Patent Grant
11542477
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 or 365 to Korean Application No. 10-2020-0001828, filed Jan. 7, 2020. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.
This application incorporates by reference the Sequence Listing contained in the following ASCII text file being submitted concurrently herewith:
The subject application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0001828 (filed on Jan. 7, 2020). The publication of Lee, Su-Hwa, et al., “Protective Immunity Induced by Incorporating Multiple Antigenic Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii Into Influenza Virus-Like Particles,” Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 9, Article 3073, Jan. 7, 2019 was published by an inventor or joint inventor of the subject application. The publication was published on Jan. 7, 2019, which is one year before the effective filing date of Jan. 7, 2020.
The present invention relates to a virus-like particle (VLP) and uses thereof. Particularly, it relates to a virus-like particle for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, wherein the virus-like particle comprises influenza virus matrix protein 1 as a structural protein and surface antigen proteins comprising an inner membrane complex, Rhoptry protein 18 and Microneme protein 8 derived from Toxoplasma gondii.
Toxoplasma gondii is a apicomplexa belonging to a subclass of coccidia. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligare intercellular parasite and is a protozoan causing toxoplasmosis in humans and animals worldwide.
Toxoplasma gondii goes through five developmental stages which are oocyst, tachyzoit, bradyzoit, schizont and gametocyte. Toxoplasma gondii infection may occur when ingesting water or vegetables contaminated by the oocyst in feces of cats which are definitive hosts, or ingesting meats such as pork, lamb, beef, which are intermediate hosts in which Toxoplasma gondii is present as a cyst.
It is estimated that about more than a third of the world's population is infected with Toxoplasma gondii, and it is reported that the infection rate is 2 to 25% depending on the group in Korea.
Trophozoite of Toxoplasma gondii may infect the fetus across the placenta when the mother is infected with Toxoplasma gondii. By infection with Toxoplasma gondii, fetuses in early pregnancy may be miscarried or stillborn, and despite normal delivery congenital anomalies such as vision impairment, hydrocephalus, and mental weakness may occur in fetuses in mid- or late-pregnancy.
In addition, Toxoplasma gondii that infects healthy individuals may destroy immune system cells, reticular endothelial cells, etc. to cause diseases such as lymphadenitis, retinal choroiditis, and encephalomyelitis. Further, in immunodeficient host, the cysts proliferated in a brain may be activated to cause meningitis or retinal choroiditis.
Meanwhile, pyrimethamine, which is also used as a medicine for malaria, is most widely used as a medicine for toxoplasmosis, but its therapeutic effect is not good during pregnancy. In addition, spiramycin is used for a prophylaxis because its efficacy is not great.
Further, sulfamethoxazole, a sulfa drug used in combination with pyrimethamine, may cause bone marrow suppression which can reduce platelet count, and induce side effects such as allergic reactions, kidney disorders, blood disorders, nausea, and vomiting by combined administration of folic acid.
However, the therapeutic effect of sulfa drugs or pyrimethamine, which is the most widely used medicines against Toxoplasma gondii, is gradually decreasing due to increased resistance. Further, no vaccine has been developed to impart immunity against Toxoplasma gondii by producing antibodies.
Meanwhile, a virus-like particle which is morphologically similar to the actual virus structure has been proposed as a vaccine antigen against several viruses (Roldao A, Mellado M C, Castilho L R, Carrondo M J, Alves P M: Expert review of vaccines 2010, 9:1149-1176; Kang S M, Kim M C, Compans R W: Expert review of vaccines 2012, 11:995-1007; Kushnir N, Streatfield S J, Yusibov V: Vaccine 2012, 31:58-83).
A virus-like particle has been receiving a lot of attention recently as an antigen for use in immunogen compositions. A virus-like particle is morphologically similar to wild type viruses, and it contains one or more surface proteins to induce an immune response in a body. Since a virus-like particle lacks genetic materials, unlike wild-type viruses, it is non-infectious and very safe despite being able to activate an immune system.
The present inventors have tried to develop a novel virus-like particle which induces an immune response in a body and thus is safe, has no problem of resistance, and has excellent prevention and treatment effects for toxoplasmosis, unlike conventional therapeutic agents that directly act on Toxoplasma gondii.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a new virus-like particle capable of inducing immune response against Toxoplasma gondii in a body, i.e., a virus-like particle for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis, comprising influenza virus matrix protein 1 as a structural protein and surface antigen proteins comprising an inner membrane complex, Rhoptry protein 18 and Microneme protein 8 derived from Toxoplasma gondii, and a use thereof.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a virus-like particle comprising influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1); and surface antigen proteins comprising an inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) and Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) derived from Toxoplasma gondii.
In one embodiment, the influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the inner membrane complex (IMC) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and the Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
In one embodiment, the influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) may be encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, the inner membrane complex (IMC) may encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, the Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) may encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) may encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis comprising the virus-like particles as an active ingredient.
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject intranasally.
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG).
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject 1 to 3 times.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis, comprising administering the virus-like particles in an immunologically effective amount to a subject.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising the virus-like particles for use in prevention or treatment of toxoplasmosis.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a use of the composition comprising the virus-like particles for manufacturing a medicine for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an expression vector for preparing a virus-like particle comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1); a nucleic acid sequence encoding an inner membrane complex (IMC); a nucleic acid sequence encoding Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18); and a nucleic acid sequence encoding Microneme protein 8 (MIC8).
In another aspect, the present invention provides a host cell transformed with the expression vector.
In one embodiment, the host cell may be a microorganism, an animal cell, a plant cell, a cultured cell derived from an animal, or a cultured cell derived from a plant.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a virus-like particle, comprising transforming a host cell with the expression vector; and culturing the host cell to express the virus-like particle.
