Virus-resistant transgenic plants comprising cells transformed with a polynucleotide encoding a potyviridae P1 protein or P1 protein fragment

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to materials and methods for conferring resistance to viral infection in plants. More specifically, the invention relates to transgenic plants and methods of their preparation, wherein said plants are resistant to infection by viruses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Plant pathogens, including plant viruses, have a profound impact on agricultural production. Accordingly, the control and eradication of certain plant viruses is of economic importance.
One plant pathogen of economic interest is the potato virus Y. Potato virus Y infects and damages several plant species, including members of the Solanaceae family. In one member of that family, comprising species of potato, infection by potato virus Y may result in as high as an 80% reduction in crop yield. However, despite its name, potato virus Y is pathogenic in a variety of plant species, including non-potato species.
Potato virus Y is a member of the Potyviridae family of viruses, the largest known group (family) of plant viruses. This family, in turn, is comprised of a number of genera, including genius Potyvirus (named after its type member, potato virus Y), genus Baymovirus (type member: barley yellow mosaic virus), and genus Ryemovirus (type member: ryegrass mosaic virus). See generally, Barnett, O. W., Archives of Virology, 118:139-141 (1991); and Reichmnann et al., J. General Virology, 73:1-16 (1992). Significant research has been conducted relating to the genomic structure, organization, and expression of potyviruses. See, e.g., Reichmann et al. (1992). Genomic sequence information is now available for several members of the Potyviridae family. See, e.g., sequences reported in GenBank Accession Nos. M95491, A08776, D00441, X12456 and X97895 (potato virus Y); M38480 and X55802 (potato virus X); X53062 (potato virus M); Z21670 (potato virus A); U19287 (bean common mosaic virus); D83749 and U47033 (bean yellow mosaic virus); X81083, M92280, X56759, D13751 and D00424 (plum pox virus); M96425 (pepper motile virus); X89997, D10930 and D01152 (pea seed-borne mosaic virus); D10927 (turnip mosaic virus); L29569, L31350, and L35588-L35590 (zucchini yellow mosaic virus); X82625 (barley mild mosaic virus); X69757 (barley mosaic virus); Z48506 (brome streak mosaic rymovirus); U05771 and U34972 (peanut stripe virus) U42596 (yam mosaic virus); L38714 (tobacco etch virus); and U38621 (tobacco vein mottling virus), all incorporated by reference herein.
Of interest to the present invention is the P1 gene of viruses of the Potyviridae family, in particular the P1 gene of viruses of the potyvirus genus, especially of potato virus Y. The P1 gene sequence has been reported for a number of different virus species and strains, including those indicated in the preceding paragraph. The Pi gene encodes one of eight functional proteins produced by processing of a primary polyprotein encoded by the 9.7 Kb genome of potato virus Y. See Reichmann et al. (1992). Protein P1 is encoded near the 5' end of the viral genome and is a 35 kDa protein having C-terminal proteolytic activity. Id. The P1 protein also has been reported to bind RNA. Brantley, et al., J. Gen. Virol., 74: 1157-1162 (1993).
Genetically-engineered pathogen-derived resistance to viral pathogens has been achieved in several plant species. For example, resistance to viral infection has been reported in plants transformed with viral coat protein-encoding genes. Hull, et al., Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 11: 17-33 (1992). Recently, there have been several reports that resistance to a plant virus may be achieved by transforming a susceptible plant with non-structural genes of the virus. However, such attempts have produced relatively strain-specific resistance. For example, strain-specific viral resistance has been reported by transformation of a strain of tobacco with replicase genes of tobacco mosaic virus. Longstaff, et al., EMBO J., 12: 379-386 (1993). Similar strain-specific results in tobacco have been reported by transformation with potato virus Y. Audy, et al., 12 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Virology, University of California at Davis, Calif. 7 (1993). Finally, strain-specific resistance to potato virus Y infection has been reported in tobacco having been transformed with the NIa proteinase of potato virus Y.
To date, methods for introduction of viral resistance in plants, and especially methods for achieving resistance to potato virus Y and other economically-important viruses, have been relatively strain-specific. Moreover, there are no reports of the use of P1 gene sequences to generate resistance to any virus in potatoes or any other plant species. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method for conferring resistance to viral pathogens across a range of species. In addition, due to the economic importance of controlling plant pathogens, and especially plant pathogens infecting food crops, there is a need in the art for additional transgenic virus-resistant plant species and methods for making such transgenic plant species.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to transgenic plant species having resistance to infection by one or more viral plant pathogens, to materials and methods for conferring such resistance, and to materials and methods for producing said transgenic plant species. Unlike materials and methods reported in the art, transformation of plant species as taught herein confers resistance to various viruses on a wide range of different plant species and wherein a gene, the P1 gene, is used in a manner not previously reported.
