a processor, the instructions may be executed simultaneously, serially, or otherwise executed by one or multiple processors. Instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts, and/or data that may be accessed from the secondary storage 384, for example, hard drives, floppy disks, optical disks, and/or other device, the ROM 386, and/or the RAM 388 may be referred to in some contexts as non-transitory instructions and/or non-transitory information.
In an embodiment, the computer system 380 may comprise two or more computers in communication with each other that collaborate to perform a task. For example, but not by way of limitation, an application may be partitioned in such a way as to permit concurrent and/or parallel processing of the instructions of the application. Alternatively, the data processed by the application may be partitioned in such a way as to permit concurrent and/or parallel processing of different portions of a data set by the two or more computers. In an embodiment, virtualization software may be employed by the computer system 380 to provide the functionality of a number of servers that is not directly bound to the number of computers in the computer system 380. For example, virtualization software may provide twenty virtual servers on four physical computers. In an embodiment, the functionality disclosed above may be provided by executing the application and/or applications in a cloud computing environment. Cloud computing may comprise providing computing services via a network connection using dynamically scalable computing resources. Cloud computing may be supported, at least in part, by virtualization software. A cloud computing environment may be established by an enterprise and/or may be hired on an as-needed basis from a third party provider. Some cloud computing environments may comprise cloud computing resources owned and operated by the enterprise as well as cloud computing resources hired and/or leased from a third party provider.
In an embodiment, some or all of the functionality disclosed above may be provided as a computer program product. The computer program product may comprise one or more computer readable storage medium having computer usable program code embodied therein to implement the functionality disclosed above. The computer program product may comprise data structures, executable instructions, and other computer usable program code. The computer program product may be embodied in removable computer storage media and/or non-removable computer storage media. The removable computer readable storage medium may comprise, without limitation, a paper tape, a magnetic tape, magnetic disk, an optical disk, a solid state memory chip, for example analog magnetic tape, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) disks, floppy disks, jump drives, digital cards, multimedia cards, and others. The computer program product may be suitable for loading, by the computer system 380, at least portions of the contents of the computer program product to the secondary storage 384, to the ROM 386, to the RAM 388, and/or to other non-volatile memory and volatile memory of the computer system 380. The processor 382 may process the executable instructions and/or data structures in part by directly accessing the computer program product, for example by reading from a CD-ROM disk inserted into a disk drive peripheral of the computer system 380. Alternatively, the processor 382 may process the executable instructions and/or data structures by remotely accessing the computer program product, for example by downloading the executable instructions and/or data structures from a remote server through the network connectivity devices 392. The computer program product may comprise instructions that promote the loading and/or copying of data, data structures, files, and/or executable instructions to the secondary storage 384, to the ROM 386, to the RAM 388, and/or to other non-volatile memory and volatile memory of the computer system 380.
In some contexts, the secondary storage 384, the ROM 386, and the RAM 388 may be referred to as a non-transitory computer readable medium or a computer readable storage media. A dynamic RAM embodiment of the RAM 388, likewise, may be referred to as a non-transitory computer readable medium in that while the dynamic RAM receives electrical power and is operated in accordance with its design, for example during a period of time during which the computer system 380 is turned on and operational, the dynamic RAM stores information that is written to it. Similarly, the processor 382 may comprise an internal RAM, an internal ROM, a cache memory, and/or other internal non-transitory storage blocks, sections, or components that may be referred to in some contexts as non-transitory computer readable media or computer readable storage media.
While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted or not implemented.
Also, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component, whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein.
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