The virus-like particles of the present invention not only inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines due to Toxoplasma gondii infection and inhibit the production of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in a mouse body, but also can provide a remarkably high level of immunity against Toxoplasma gondii.
The virus-like particles of the present invention simultaneously expressing three or more proteins derived from the Toxoplasma gondii can induce an excellent Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibody response, and promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in an individual to reduce the inflammatory response. In addition, it can also effectively protect the individual by significantly reducing the size and number of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the individual, thereby contributing to the survival and weight maintenance of the individual.
It should be understood that the effects of the present invention are not limited to the above-described effects, and include all effects that can be deduced from the configuration of the invention described in the detailed description or claims of the present invention.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention can be implemented in several different embodiments, and is therefore not limited to the embodiments described herein.
When a part is said to “comprise” a certain component, this means that other components may be further provided rather than being excluded, unless otherwise specified.
Unless otherwise defined, molecular biology, microbiology, protein purification, protein engineering, and DNA sequencing and routine techniques commonly used in the field of recombinant DNA within the skill of the artisan can be performed. These techniques are known to those skilled in the art and are described in many textbooks and references.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Various scientific dictionaries including terms included herein are well known and available in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein are found to be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, several methods and materials are described. Since various methods and materials can be used depending on the context used by those skilled in the art, the present invention is not limited to specific methodologies, protocols, and reagents.
As used herein, a singular form includes a plural form unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Further, unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written in 5′ to 3′ directions from left to right, and amino acid sequences are written in amino to carboxyl directions from left to right.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a virus-like particle comprising influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1); and surface antigen proteins comprising an inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) and Microneme protein 8 (MIC 8) derived from Toxoplasma gondii.
The “virus-like particle (VLP)” of the present invention means a non-infectious viral subunit with or without viral proteins. For example, the virus-like particle may be completely devoid of DNA or RNA genome. In particular, virus-like particle according to an embodiment of the present invention may be prepared by genetic engineering methods, and may comprise matrix protein 1 (M1) derived from influenza virus as a core protein. Since the virus-like particle of the present invention can be produced by a genetic engineering method without a separate causative infectious agent, that is, Toxoplasma gondii, high productivity and economic feasibility can be realized.
The “influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1)” of the present invention is a structural protein of influenza virus, and refers to a matrix protein that forms a coat inside the fat layer which is the envelope of the influenza virus. The influenza virus consists of subtypes named A, B, and C. The influenza virus is wrapped with a layer of matrix protein 1 (M1), which acts as a link between the core and the viral envelope, and the M1 protein can be widely used as a structural protein in the development of influenza virus-like particles.
The virus-like particle of the present invention may comprise influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) as a structural protein, and may comprise one or more surface antigen proteins derived from Toxoplasma gondii on the surface of the influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1).
Since the virus-like particle of the present invention comprises surface antigen proteins derived from Toxoplasma gondii on its surface, it can induce an immune response specific to Toxoplasma gondii when it enters a specific individual. Thus, the virus-like particle of the present invention can impart immunity against Toxoplasma gondii to the individual.
The virus-like particle of the present invention can be prepared by methods well known in the art. For example, the virus-like particle of the present invention can be produced by transforming a predetermined host cell with a recombinant DNA molecule encoding a structural protein and surface antigen proteins, and then culturing the cells. The proteins expressed in the cells are assembled on the cell surface, and then can be discharged into a culture supernatant. The virus-like particle of the present invention acts as antigen in an individual and can present antigens to T or B immune cells through reaction with antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells.
The virus-like particle of the present invention contains surface antigen proteins derived from Toxoplasma gondii, but since it does not contain a genetic material, it can't proliferate and is safe because it is non-toxic. Thus, the particle can be used as a vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii. The antigen proteins introduced on the surface of the virus-like particle of the present invention have a high antigenicity compared to a pure isolated recombinant protein and can induce an effective neutralizing antibody.
The “surface antigen protein” of the present invention is a basic element or minimum unit of recognition by each antibody or T cell receptor, and refers to a specific domain, region or molecular structure to which the antibody or T cell receptor binds. The surface antigen protein of the present invention may be derived from Toxoplasma gondii, and is not particularly limited as long as it can induce immune activity against Toxoplasma gondii.
In one embodiment, the surface antigen protein of the present invention may comprise various kinds of proteins such as SAG1 (Membrane-associated surface antigen), SAG2, GRA1 (secreted dense-granule protein), GRA2, GRA4, GRA7, MIC1 (Microneme protein), MIC2, MIC4, MIC6, MIC7, MIC8, MIC9, MIC10, MIC11, ROP1, ROP2, ROP3, ROP4, ROP5, ROP6, ROP7, ROP8, ROP9, ROP10, ROP11, ROP12, ROP13, ROP14, ROP15, ROP16, ROP17, ROP18, M2AP (MIC2 associated protein), AMA1 (Plasmodium apical membrane antigen 1), and BAG1 derived from Toxoplasma gondii, and preferably may comprise the inner membrane IMC, ROP18 and MIC8 at the same time.
The “inner membrane complex” of the present invention is a peripheral membrane system consisting of flattened alveolar sacs underlying the plasma membrane, and is connected to the cytoskeletal network.
The “inner membrane complex” of the present invention plays an important role in parasitic replication, cell motility, and host cell invasion. The inner membrane complex is involved in the formation of new cells in Toxoplasma gondii, and replicated chromatin and organelles are closely related to the assembly of the skeleton as a cell division process (Sheffield and Melton, 1968).
The “Rhoptry protein 18” of the present invention is a type of Rhoptry protein derived from Toxoplasma gondii that is involved in the invasion of active parasites into host cells, and is a protein essential for Toxoplasma gondii to be parasitic on host cells. Further, the protein is closely related to cell recognition, invasion, and virulence based on genetic destruction. Various Rhoptry proteins are known, and may be potential antigen targets that induce an effective immune response of the host cell against Toxoplasma gondii.
