Patent Application
20230055420
The present disclosure relates to virtual reality and augmented reality imaging and visualization systems.
Modern computing and display technologies have facilitated the development of systems for so called “virtual reality” or “augmented reality” experiences, wherein digitally reproduced images or portions thereof are presented to a user in a manner wherein they seem to be, or may be perceived as, real. A virtual reality, or “VR”, scenario typically involves presentation of digital or virtual image information without transparency to actual real-world visual input. An augmented reality, or “AR”, scenario typically involves presentation of digital or virtual image information as an augmentation to visualization of the actual world around the user. For example, referring to
There are numerous challenges when it comes to presenting 3D virtual content to a user of an AR system. A central premise of presenting 3D content to a user involves creating a perception of multiple depths. In other words, it may be desirable that some virtual content appear closer to the user, while other virtual content appear to be coming from farther away. Thus, to achieve 3D perception, the AR system should be configured to deliver virtual content at different focal planes relative to the user.
In order for a 3D display to produce a true sensation of depth, and more specifically, a simulated sensation of surface depth, it is desirable for each point in the display's visual field to generate the accommodative response corresponding to its virtual depth. If the accommodative response to a display point does not correspond to the virtual depth of that point, as determined by the binocular depth cues of convergence and stereopsis, the human visual system may experience an accommodation conflict, resulting in unstable imaging, harmful eye strain, headaches, and, in the absence of accommodation information, almost a complete lack of surface depth.
Therefore, there is a need for improved technologies to implement 3D displays that resolve these and other problems of the conventional approaches. The systems and techniques described herein are configured to work with the visual configuration of the typical human to address these challenges.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to devices, systems and methods for facilitating virtual reality and/or augmented reality interaction for one or more users.
An augmented reality (AR) display system for delivering augmented reality content to a user, according to some embodiments, comprises an image-generating source to provide one or more frames of image data, a light modulator to transmit light associated with the one or more frames of image data, a diffractive optical element (DOE) to receive the light associated with the one or more frames of image data and direct the light to the user's eyes, the DOE comprising a diffraction structure having a waveguide substrate corresponding to a waveguide refractive index, a surface grating, and an intermediate layer (referred to also herein as an “underlayer”) disposed between the waveguide substrate and the surface grating, wherein the underlayer corresponds to an underlayer diffractive index that is different from the waveguide refractive index.
According to some embodiments of the invention, a diffraction structure is employed for a DOE that includes an underlayer that resides between a waveguide substrate and a top grating surface. The top grating surface comprises a first material that corresponds to a first refractive index value, the underlayer comprises a second material that corresponds to a second refractive index value, and the substrate comprises a third material that corresponds to a third refractive index value.
Any combination of same or different materials may be employed to implement each of these portions of structure, e.g., where all three materials are different (and all three correspond to different refractive index values), or where two of the layers share the same material (e.g., where two of the three materials are the same and therefore share a common reflective index value that differs from the refractive index value of the third material). Any suitable set of materials may be used to implement any layer of the improved diffraction structure.
Thus a variety of combinations is available wherein an underlayer of one index is combined with a top grating of another index, along with a substrate of a third index, and wherein adjusting these relative values provides a lot of variation in dependence of diffraction efficiency upon incidence angle. A layered waveguide with different layers of refractive indices is presented. Various combinations and permutations are presented along with related performance data to illustrate functionality. The benefits include increased angle, which provides an increased output angle with the grating and therefore an increased field of view with the eyepiece. Further, the ability to counteract the normal reduction in diffraction efficiency with angle is functionally beneficial.
Additional and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are described in the detail description, figures and claims.
According to some embodiments of the invention, a diffraction structure is employed that includes an underlayer/intermediate layer that resides between a waveguide substrate and a top grating surface. The top grating surface comprises a first material that corresponds to a first refractive index value, the underlayer comprises a second material that corresponds to a second refractive index value, and the substrate comprises a third material that corresponds to a third refractive index value.