Transgenic plants and methods for making and using them according to the present invention are useful to increase the viability of plant crops and to increase plant yields. Transgenic plants and methods for producing them according to the present invention reduce crop loss due to infection by viral pathogens.
In general, the present invention provides transgenic plants resistant to infection by a virus selected from the group consisting of potato virus Y, potato leaf roll virus, potato virus A, potato virus V, potato moptop virus, potato yellow dwarf virus, tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco etch virus, tobacco vein mottlng virus, tobacco ringspot virus, tobacco streak virus, tobacco yellow dwarf virus, tomato golden mosaic virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, tomato ring spot virus, tomato black ring virus, pepper ringspot virus, pepper mottle virus, pepper mild mottle virus, and pepper veinal mottle virus (collectively refereed to as "the viruses). Plant species in which resistance may be conferred include potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, peppers, cabbage, pine, spruce, maize, wheat, rice, and birch. Generally, the resistance conferred by methods and materials according to the present invention is effective against any virus in the Potyviridae family and other phyla. Plant species capable of being infected by the viruses mentioned above are rendered resistant to one or more of the viruses upon transformation according to the methods taught herein.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a plant species capable of being infected by one or more of the viruses is genetically transformed with DNA encoding a P1 protein of potato virus Y or an effective portion thereof. As used herein, an effective portion of a P1 protein of potato virus Y is a portion of that protein which retains a proteolytic activity as characterized, inter alia, in Verchot, et al., Virology, 185: 527-535 (1991) and/or which retains RNA binding activity characteristic of P1. Also in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a plant capable of being pathogenically infected by one or more of the viruses is transformed with a vector comprising DNA encoding a P1 protein or an effective portion thereof. P1 vector DNA may be further transformed into a plasmid, such as a Ti-plasmid, for further transformation into a plant. However, the skilled artisan is aware of various means for transforming plants. Transgenic plant species according to the invention preferably may be transformed with DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. Suitable plants for transformation as described herein include, but are not limited to, those mentioned above. Viruses against which resistance may be conferred according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, the viruses mentioned above.
Also in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a transgenic potato is taught which has resistance to infection by potato virus Y. A transgenic potato according to the present invention may be a potato having been transformed with DNA encoding a P1 protein of potato virus Y or an effective portion thereof. A transgenic potato according to the present invention may be a potato having been transformed with DNA as shown in SEQ ED NO: 3. Also in a preferred embodiment, a potato shoot may be transformed with DNA encoding a P1 protein of potato virus Y.
In a method according to the present invention, transgenic plants are produced by transforming plantlets with DNA comprising a P1-encoding portion. The skilled artisan appreciates that any plant cell may be transformed by methods described herein. However, it is preferred to conduct transformation in plantlets (i.e., cultivars approximately four weeks old). In a preferred embodiment, P1-encoding DNA is transformed as part of a vector and may preferably be part of a plasmid, such as pHTT294, further conjugated into a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is then transformed into plant cells. Also in a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant may be selected from the group consisting of tuber crops and, further from the group consisting of potatoes, cauliflower, tobacco, tomatoes, and carrots.
Also provided by the present invention are methods for production of transgenic plants having a resistance to potato virus Y, comprising the steps of transforming a plant with DNA encoding P1 or an effective portion thereof and cultivating the resulting transformants under normal growth conditions.
DNA comprising a region encoding an effective portion of P1 protein of potato virus Y is effective in conferring resistance to viral infection in numerous species and strains of plants. Specifically, the P1 protein of potato virus Y is useful for conferring resistance to numerous viruses which infect members of the Solanaceae family and other plant families, including potato, tobacco, and pepper species, as well as members of related families, as listed above. Accordingly, while the present invention is specifically exemplified by conferring resistance to potato virus Y infection in potatoes, the invention also may be applied to confer resistance to other viruses in other plant species as enumerated above using P1. In addition, the invention may be used to confer resistance to other viruses in potatoes. Accordingly, application of the present technology to species not specifically exemplified herein is expected to function to confer resistance to such species.
In one aspect, the invention provides a virus-resistant plant comprising plant cells transformed with a polynucleotide, the polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a P1 protein of a Potyviridae virus or a portion of the P1 protein which retains P1 proteolytic activity or which binds RNA, the plant having increased resistance to infection by the virus compared to a wildtype plant of the same species which is free of cells transformed with the polynucleotide. By plant is meant any member of the plant kingdom that is susceptible to infection by viruses from the family Potyviridae, including but not limited to plants set forth above.