The “Microneme protein 8” of the present invention is a protein that is essential for Toxoplasma gondii to be parasitic on host cells, and is closely related to cell recognition, invasion, and virulence based on genetic destruction. Various types of Microneme proteins are known, and have been studied as potential antigen targets that induce an effective immune response of the host cell against Toxoplasma gondii.
In particular, the present inventors confirmed that a virus-like particle vaccine that simultaneously expresses the inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), and Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines due to infection and the production of parasites in a mouse body. In addition, it was confirmed that the vaccine can provide a high level of immunity against Toxoplasma gondii when introduced into an individual as a form fused with influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1).
In particular, compared to a virus-like particle vaccine that expresses the inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), or Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) alone, the virus-like particle vaccine that simultaneously expresses the inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), and Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) can further increase the level of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibody response and the level of T cell and B cell responses in the subject after immunization, and the survival rate of the subject. Further, it can further reduce the subject's weight loss rate and parasite burden.
In one embodiment, influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) of the present invention may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the inner membrane complex (IMC) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and the Microneme protein 8 (MIC 8) may consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 of the present invention are known sequences and are represented as follows.
Further, the influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) of the present invention may be encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, the inner membrane complex (IMC) may be encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, the Roptry protein 18 (ROP18) may be encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) may be encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 of the present invention are known sequences and are represented as follows.
Influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1); inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), or Microneme protein 8 (MIC8) of the present invention includes a functional equivalent of a protein consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, respectively.
The “functional equivalent” means a protein which has substantially the same physiological activity and a sequence homology of at least 70%, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, and more preferably 95% or more to any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4 as a result of the addition, substitution or deletion of amino acids.
The “substantially the same physiological activity” means an activity as a virus-like particle capable of inducing a specific immune response against Toxoplasma gondii due to its structural and functional homology with the influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1); the inner membrane complex (IMC), Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), or Microneme protein 8 (MIC8).
In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis comprising the virus-like particles of the present invention as an active ingredient.
The Toxoplasmosis includes all diseases and symptoms that can be caused by infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii can be parasitic in various parts of the body, for example, lymph glands, brain, lungs, myocardium, spleen, bone marrow, kidneys, adrenal glands, nervous system, etc. Further, tachyzoite can divide and proliferate actively in reticuloendotheliar cells and endothelial cells of circulatory system to cause tissue necrosis. In addition, it may cause various diseases and symptoms depending on the site of infection, which include for example, lymphadenitis, retinochoroiditis, meningitis, encephalomyelitis, hepatitis, myositis, myocarditis, pneumonia, renal tubular disease, etc., but are not limited thereto.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises the virus-like particles of the present invention as active ingredients. For example, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be used in various purified forms of virus-like particles, such as a transformed host cell itself or a dry powder form of transformed cells, a culture solution of transformed cells, or a concentrate thereof.
The pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more supplementary ingredient selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, liposomes, iscom adjuvant, synthetic glycopeptide, carboxypolymethylene, bacterial cell wall, bacterial cell wall derivatives, bacterial vaccine, animal poxvirus protein, subviral particle adjuvant, cholera toxin, N, N-dioctadecyl-N′,N′-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-propanediamine, monophosphoryl lipid A, dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide and mixtures thereof.
Further, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise a medically acceptable carrier. The “medically acceptable carrier” may include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, adjuvants, stabilizers, diluents, preservatives, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, isotonic agents, adsorption retardants, etc., but is not limited thereto.
Carriers, excipients, and diluents that may be used in the pharmaceutical composition may include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, starch, acacia rubber, alginate, gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, water, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, etc., but are not limited thereto.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be prepared by a method commonly used in the art to which the present invention pertains. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be prepared into oral or parenteral preparations, preferably into an injection solution, which is a parenteral preparation, and may be administered by intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal or epidural route. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered to a subject intramuscularly or intranasally. More preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered intranasally to a subject.
In particular, when the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered intranasally, the levels of T cell and B cell responses in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) of a subject after administration may be further increased, and the level of inflammatory cytokines, the size and count of cysts in a brain and the weight loss rate of a subject may be further reduced.
Specifically, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be formulated into oral dosage forms such as powders, granules, tablets, capsules, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, aerosols, etc. and sterile injectable solutions according to each conventional method and used.
Commonly used diluents or excipients such as fillers, extenders, binders, wetting agents, disintegrating agents, and surfactants may be used for formulation.
Solid preparations for oral administration include tablets, pills, powders, granules, capsules, etc. These solid preparations may be used with at least one excipient, such as starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose, lactose, gelatin, and the like. In addition, lubricants such as magnesium stearate and talc may be used in addition to the excipients. As a liquid preparation for oral administration, a suspension, a liquid for internal use, an emulsion, or a syrup may be used, and various excipients such as wetting agents, sweeteners, fragrances, and preservatives may be used in addition to commonly used diluents such as water and liquid paraffin.