One advantage of this approach is that appropriate selection of the relative indices of refraction for the three layers allows the structure to obtain a larger field of view for a greater range of incident light, by virtue of the fact that the lowest total internal reflection angle is reduced as the index of refraction is increased. Diffraction efficiencies can be increased, allowing for “brighter” light outputs to the display(s) of image viewing devices.
A variety of combinations is available wherein an underlayer of one index is combined with a top grating of another index, along with a substrate of a third index, and wherein adjusting these relative values provides a lot of variation in dependence of diffraction efficiency upon incidence angle. A layered waveguide with different layers of refractive indices is presented. Various combinations and permutations are presented along with related performance data to illustrate functionality. The benefits include increased angle, which provides an increased output angle with the grating and therefore an increased field of view with the eyepiece. Further, the ability to counteract the normal reduction in diffraction efficiency with angle is functionally beneficial.
This portion of the disclosure describes example display systems that may be used in conjunction with the improved diffraction structure of the invention.
In fact, the typical human eye is able to interpret numerous layers of depth based upon radial distance, e.g., able to interpret approximately 12 layers of depth. A near field limit of about 0.25 meters is about the closest depth of focus; a far-field limit of about 3 meters means that any item farther than about 3 meters from the human eye receives infinite focus. The layers of focus get more and more thin as one gets closer to the eye; in other words, the eye is able to perceive differences in focal distance that are quite small relatively close to the eye, and this effect dissipates as objects fall farther away from the eye. At an infinite object location, a depth of focus/dioptric spacing value is about 1/3 diopters.
Referring to
As shown in
The local processing and data module (70) may comprise a power-efficient processor or controller, as well as digital memory, such as flash memory, both of which may be utilized to assist in the processing, caching, and storage of data a) captured from sensors which may be operatively coupled to the frame (64), such as image capture devices (such as cameras), microphones, inertial measurement units, accelerometers, compasses, GPS units, radio devices, and/or gyros; and/or b) acquired and/or processed using the remote processing module (72) and/or remote data repository (74), possibly for passage to the display (62) after such processing or retrieval. The local processing and data module (70) may be operatively coupled (76, 78), such as via a wired or wireless communication links, to the remote processing module (72) and remote data repository (74) such that these remote modules (72, 74) are operatively coupled to each other and available as resources to the local processing and data module (70).
In one embodiment, the remote processing module (72) may comprise one or more relatively powerful processors or controllers configured to analyze and process data and/or image information. In one embodiment, the remote data repository (74) may comprise a relatively large-scale digital data storage facility, which may be available through the internet or other networking configuration in a “cloud” resource configuration. In one embodiment, all data is stored and all computation is performed in the local processing and data module, allowing fully autonomous use from any remote modules.
Perceptions of Z-axis difference (i.e., distance straight out from the eye along the optical axis) may be facilitated by using a waveguide in conjunction with a variable focus optical element configuration. Image information from a display may be collimated and injected into a waveguide and distributed in a large exit pupil manner using any suitable substrate-guided optics methods known to those skilled in the art—and then variable focus optical element capability may be utilized to change the focus of the wavefront of light emerging from the waveguide and provide the eye with the perception that the light coming from the waveguide is from a particular focal distance. In other words, since the incoming light has been collimated to avoid challenges in total internal reflection waveguide configurations, it will exit in collimated fashion, requiring a viewer's eye to accommodate to the far point to bring it into focus on the retina, and naturally be interpreted as being from optical infinity—unless some other intervention causes the light to be refocused and perceived as from a different viewing distance; one suitable such intervention is a variable focus lens.
In some embodiments, collimated image information is injected into a piece of glass or other material at an angle such that it totally internally reflects and is passed into the adjacent waveguide. The waveguide may be configured so that the collimated light from the display is distributed to exit somewhat uniformly across the distribution of reflectors or diffractive features along the length of the waveguide. Upon exit toward the eye, the exiting light is passed through a variable focus lens element wherein, depending upon the controlled focus of the variable focus lens element, the light exiting the variable focus lens element and entering the eye will have various levels of focus (a collimated flat wavefront to represent optical infinity, more and more beam divergence/wavefront curvature to represent closer viewing distance relative to the eye 58).
In a “frame sequential” configuration, a stack of sequential two-dimensional images may be fed to the display sequentially to produce three-dimensional perception over time, in a manner akin to the manner in which a computed tomography system uses stacked image slices to represent a three-dimensional structure. A series of two-dimensional image slices may be presented to the eye, each at a different focal distance to the eye, and the eye/brain would integrate such a stack into a perception of a coherent three-dimensional volume. Depending upon the display type, line-by-line, or even pixel-by-pixel sequencing may be conducted to produce the perception of three-dimensional viewing. For example, with a scanned light display (such as a scanning fiber display or scanning mirror display), then the display is presenting the waveguide with one line or one pixel at a time in a sequential fashion.
Referring to
The waveguide (182) nearest the eye is configured to deliver collimated light, as injected into such waveguide (182), to the eye, which may be representative of the optical infinity focal plane. The next waveguide up (184) is configured to send out collimated light which passes through the first weak lens (192; e.g., a weak negative lens) before it can reach the eye (58). The first weak lens (192) may be configured to create a slight convex wavefront curvature so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from that next waveguide up (184) as coming from a first focal plane closer inward toward the person from optical infinity. Similarly, the third up waveguide (186) passes its output light through both the first (192) and second (194) lenses before reaching the eye (58). The combined optical power of the first (192) and second (194) lenses may be configured to create another incremental amount of wavefront divergence so that the eye/brain interprets light coming from that third waveguide up (186) as coming from a second focal plane even closer inward toward the person from optical infinity than was light from the next waveguide up (184).
The other waveguide layers (188, 190) and weak lenses (196, 198) are similarly configured, with the highest waveguide (190) in the stack sending its output through all of the weak lenses between it and the eye for an aggregate focal power representative of the closest focal plane to the person. To compensate for the stack of lenses (198, 196, 194, 192) when viewing/interpreting light coming from the world (144) on the other side of the stacked waveguide assembly (178), a compensating lens layer (180) is disposed at the top of the stack to compensate for the aggregate power of the lens stack (198, 196, 194, 192) below. Such a configuration provides as many perceived focal planes as there are available waveguide/lens pairings, again with a relatively large exit pupil configuration as described above. Both the reflective aspects of the waveguides and the focusing aspects of the lenses may be static (i.e., not dynamic or electro-active). In an alternative embodiment they may be dynamic using electro-active features as described above, enabling a small number of waveguides to be multiplexed in a time sequential fashion to produce a larger number of effective focal planes.
Various diffraction configurations can be employed for focusing and/or redirecting collimated beams. For example, passing a collimated beam through a linear diffraction pattern, such as a Bragg grating, will deflect, or “steer”, the beam. Passing a collimated beam through a radially symmetric diffraction pattern, or “Fresnel zone plate”, will change the focal point of the beam. A combination diffraction pattern can be employed that has both linear and radial elements produces both deflection and focusing of a collimated input beam. These deflection and focusing effects can be produced in a reflective as well as transmissive mode.