As a preparation for parenteral administration, sterilized aqueous solutions, non-aqueous agents, suspensions, emulsions, and lyophilized preparations may be used. For non-aqueous preparations, and suspensions, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, injectable esters such as ethyl oleate, and the like may be used.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered to a subject in an immunologically effective amount. The “immunologically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient to exhibit a prophylactic or therapeutic effect for toxoplasmosis and an amount that does not cause side effects or serious or excessive immune responses. The precise dosage depends on the specific immunogen to be administered, and can be easily determined by those skilled in the art depending on factors well known in the art, such as age, weight, health, gender, and sensitivity to drugs of the subject, administration route, administration method, etc. For example, it can be administered at 0.0001 to 50 mg/kg or 0.001 to 50 mg/kg per day. It may be administered once or several times a day. The above dosage does not limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
When administered as a vaccine composition to a subject, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered 1 to 3 times, preferably 2 to 3 times, more preferably 3 times. As the number of administrations of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention increases, the level of antibody response can be further increased, and the level of inflammatory cytokines and the count of cysts in a brain can be further reduced.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise additional adjuvants capable of enhancing the immune activity of the virus-like particles, or may be administered to a subject in combination with additional adjuvants simultaneously or sequentially. Adjuvants that can be used with the virus-like particles of the present invention may be conventional adjuvants used in the art to improve the immunity of vaccine compositions, such as cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG), flagellin, aluminum hydroxide, monophosphoryl lipid A, glucopyranosyl lipid A, cholera toxin, QS21 (Quillaja saponaria), etc. Preferably, the adjuvant comprises cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG).
Specifically, when the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered in combination with cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG), the level of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibody response in a subject and the levels of T cell and B cell responses after administration can be significantly elevated, and the level of inflammatory cytokines, the size and count of cysts in a brain, and the body weight loss rate of a subject can be significantly reduced.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a use of the virus-like particles for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis and a use of the virus-like particles for manufacturing therapeutic agents for the disease.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a composition comprising the virus-like particles for use in the prevention or treatment of toxoplasmosis.
The present invention also relates to the use of a composition comprising the virus-like particles for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of toxoplasmosis.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis comprising administering the virus-like particles in an immunologically effective amount to a subject.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating toxoplasmosis comprising administering the virus-like particles in an immunologically effective amount to a subject in need of prevention or treatment of toxoplasmosis.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an expression vector for preparing the virus-like particles, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1); a nucleic acid sequence encoding inner membrane complex (IMC); a nucleic acid sequence encoding Rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18); and a nucleic acid sequence encoding Microneme protein 8 (MIC8).
The expression vector of the present invention refers to a nucleic acid molecule used to transport a nucleic acid fragment linked thereto. The expression vector of the present invention may include, but is not limited to, bacteria, plasmids, phages, cosmids, episomes, viruses, and insertable DNA fragments (i.e., fragments that can be inserted into a host cell genome by homologous recombination). The plasmid is a kind of vector and refers to a circular double-stranded DNA loop wherein additional DNA fragment can be linked. In addition, viral vectors can link additional DNA into a viral genome.
The expression vector of the present invention means a vector capable of directing the expression of a gene encoding a desired protein operably linked. In general, since the expression vector is in the form of a plasmid in use of recombinant DNA technology, the terms plasmid and vector can be used interchangeably. However, it may also include other types of expression vectors that perform the same function, such as viral vectors.
For example, the expression vector may be pET-3a-d, pET-9a-d, pET-11a-d, pET-12a-c, pET-14b, pET-15b, pET-16b, pET-17b, pET-17xb, pET-19b, pET-20b(+), pET-21a-d(+), pET-22b(+), pET-23a-d(+), pET-24a-d(+), pET-25b(+), pET-26b(+), pET-27b(+), pET-28a-c(+), pET-29a-c(+), pET-30a-c(+), pET-30 Ek/LIC, pET-30 Xa/LIC, pET-31b(+), pET-32a-c(+), pET-32 Ek/LIC, pET-32 Xa/LIC, pET-33b(+), pET-34b(+), pET-35b(+), pET-36b(+), pET-37b(+), pET-38b(+), pET-39b(+), pET-40b(+), pET-41a-c(+), pET-41 Ek/LIC, pET-42a-c(+), pET-43.1a-c(+), pET-43.1 Ek/LIC, pET-44a-c(+), pRSETA, pRSETB, pRSETC, pESC-HIS, pESC-LEU, pESC-TRP, pESC-URA, Gateway pYES-DEST52, pAO815, pGAPZ A, pGAPZ B, pGAPZ C, pGAPa A, pGAPa B, pGAPa C, pPIC3.5K, pPIC6 A, pPIC6 B, pPIC6 C, pPIC6a A, pPIC6a B, pPIC6a C, pPIC9K, pYC2/CT, pYD1 Yeast Display Vector, pYES2, pYES2/CT, pYES2/NT A, pYES2/NT B, pYES2/NT C, pYES2/CT, pYES2.1, pYES-DEST52, pTEF1/Zeo, pFLD1, PichiaPink™, p427-TEF, p417-CYC, pGAL-MF, p427-TEF, p417-CYC, PTEF-MF, pBY011, pSGP47, pSGP46, pSGP36, pSGP40, ZM552, pAG303GAL-ccdB, pAG414GALccdB, pAS404, pBridge, pGAD-GH, pGAD T7, pGBK T7, pHIS-2, pOBD2, pRS408, pRS410, pRS418, pRS420, pRS428, yeast micron A form, pRS403, pRS404, pRS405, pRS406, pYJ403, pYJ404, pYJ405 or pYJ406, but is not limited thereto.
Meanwhile, the expression vector of the present invention is introduced into a host cell, and the host cell transformed with the introduced vector can produce the virus-like particles. At this time, the vector may comprise a promoter recognized by the host organism.
The promoter may be selected from the group consisting of SBE4, 3TP, PAI-1, p15, p21, CAGA12, hINS, A3, NFAT, NFKB, AP1, IFNG, IL4, IL17A, IL10, GPD, TEF, ADH, CYC, INU1, PGK1, PHO5, TRP1, GAL1, GAL10, GUT2, tac, T7, T5, nmt, fbp1, AOX1, AOX2, MOX1 and FMD1 promoter, but may be varied depending on various variables such as host cells or expression conditions.
The nucleic acid sequence encoding the virus-like particle of the present invention can be operably linked to the promoter sequence. The term “operably linked” means that one nucleic acid fragment is linked with another nucleic acid fragment so that its function or expression is affected by another nucleic acid fragment. That is, the gene encoding the virus-like particle of the present invention can be operably linked to a promoter in the vector to regulate its expression.