These principles may be applied with waveguide configurations to allow for additional optical system control. As shown in
Preferably, the DOE (220) has a relatively low diffraction efficiency so that only a portion of the light of the beam is deflected toward the eye (58) with each intersection of the DOE (220) while the rest continues to move through the planar waveguide (216) via total internal reflection; the light carrying the image information is thus divided into a number of related light beams that exit the waveguide at a multiplicity of locations and the result is a fairly uniform pattern of exit emission toward the eye (58) for this particular collimated beam bouncing around within the planar waveguide (216), as shown in
Referring to
Referring to
The DOEs (220, 221) are depicted bisecting the associated waveguides (216, 218) but this need not be the case; they could be placed closer to, or upon, either side of either of the waveguides (216, 218) to have the same functionality. Thus, as shown in
In one embodiment, one or more DOEs are switchable between “on” states in which they actively diffract, and “off” states in which they do not significantly diffract. For instance, a switchable DOE may comprise a layer of polymer dispersed liquid crystal, in which microdroplets comprise a diffraction pattern in a host medium, and the refractive index of the microdroplets can be switched to substantially match the refractive index of the host material (in which case the pattern does not appreciably diffract incident light) or the microdroplet can be switched to an index that does not match that of the host medium (in which case the pattern actively diffracts incident light). Further, with dynamic changes to the diffraction terms, a beam scanning or tiling functionality may be achieved. As noted above, it is desirable to have a relatively low diffraction grating efficiency in each of the DOEs (220, 221) because it facilitates distribution of the light, and also because light coming through the waveguides that is desirably transmitted (for example, light coming from the world 144 toward the eye 58 in an augmented reality configuration) is less affected when the diffraction efficiency of the DOE that it crosses (220) is lower—so a better view of the real world through such a configuration is achieved.
Configurations such as those illustrated herein preferably are driven with injection of image information in a time sequential approach, with frame sequential driving being the most straightforward to implement. For example, an image of the sky at optical infinity may be injected at time1 and the diffraction grating retaining collimation of light may be utilized. Thereafter, an image of a closer tree branch may be injected at time2 while a DOE controllably imparts a focal change, say one diopter or 1 meter away, to provide the eye/brain with the perception that the branch light information is coming from the closer focal range. This kind of paradigm can be repeated in rapid time sequential fashion such that the eye/brain perceives the input to be all part of the same image. This is just a two focal plane example—preferably the system will include more focal planes to provide a smoother transition between objects and their focal distances. This kind of configuration generally assumes that the DOE is switched at a relatively low speed (i.e., in sync with the frame-rate of the display that is injecting the images—in the range of tens to hundreds of cycles/second).
The opposite extreme may be a configuration wherein DOE elements can shift focus at tens to hundreds of MHz or greater, which facilitates switching of the focus state of the DOE elements on a pixel-by-pixel basis as the pixels are scanned into the eye (58) using a scanned light display type of approach. This is desirable because it means that the overall display frame-rate can be kept quite low; just low enough to make sure that “flicker” is not a problem (in the range of about 60-120 frames/sec).
In between these ranges, if the DOEs can be switched at KHz rates, then on a line-by-line basis the focus on each scan line may be adjusted, which may afford the user with a visible benefit in terms of temporal artifacts during an eye motion relative to the display, for example. For instance, the different focal planes in a scene may, in this manner, be interleaved, to minimize visible artifacts in response to a head motion (as is discussed in greater detail later in this disclosure). A line-by-line focus modulator may be operatively coupled to a line scan display, such as a grating light valve display, in which a linear array of pixels is swept to form an image; and may be operatively coupled to scanned light displays, such as fiber-scanned displays and mirror-scanned light displays.
A stacked configuration, similar to those of
Referring to
As discussed above, an object at optical infinity creates a substantially planar wavefront, while an object closer, such as 1 m away from the eye, creates a curved wavefront (with about 1 m convex radius of curvature). The eye's optical system needs to have enough optical power to bend the incoming rays of light so that they end up focused on the retina (convex wavefront gets turned into concave, and then down to a focal point on the retina). These are basic functions of the eye.
In many of the embodiments described above, light directed to the eye has been treated as being part of one continuous wavefront, some subset of which would hit the pupil of the particular eye. In another approach, light directed to the eye may be effectively discretized or broken down into a plurality of beamlets or individual rays, each of which has a diameter less than about 0.5 mm and a unique propagation pathway as part of a greater aggregated wavefront that may be functionally created with the an aggregation of the beamlets or rays. For example, a curved wavefront may be approximated by aggregating a plurality of discrete neighboring collimated beams, each of which is approaching the eye from an appropriate angle to represent a point of origin that matches the center of the radius of curvature of the desired aggregate wavefront.