Meanwhile, the expression vector of the present invention may further comprise additional regulatory sequences. The regulatory sequence may be, but is not limited to, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the replicase gene of the phage MS-2 and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of cII of the bacteriophage lambda.
In addition, the expression vector of the present invention may comprise an appropriate marker gene required to select transformed host cells. The marker gene may be an antibiotic resistance gene or a fluorescent protein gene, and the antibiotic resistance gene may be selected from the group consisting of a hygromycin resistance gene, a kanamycin resistance gene, a chloramphenicol resistance gene, and a tetracycline resistance gene, but is not limited thereto. The fluorescent protein gene may be selected from the group consisting of a yeast-enhanced green fluorescent protein (yEGFP) gene, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, a blue fluorescent protein (BFP) gene, and a red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene, but is not limited thereto.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a host cell transformed with the expression vector of the present invention. The host cell of the present invention means any organism that can be infected by a virus and immunized by virus-like particles. The host cell of the present invention may be metabolically engineered.
In one embodiment, the host cell of the present invention may be a microorganism, an animal cell, a plant cell, a cultured cell derived from an animal, or a cultured cell derived from a plant. The suitable host cell may be a naturally occurring or wild-type host cell, or may be a modified host cell. The wild-type host cell may be a host cell that has not been genetically modified by a recombination method.
The type of the host cell of the present invention is not particularly limited if it can be transformed by an engineering method to efficiently express a specific gene, and it may be preferably an insect cell. The insect cell may be any cell developed or commercially available as a host system for gene expression and it may be one or more selected from the group consisting of Spodoptera frugiperda SF21, SF9, Trichoplusia ni, Anticarsa gemmitalis, Bombyx mori, Estigmene acrea, Heliothis virescens, Leucania separata, Lymantria dispar, Malacasoma disstria, Mammestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Plutella zylostella, Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera littorlis, but is not limited thereto.
The “metabolically engineered” or “metabolic engineering” may involve a reasonable pathway design and assembly of biosynthetic genes, operon-related genes, and control elements for these nucleic acid sequences for the production of a desired metabolite such as alcohol or protein in a microorganism.
The “metabolically engineered” may further comprise optimization of metabolic flux through the regulation and optimization of transcription, translation, protein stability and protein functionality using genetic engineering and appropriate culture conditions.
The biosynthetic gene may be foreign to the host, or may be heterologous to the host (for example, microorganism) by being modified by mutagenesis, recombination or association with a heterologous expression control sequence in endogenous host cells. Suitable culture conditions may include conditions such as culture medium pH, ionic strength, and nutrient content, temperature, contents of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, humidity, and other culture conditions that enable the production of compounds by metabolism of the microorganisms. Culture conditions suitable for microorganisms capable of functioning as host cells are well known in the art.
Thus, the “metabolically engineered” or “modified” host cell can be produced by introducing genetic materials into a selected host or parent microorganism to modify or alter cell physiology and biochemistry. Through the introduction of genetic materials, parent microorganisms can acquire new properties, such as the ability to produce new intracellular metabolites or higher amounts of intracellular metabolites.
For example, the introduction of genetic materials into parent microorganisms can result in new or modified ability to produce chemical substances. The genetic materials introduced into the parent microorganism comprise a gene or part of a gene encoding one or more enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for the production of chemical substances, and may comprise additional components for the expression of these genes or expression control, such as a promoter sequence.
The “altered host cell” refers to a genetically designed host cell, in which a desired protein can be produced at a level of expression or at a level greater than the level of expression or expressed at a level of expression greater than the level of expression of the desired protein in the unaltered or wild-type host cell grown under essentially the same growth conditions. The “modified host cell” means a wild type or an altered host cell genetically designed to overexpress a gene encoding a desired protein. The modified host cell can express the desired protein at a higher level than the wild-type or altered parent host cell.
Meanwhile, the “transformation” refers to a method of transporting the vector into a microorganism or a specific cell, and when a cell to be transformed is a prokaryotic cell, the transformation may be performed by CaCl2 method (Cohen, S. N. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 9: 2110-2114 (1973)), Hanahan method (Cohen, S. N. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 9: 2110-2114 (1973); and Hanahan, D., J. Mol. Biol., 166: 557-580 (1983)) and electroporation (Dower, W. J. et al., Nucleic. Acids Res., 16: 6127-6145 (1988)).
When a cell to be transformed is a eukaryotic cell, the transformation may be performed by microinjection (Capecchi, M. R., Cell, 22: 479 (1980)), calcium phosphate precipitation (Graham, F. L. et al., Virology, 52: 456 (1973)), electroporation (Neumann, E. et al., EMBO J., 1: 841 (1982)), liposome-mediated transfection (Wong, T. K. et al., Gene, 10:87 (1980)), DEAE-Dextran transfection (Gopal, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5: 1188-1190 (1985)), and gene bombardment (Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87: 9568-9572 (1990)), but is not limited thereto.
For transformation of fungi such as yeast, the transformation may be performed by methods using lithium acetate (RD Gietz, Yeast 11, 355360 (1995)) and heat shock (Keisuke Matsuura, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Vol. 100, 5; 538-544 (2005)) and electroporation (Nina Skolucka Asian, Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 94-98 (2011)), but is not limited thereto.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the virus-like particles comprising transforming a host cell with the expression vector of the present invention and expressing the virus-like particles by culturing the host cell.
The transformed host cell of the present invention may be cultured under batch, fed-batch or continuous fermentation conditions, and since the host cell can express the virus-like particles by transformation, virus-like particle proteins of the present invention can be obtained from the cultured host cell.
At this time, the conventional batch fermentation method can use a closed system. In the closed system, the culture medium is prepared before fermentation is performed, the medium is inoculated with an organism, and fermentation can occur without adding any components to the medium.