When the beamlets have a diameter of about 0.5 mm or less, it is as though it is coming through a pinhole lens configuration, which means that each individual beamlet is always in relative focus on the retina, independent of the accommodation state of the eye—however the trajectory of each beamlet will be affected by the accommodation state. For instance, if the beamlets approach the eye in parallel, representing a discretized collimated aggregate wavefront, then an eye that is correctly accommodated to infinity will deflect the beamlets to all converge upon the same shared spot on the retina, and will appear in focus. If the eye accommodates to, say, 1 m, the beams will be converged to a spot in front of the retina, cross paths, and fall on multiple neighboring or partially overlapping spots on the retina—appearing blurred.
If the beamlets approach the eye in a diverging configuration, with a shared point of origin 1 meter from the viewer, then an accommodation of 1 m will steer the beams to a single spot on the retina, and will appear in focus; if the viewer accommodates to infinity, the beamlets will converge to a spot behind the retina, and produce multiple neighboring or partially overlapping spots on the retina, producing a blurred image. Stated more generally, the accommodation of the eye determines the degree of overlap of the spots on the retina, and a given pixel is “in focus” when all of the spots are directed to the same spot on the retina and “defocused” when the spots are offset from one another. This notion that all of the 0.5 mm diameter or less beamlets are always in focus, and that they may be aggregated to be perceived by the eyes/brain as though they are substantially the same as coherent wavefronts, may be utilized in producing configurations for comfortable three-dimensional virtual or augmented reality perception.
In other words, a set of multiple narrow beams may be used to emulate what is going on with a larger diameter variable focus beam, and if the beamlet diameters are kept to a maximum of about 0.5 mm, then they maintain a relatively static focus level, and to produce the perception of out-of-focus when desired, the beamlet angular trajectories may be selected to create an effect much like a larger out-of-focus beam (such a defocusing treatment may not be the same as a Gaussian blur treatment as for the larger beam, but will create a multimodal point spread function that may be interpreted in a similar fashion to a Gaussian blur).
In some embodiments, the beamlets are not mechanically deflected to form this aggregate focus effect, but rather the eye receives a superset of many beamlets that includes both a multiplicity of incident angles and a multiplicity of locations at which the beamlets intersect the pupil; to represent a given pixel from a particular viewing distance, a subset of beamlets from the superset that comprise the appropriate angles of incidence and points of intersection with the pupil (as if they were being emitted from the same shared point of origin in space) are turned on with matching color and intensity, to represent that aggregate wavefront, while beamlets in the superset that are inconsistent with the shared point of origin are not turned on with that color and intensity (but some of them may be turned on with some other color and intensity level to represent, e.g., a different pixel).
Referring now to
The image generating processor is responsible for generating virtual content to be ultimately displayed to the user. The image generating processor may convert an image or video associated with the virtual content to a format that can be projected to the user in 3D. For example, in generating 3D content, the virtual content may need to be formatted such that portions of a particular image are displayed on a particular depth plane while other are displayed at other depth planes. Or, all of the image may be generated at a particular depth plane. Or, the image generating processor may be programmed to feed slightly different images to right and left eye such that when viewed together, the virtual content appears coherent and comfortable to the user's eyes. In one or more embodiments, the image generating processor 812 delivers virtual content to the optics assembly in a time-sequential manner. A first portion of a virtual scene may be delivered first, such that the optics assembly projects the first portion at a first depth plane. Then, the image generating processor 812 may deliver another portion of the same virtual scene such that the optics assembly projects the second portion at a second depth plane and so on. Here, the Alvarez lens assembly may be laterally translated quickly enough to produce multiple lateral translations (corresponding to multiple depth planes) on a frame-to frame basis.