In certain cases, the pH and oxygen content rather than the carbon source content of the growth medium, may be varied during the batch method. The metabolites and cellular biomass of the batch system may change until fermentation is stopped. In a batch system, the cells progress from a lag phase to a hypergrowth log phase and finally reach the stationary phase wherein the growth rate decreases or stops. In a typical period, the cells in the log phase can produce most of the proteins.
A variation of the standard batch system is the “fed-batch fermentation” system. In this system, nutrients (e.g., carbon source, nitrogen source, O2, and, typically, other nutrients) can be added when their concentrations in a culture fall below a threshold.
Fed-batch systems may be useful when suppression of catabolic products inhibits the metabolism of cells and it is desirable for the medium to have a limited amount of nutrients. The measurement of the actual nutrient concentration in the fed-batch system can be predicted based on changes in measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and partial pressure of waste gas such as CO2. Batch and fed-batch fermentations are general systems and are well known in the art.
Continuous fermentation is an open system in which a defined culture medium is continuously added to the bioreactor and the same amount of conditioned medium is removed simultaneously during the process. Continuous fermentation can generally maintain a constant high density culture where the cells are initially in log phase growth. In continuous fermentation, it may be possible to manipulate one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or final product concentration.
For example, limiting nutrients such as a carbon source or a nitrogen source can be maintained at a fixed rate, and all other parameters can be properly maintained.
In other systems, many factors affecting growth may change continuously while the cell concentration measured by media turbidity remains constant. Continuous systems try to maintain steady state growth conditions. Thus, the cell loss caused by removal of the medium can be balanced against the rate of cell growth in fermentation. Methods for maintaining nutrients and growth factors during the continuous fermentation process, as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation, are known in the art.
Modifications of the type of each configuration, the introduction ratio, and the like may be applied based on the description of the present invention by those skilled in the art, and if equivalent technical effects are implemented despite the modifications, it will be covered by the technical idea of the present invention.
The present invention is further described through the following examples, but it will be apparent that the present invention is not limited by the following examples.
The gene of influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) used in the present example was obtained by transfecting MDCK cells with an influenza virus, crushing the cells to obtain the virus, and amplifying the obtained RNA through PCR using primers. The genes of Toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex (TG1), Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry protein 18 (TG4), and Toxoplasma gondii Microneme protein 8 (TG6) were obtained by grinding the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii to obtain RNA and amplifying the RNA through PCR using primers. In order to generate TG1 VLP, TG4 VLP and TG6 VLP, as shown in
The gene of Toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex (TG1) was amplified through PCR using a forward primer (5′-AAAGAATTCACCATGGGGAACACGGCGTGCTG-3′) and a reverse primer (5′-TTACTCGAGTTAGTTTCTGTCGTTGCTTGC-3′).
The gene of Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry protein 18 (TG4) was amplified through PCR using a forward primer (5′-CGGGATCCATGTTTTCGGTACAGCGGCCA-3′) and a reverse primer (5′-GCGTCGACTTATTCTGTGTGGAGATGTTCCTG-3′).
The gene of Toxoplasma gondii Microneme protein 8 (TG6) was amplified through PCR using a forward primer (5′-AAAGAATTCACCATGAAGGCCAATCGAATATG-3′) and a reverse primer (5′-TTACTCCAGTTAGGACCAGATACCGCCCGA-3′).
The gene of influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) was amplified through RT-PCR using a forward primer (5′-AAAGAATTCACCATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGT-3′) and a reverse primer (5′-TTACTCGAGTTACTCTAGCTCTATGTTGAC-3′).
i) Preparation of TG1 VLP
The IMC (TG1) gene and the M1 gene were inserted into the pFastBac vector having restriction enzyme sites (EcoR I and Xho I), respectively. The insertion of the IMC gene (TG1) or the M1 gene into the pFastBac vector was confirmed by cutting the vector with EcoR I and Xho I restriction enzymes.
The nucleic acid sequences of the inserted genes were confirmed to be identical to the known sequences (IMC: HQ012579, M1: EF467824) by DNA sequencing (Eurofins MWG Operon).
Subsequently, in order to prepare a recombinant baculovirus (rBV) expressing TG1 and a recombinant baculovirus (rBV) expressing M1, each pFastBac vector was transformed using white/blue screening, and the DNA was transfected into SF9 cells using cellfectin II (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), and recombinant baculoviruses (rBVs) were prepared according to the manufacturer's manual with the Bac-to-Bac expression system (Invitrogen).
TG1 VLPs were produced in SF9 insect cells co-infected with the recombinant rBV expressing TG1 and the recombinant rBV expressing M1. The SF9 cell culture supernatant was harvested at 3 days after infection, and then the cells were removed by centrifugation at 4° C. for 30 minutes at 6000 rpm. VLPs in the supernatant were purified and pelleted.
TG1 VLPs were resuspended overnight in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4° C., harvested for 1 hour at 4° C., 45,000×g through a discontinuous sucrose gradient (20-30-60%), and purified. Protein concentration was determined by QuantiPro BCA Assay Kit (Sigma-Aldrich).
ii) Preparation of TG4 VLP
Except that the ROP18 (TG4) gene instead of the IMC (TG1) gene was inserted into the pFastBac vector having restriction enzyme sites (BamHI and XbaI) to prepare a recombinant rBV expressing TG4, TG4 VLPs were prepared in SF9 insect cells co-infected with the recombinant rBV expressing TG4 and the recombinant rBV expressing M1 in the same manner as TG1 VLP. At this time, the insertion of the ROP18 (TG4) gene into the pFastBac vector was confirmed by cutting the vector with BamHI and XbaI restriction enzymes.
The nucleic acid sequences of the inserted genes were confirmed to be identical to the known sequences (ROP18: AM075204, M1: EF467824) by DNA sequencing (Eurofins MWG Operon).
iii) Preparation of TG6 VLP
Except that the MIC8 (TG6) gene instead of the IMC (TG1) gene was inserted into the pFastBac vector having restriction enzyme sites (EcoR I and Xho I) to prepare a recombinant rBV expressing TG6, TG6 VLPs were prepared in SF9 insect cells co-infected with the recombinant rBV expressing TG6 and the recombinant rBV expressing M1 in the same manner as TG1 VLP. At this time, the insertion of the MIC8 (TG6) gene into the pFastBac vector was confirmed by cutting the vector with EcoR I and Xho I restriction enzymes.
The nucleic acid sequences of the inserted genes were confirmed to be identical to the known sequences (MIC8: AF353165, M1: EF467824) by DNA sequencing (Eurofins MWG Operon).
iv) Preparation of Combination Virus-Like Particles (TG1/TG4/TG6 VLP)
A combination virus-like particle (TG1/TG4/TG6 VLP) was generated by combining each of the prepared TG1 VLP, TG4 VLP and TG6 VLP in a ratio of 1:1:1.
Multi-antigen virus-like particles (TG146 VLPs) were prepared by co-infection of SF9 insect cells with the recombinant rBVs expressing TG1, TG4, TG6 and M1, respectively, prepared in Example 1. The infected SF9 cell culture supernatant was harvested and pelleted in the same manner as the method for preparing TG1 VLP to prepare TG146 VLPs expressing TG1, TG4 and TG6 simultaneously.
VLPs prepared in Examples 1 and 2 are as follows.
Multi-antigen virus-like particles (TG146 VLPs) and combination virus-like particles (TG1/TG4/TG6 VLPs) were confirmed by western blot and electron microscopy. TG1 VLP, TG4 VLP, TG6 VLP and TG146 VLP at concentrations of 27 μg, 9 μg, and 3 μg were loaded in each lane for SDS-PAGE and visualized by western blot. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii polyclonal antibodies and anti-M1 monoclonal antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were used as probes to detect TG1, TG4, TG6 and M1 proteins by western blot. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii polyclonal antibodies were obtained from BALB/c mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii ME49.
As a result, TG1 protein (17 KDa) contained in TG1 VLP and TG146 VLP, TG4 protein (61 KDa) contained in TG4 VLP and TG146 VLP, and TG6 protein (75 KDa) contained in TG6 VLP and TG146 VLP were confirmed (
For size measurement, TG1 VLP, TG4 VLP, TG6 VLP and TG146 VLP were negatively stained and observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL 2100, JEOL USA, Inc.; Peabody, Mass., USA).
Each VLP had spikes formed on the surface when observed by an electron microscope, and its size was about 40 to 120 nm (
2-1. Preparation of an Animal Model
7-week-old BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into different experimental groups (20 per group) to receive TG146 VLP or TG1/TG4/TG6 VLP. At weeks 0 and 4, 60 μg of TG146 VLP, and total 60 μg of TG1/TG4/TG6 VLP which is combination of 20 μg of each of TG1 VLP, TG4 VLP, and TG6 VLP were used for intranasal (IN) immunization of mice from each group. At 4 weeks after the 2nd immunization, mice were challenged with 1×103 tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (GT1) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Ten mice from each group were sacrificed at 7 days after challenge and ascites of abdominal cavity and spleen samples were collected. Living ten mice in each group were observed daily to monitor body weight change and survival rate until death.
2-2. Test of Toxoplasma gondii-Specific Antibody Response and Antibody Neutralizing Activity
At 4 weeks after the 1st (prime) and the 2nd (boost) immunizations, mouse sera were collected from all groups. Sera of naive mice were used as a negative control, and sera of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii (ME49) were used as a positive control. Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A 96-well flat bottom immunoplate was coated with 100 μL of Toxoplasma gondii antigen at a final concentration of 0.5 μg/mL in 0.05 M carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) per well at 4° C. overnight. Then, 100 μL of serum samples (diluted 1:100 in Phosphate Buffered Saline with Tween 20 (PBST)) per well were incubated in the plate for 2 hours at 37° C. as the primary antibody response. HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG in PBST (100 μL/well, diluted 1:2,000 in PBST) was used to determine the Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG response.
Meanwhile, mice sera were collected at 4 weeks after the 2nd immunization, and complement was inactivated at 56° C. for 30 minutes. Then, 50 μL of the sera from the immunization was incubated with 100 tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (GT1) at 37° C. for 1 hour. Naïve mice (10 mice in each group) were intraperitoneally (IP) infected with a mixture of tachyzoites and serum. A mixture of tachyzoites and PBS was used as a control. At 7 days after infection, tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii were collected from the abdominal cavities of the mice and counted with a hemocytometer chamber under a microscope.
As a result, as shown in
2-3. Test of Immune Cell Response
The distribution of T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and germinal center B cells (GC) from spleen cells of mice at 7 days after challenge infection was analyzed by flow cytometry. Briefly, 1×106 splenocytes (each tube) in staining buffer (2% bovine serum albumin and 0.1% sodium azide in 0.1 M PBS) were incubated with Fc Block (clone 2.4G2; BD Biosciences, CA, USA) at 4° C. for 15 minutes. For surface staining, cells were incubated with surface antibodies (CD3e-PE-Cy5, CD4-FITC, CD8a-PE, B220-FITC, GL7-PE; BD Biosciences, CA, USA) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Splenocytes were washed with staining buffer and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at 4° C. prior to acquisition using a BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, CA, USA). Data were analyzed using C6 analysis software (BD Biosciences, CA, USA).