The image generating processor 812 may further include a memory 814, a CPU 818, a GPU 816, and other circuitry for image generation and processing. The image generating processor may be programmed with the desired virtual content to be presented to the user of the AR system. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the image generating processor may be housed in the wearable AR system. In other embodiments, the image generating processor and other circuitry may be housed in a belt pack that is coupled to the wearable optics.
The AR system also includes coupling optics 832 to direct the light from the FSD to the optics assembly 802. The coupling optics 832 may refer to one more conventional lenses that are used to direct the light into the DOE assembly. The AR system also includes the eye-tracking subsystem 806 that is configured to track the user's eyes and determine the user's focus.
In one or more embodiments, software blurring may be used to induce blurring as part of a virtual scene. A blurring module may be part of the processing circuitry in one or more embodiments. The blurring module may blur portions of one or more frames of image data being fed into the DOE. In such an embodiment, the blurring module may blur out parts of the frame that are not meant to be rendered at a particular depth frame.
Example approaches that can be used to implement the above image display systems, and components therein, are described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 14/555,585 filed on Nov. 27, 2014, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
As stated above, a diffraction pattern can be formed onto a planar waveguide, such that as a collimated beam is totally internally reflected along the planar waveguide, the beam intersects the diffraction pattern at a multiplicity of locations. This arrangement can be stacked to provide image objects at multiple focal planes within a stereoscopic 3-D simulation display system according to some embodiments of the invention.
Therefore, it is possible that the usable range of configuration 1300 is somewhat limited and therefore undesirable, as the spacing of bounces may decrease at higher angles of incidence, which may further reduce the brightness seen by an observer at those angles. The diffraction efficiency is lower at the most shallow angles of incidence, which is not entirely desirable, because the bounce spacing (see
In some embodiments of waveguide-based optical systems or substrate guided optical systems, such as those described above, different pixels in a substrate-guided image are represented by beams propagating at different angles within the waveguide, where light propagates along the waveguide by total internal reflection (TIR). The range of beam angles that remain trapped in a waveguide by TIR is a function of the difference in refractive index between the waveguide and the medium (e.g., air) outside the waveguide; the higher the difference in refractive index, the larger the number of beam angles. In certain embodiments, the range of beam angles propagating along the waveguide correlates with the field of view of the image coupled out of the face of the waveguide by a diffractive element, and with the image resolution supported by the optical system. Additionally, the angle range in which total internal reflection occurs is dictated by the index of refraction of the waveguide—in some embodiments a minimum of about 43 degrees and a practical maximum of approximately 83 degrees, thus a 40 degree range.
As shown in
Gratings formed on higher index substrates may be utilized to couple light out even if they themselves have a lower index of refraction, so long as the layer of material comprising the grating is not too thick between the grating and the substrate. This is related to the fact that one can have a more broad range of angles for total internal reflection (“TIR”) with such a configuration. In other words, the TIR angle drops to lower values with such a configuration. In addition, it is noted that many of the current etching processes may not be well suited for extending to high-index glasses. It is desirable in some embodiments to replicate an outcoupling layer reliably and inexpensively.
The configuration of the underlayer 1406 may be adjusted to alter the performance characteristics of structure 1500, e.g., by changing the thickness of the underlayer 1406. The configuration of
As shown by the data in these plots, as the underlayer thickness is increased, the diffraction efficiency as a function of incident angle becomes much more nonlinear and suppressed at high angles, which may not be desirable. Thus in this case, control of the underlayer is an important functional input. However, it should be noted that with a zero-thickness underlayer and only grating features themselves possessing the lower index, the range of angles supported by the structure is governed by the TIR condition in the higher index base material, rather than the lower index grating feature material.