As a result, as shown in
2-4. Apoptosis Analysis
To analyze the apoptosis of splenocytes, Annexin-V and PI were stained using BD Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences, CA, USA). Splenocytes were collected at 7 days after challenge. Then, 1×105 cells in binding buffer were centrifuged at 400×g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. Cells were stained with 5 μl Annexin V-FITC and PI for 15 minutes at room temperature in the dark. The number of apoptotic cells was determined with a BD Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences, CA, USA) and analyzed with C6 Analysis Software (BD Biosciences, CA, USA).
As a result, as shown in
2-5. Test of Survival Rate, Body Weight Change and Parasite Load for Challenge Infection with Toxoplasma gondii
As described above, in order to determine the protective efficacy of the VLP vaccine, immunized mice and control mice were intraperitoneally challenged (IP) with lethal Toxoplasma gondii GT1 strain (1×103 tachyzoites) at 4 weeks after the 2nd immunization. In addition, in order to assess the efficacy of the VLP vaccine, tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii were collected from the abdominal cavities of mice at 7 days after challenge infection and counted.
As a result, as shown in
3-1. Single Immunized Animal Experiment
3-1-1. Preparation of an Animal Model
As shown in
3-1-2. Test of Toxoplasma gondii-Specific Antibody Response
The sera of mice were collected at 30 days after the challenge infection, and were used to determine the levels of IgG and IgA by ELISA in the same manner as in Experimental Example 2-2.
As a result, as shown in
3-1-3. Test of Immune Cell Response
The activities of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, germinal center B cells and B cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge infection were analyzed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 2-3.
As a result, as shown in
3-1-4. Test of Inflammatory Response
To determine the extent to which the inflammatory response is suppressed after infection of immunized mice, the brains of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge were crushed and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 10000 RPM. And then the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6) in the supernatant were determined using ELISA kit (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
As a result, as shown in
3-1-5. Test of the Size and Count of Cysts in the Brain Following Infection
Mice brains isolated at 30 days after challenge were crushed, and brain tissues were harvested and homogenized in 400 μl PBS with a syringe. The homogenized solution was resuspended in 45% Percoll, and then centrifuged at 4° C. and 12100 RPM for 20 minutes. Then, the cyst layer was carefully collected and washed with PBS at 6000 RPM for 20 minutes. 5 μl of the collected cysts was counted 5 times in 5 regions under a microscope (Leica DMi8, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).
As a result, as shown in
3-1-6. Test of Survival Rate and Body Weight Change Following Infection
At 30 days after VLP inoculation, mice were challenged with Toxoplasma gondii ME49 and the survival rates and the body weight changes of mice in each group were determined for 35 days.
As a result, as shown in
3-2. Double Immunized Animal Experiment
3-2-1. Preparation of an Animal Model
As shown in
3-2-2. Test of Toxoplasma gondii-Specific Antibody Response
As in the single immunization animal experiment, the IgG and IgA antibody responses in the sera of mice obtained at 30 days after the 1st and the 2nd immunizations and challenge infection were determined.
As a result, as shown in
3-2-3. Test of Immune Cell Response
As in the single immunization animal experiment, the activities of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, germinal center B cells and B cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge infection were analyzed.
As a result, as shown in
3-2-4. Test of Inflammatory Response
As in the single immunization animal experiment, the inflammatory response was determined in the brains of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6, which are indicators of the inflammatory response, were analyzed and compared between groups.
As a result, as shown in
3-2-5. Test of the Size and Count of Cysts in the Brain Following Infection
As in the single immunization animal experiment, the size and count of cysts collected from the brains of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge was determined.
As a result, as shown in
3-2-6. Test of Survival Rate and Body Weight Change Following Infection
As in the single immunization animal experiment, survival rates and body weight changes of mice in each group were measured for 35 days after challenge.
As a result, as shown in
3-3. Triple Immunized Animal Experiment
3-3-1. Preparation of an Animal Model
As shown in
3-3-2. Test of Toxoplasma gondii-Specific Antibody Response
As in the single immunization and double immunization animal experiments, the IgG and IgA antibody responses in the sera of mice obtained 30 days after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd immunizations and challenge infection were determined.
As a result, as shown in
3-3-3. Test of Immune Cell Response
As in the single and double immunization animal experiments, the activities of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, germinal center B cells and B cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge infection were analyzed.
As a result, as shown in
3-3-4. Test of Inflammatory Response
As in the single and double immunization animal experiments, the inflammatory response was determined in the brains of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6, which are indicators of the inflammatory response, were analyzed and compared between groups.
As a result, as shown in
3-3-5. Test of the Size and Count of Cysts in the Brain Following Infection
As in the single and double immunization animal experiments, the size and count of cysts collected from the brains of mice isolated at 30 days after challenge was determined.
As a result, it was found that the count of cysts was significantly decreased after the 3rd immunization compared to the count of cysts in the brains isolated after the 1st and the 2nd immunizations (
3-3-6. Test of Survival Rate and Body Weight Change Following Infection
As in the single and double immunization animal experiments, survival rates and body weight changes of mice in each group were determined for 35 days after challenge.
As a result, as shown in
The description of the invention is for illustrative purposes, and a skilled person in the art will understand that it can be easily modified into other specific forms without changing the technical idea or essential characteristics of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that the examples described above are illustrative in all respects and not restrictive. For example, each component described as a single type may be implemented in a distributed manner, and similarly, components described as distributed may be implemented in a combined form.
The scope of the present invention is indicated by the following claims, and all modifications or variations derived from the meaning and scope of the claims and equivalent concepts should be construed as being included in the scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2020-0001828 | Jan 2020 | KR | national |
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| Lee, S.H., et al., “Protective Immunity Induced by Incorporating Multiple Antigenic Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii into Influenza-Virus Like Particles”, Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 9, Article 3073, 9 pages, Jan. 2019. |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210207102 A1 | Jul 2021 | US |