Referring to
Simulations related to such a configuration are presented in
Indeed, in some embodiments, diffraction efficiency versus angles may increase at high angles. This may be a desirable feature for some embodiments since it helps to compensate for the lower bounce spacing that may occur at higher propagation angles. Therefore, the structural configuration of
Referring to
Referring to
It is noted that the underlayer 1406 does not need to be uniform across the entire substrate. Any characteristic of the underlayer 1406 may be varied at different locations of the substrate, such as variances in the thickness, composition, and/or index of refraction of the underlayer 1406. One possible reason for varying the characteristics of the underlayer 1406 is to promote uniform display characteristics in the presence of known variations in either the display image and/or non-uniform transmission of light within the display system.
For example, as shown in
The characteristics of the underlayer 1406 can be adjusted across the substrate 1302 to make the output light more uniform.
Thus a variety of combinations is available wherein an underlayer 1406 of one index is combined with a top grating 1304 of another index, along with a substrate 1302 of a third index, and wherein adjusting these relative values provides a lot of variation in dependence of diffraction efficiency upon incidence angle. A layered waveguide with different layers of refractive indices is presented. Various combinations and permutations are presented along with related performance data to illustrate functionality. The benefits include increased angle, which provides an increased output angle with the grating 1304 and therefore an increased field of view with the eyepiece. Further, the ability to counteract the normal reduction in diffraction efficiency with angle is functionally beneficial.
In addition, layer 1409 can be formed from a material having a relatively high index of refraction. In this situation, it is the gratings on the layer 1409 that would provide the diffraction effects for all or a substantial amount of the incident light, rather than the grating surface 1304.
As is clear, different relative combinations of refractive index values can be selected for the different layers, including layer 1409, to achieve desired optical effects and results.
Such structures may be manufactured using any suitable manufacturing techniques. Certain high-refractive index polymers such as one known as “MR 174” may be directly embossed, printed, or etched to produce desired patterned structures, although there may be challenges related to cure shrinkage and the like of such layers. Thus, in another embodiment, another material may be imprinted, embossed, or etched upon a high-refractive index polymer layer (i.e., such as a layer of MR 174) to produce a functionally similar result. Current state of the art printing, etching (i.e., which may include resist removal and patterning steps similar to those utilized in conventional semiconductor processes), and embossing techniques may be utilized and/or combined to accomplish such printing, embossing, and/or etching steps. Molding techniques, similar to those utilized, for example, in the production of DVDs, may also be utilized for certain replication steps. Further, certain jetting or deposition techniques utilized in printing and other deposition processes may also be utilized for depositing certain layers with precision.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the above-described process flows are described with reference to a particular ordering of process actions. However, the ordering of many of the described process actions may be changed without affecting the scope or operation of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.
Various example embodiments of the invention are described herein. Reference is made to these examples in a non-limiting sense. They are provided to illustrate more broadly applicable aspects of the invention. Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process act(s) or step(s) to the objective(s), spirit or scope of the present invention. Further, as will be appreciated by those with skill in the art that each of the individual variations described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present inventions. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of claims associated with this disclosure.
The invention includes methods that may be performed using the subject devices. The methods may comprise the act of providing such a suitable device. Such provision may be performed by the end user. In other words, the “providing” act merely requires the end user obtain, access, approach, position, set-up, activate, power-up or otherwise act to provide the requisite device in the subject method. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order of the recited events which is logically possible, as well as in the recited order of events.
Example aspects of the invention, together with details regarding material selection and manufacture have been set forth above. As for other details of the present invention, these may be appreciated in connection with the above-referenced patents and publications as well as generally known or appreciated by those with skill in the art. The same may hold true with respect to method-based aspects of the invention in terms of additional acts as commonly or logically employed.
In addition, though the invention has been described in reference to several examples optionally incorporating various features, the invention is not to be limited to that which is described or indicated as contemplated with respect to each variation of the invention. Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalents (whether recited herein or not included for the sake of some brevity) may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, where a range of values is provided, it is understood that every intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention.
Also, it is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventive variations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one or more of the features described herein. Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in claims associated hereto, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “said,” and “the” include plural referents unless the specifically stated otherwise. In other words, use of the articles allow for “at least one” of the subject item in the description above as well as claims associated with this disclosure. It is further noted that such claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation.
Without the use of such exclusive terminology, the term “comprising” in claims associated with this disclosure shall allow for the inclusion of any additional element—irrespective of whether a given number of elements are enumerated in such claims, or the addition of a feature could be regarded as transforming the nature of an element set forth in such claims. Except as specifically defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein are to be given as broad a commonly understood meaning as possible while maintaining claim validity.
The breadth of the present invention is not to be limited to the examples provided and/or the subject specification, but rather only by the scope of claim language associated with this disclosure.
The above description of illustrated embodiments is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Although specific embodiments of and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. The teachings provided herein of the various embodiments can be applied to other devices that implement virtual or AR or hybrid systems and/or which employ user interfaces, not necessarily the example AR systems generally described above.
For instance, the foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs executed by one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs executed by on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs executed by one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this disclosure.
When logic is implemented as software and stored in memory, logic or information can be stored on any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with any processor-related system or method. In the context of this disclosure, a memory is a computer-readable medium that is an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other physical device or means that contains or stores a computer and/or processor program. Logic and/or the information can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions associated with logic and/or information.
In the context of this specification, a “computer-readable medium” can be any element that can store the program associated with logic and/or information for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, and/or device. The computer-readable medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable medium would include the following: a portable computer diskette (magnetic, compact flash card, secure digital, or the like), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), digital tape, and other nontransitory media.
Many of the methods described herein can be performed with variations. For example, many of the methods may include additional acts, omit some acts, and/or perform acts in a different order than as illustrated or described.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. To the extent that they are not inconsistent with the specific teachings and definitions herein, all of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary, to employ systems, circuits and concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
Moreover, the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/209,426 filed on Mar. 23, 2021 entitled “VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS AND METHODS HAVING IMPROVED DIFFRACTIVE GRATING STRUCTURES,” under Attorney Docket No. ML-0244USCON4, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/868,826 filed on May 7, 2020 entitled “VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS AND METHODS HAVING IMPROVED DIFFRACTIVE GRATING STRUCTURES,” under Attorney Docket No. ML-0244USCON3, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/573,120, filed on Sep. 17, 2019 entitled “VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS AND METHODS HAVING IMPROVED DIFFRACTIVE GRATING STRUCTURES,” under Attorney Docket No. ML-0244USCON2, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/896,438, filed on Feb. 14, 2018 entitled “VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS AND METHODS HAVING IMPROVED DIFFRACTIVE GRATING STRUCTURES,” under Attorney Docket No. ML-0244USCON1, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/007,117, filed on Jan. 26, 2016 entitled “VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS AND METHODS HAVING IMPROVED DIFFRACTIVE GRATING STRUCTURES,” under Attorney Docket No. ML.20022.00, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/107,977, filed on Jan. 26, 2015 entitled “VIRTUAL AND 30022.00 US. The present application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/909,774 filed on Nov. 27, 2013 and U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 14/555,585 filed on Nov. 27, 2014. The contents of the above-referenced patent applications are hereby expressly and fully incorporated by reference in their entirety, as though set forth in full. Described in the aforementioned incorporated patent applications are various embodiments of augmented reality configurations wherein diffractive optical elements (DOE) and patterns are utilized to create inbound light fields for perception by the human vision system. Described herein are further embodiments of diffractive grating structures and disclosure regarding their associated optical performance and fabrication.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62107977 | Jan 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17209426 | Mar 2021 | US |
| Child | 18047210 | US | |
| Parent | 16868826 | May 2020 | US |
| Child | 17209426 | US | |
| Parent | 16573120 | Sep 2019 | US |
| Child | 16868826 | US | |
| Parent | 15896438 | Feb 2018 | US |
| Child | 16573120 | US | |
| Parent | 15007117 | Jan 2016 | US |
| Child | 15896438 | US |