In a preferred embodiment, the virus-resistant plant is an angiosperm. Thus, in a related aspect, the invention includes seeds from plants of the invention, the seeds comprising plant cells transformed with the polynucleotide, such that the seeds are capable of germinating into plants that are virus-resistant. Such seeds are useful for regenerating virus-resistant offspring of plants of the invention. Such offspring themselves are intended as an aspect of the invention. The seeds of some species also are useful as food products-or as sources of food products (e.g., oils).
In a highly preferred embodiment, the virus-resistant plant is from the family Solanaceae. Virus-resistant potatoes, tomatoes, tobaccos, peppers, and the like are specifically contemplated.
In a related aspect, the invention includes commercially valuable portions of the virus-resistant plants of the invention. In addition to seeds mentioned above, the invention includes, for example, a tuber from a virus-resistant potato plant of the invention; a leaf from a virus-resistant tobacco plant of the invention; the fruits from tomato or pepper plants of the invention; and the like.
With respect to the polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a P1 protein of a Potyviridae virus or a portion of the P1 protein which retains P1 proteolytic activity or which binds RNA, a preferred portion of the P1 protein is a portion comprising the portion of PVY P1 protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 3 and set forth in SEQ ED NO: 4. It has recently been reported that the carboxyl terminus of the PVY P1 protein actually extends about 8 amino acids downstream of the sequence encoded by SEQ ED NO: 3 and set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Exemplary DNA and amino acid PVY P1 sequences which include 8 additional codons/residues (relative to SEQ ID NO: 3) are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 5-6 and 7-8. Smaller fragments of P1 protein are specifically contemplated.
In a preferred embodiment, the P1-encoding polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a P1 protein or portion thereof from a potyvirus, such as from the viruses listed above. Nucleotide sequence information has been reported in the art for many members of the Potyviridae family (e.g., potato virus Y, potato virus X, potato virus M, potato virus A, bean common mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic virus, plum pox virus, pepper mottle virus, pea seed-borne mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, barley mild mosaic virus, barley mosaic virus, brome streak mosaic rymovirus, peanut stripe virus, yam mosaic virus, tobacco etch virus, and tobacco vein mottling virus), and P1 encoding sequences from these viruses are specifically contemplated. In one highly preferred embodiment, the P1 sequence is derived from potato virus Y.
In another preferred embodiment, the P1 sequence is derived from Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV). Preferred plants for transformation with a BYMV P1 sequence include commercially important grain and forage legumes (alfalfas, clovers, wheats, barleys, rices, etc.) known to be adversely affected by BYMV infection.
In another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide used to transform plants comprises, in addition to a nucleotide sequence encoding a P1 protein (or portion thereof), a promoter sequence operably linked to the sequence encoding the P1 protein, the promoter promoting transcription of the P1 encoding sequence in the plant. A cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV 35S promoter) comprises a suitable promoter, as exemplified herein.
In another preferred embodiment, the promoter sequence is operably liked to the sequence encoding a P1 protein (or portion thereof) such that the promoter promotes transcription in the plant of an antisense RNA complementary to the P1 encoding sequence.
In a related aspect, the invention provides a method for conferring resistance to a Potyviridae virus in a plant species, comprising the steps of: (a) transforming one or more members of the plant species with a polynucleotide encoding a P1 protein from a Potyviridae virus, or a portion thereof which retains P1 proteolytic activity and which binds RNA, thereby providing transformed plants; and (b) selecting a transformed plant having resistance to a Potyviridae virus.
In preferred embodiments, the polynucleotide further comprises a promoter sequence operably linked to the P1 encoding sequence, the promoter sequence promoting transcription in the plant of either (a) the P1 encoding sequence, or (b) an antisense RNA complementary to the P1 encoding sequence.
Similarly, the invention provides a method for conferring resistance to a Potyviridae virus in a plant species comprising the steps of: (a) transforming a plant cell or cells with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a P1 protein of a Potyviridae virus or a portion of the P1 protein which retains P1 proteolytic activity or which binds RNA; (b) regenerating the plant cell or cells to provide a regenerated plant; and (c) selecting a regenerated plant which expresses the nucleotide sequence encoding a P1 protein or portion thereof at an expression level which confers resistance to a Potyviridae virus. Preferred P1 encoding sequences for use in the invention and preferred plant species are summarized above.
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for conferring resistance to a Potyviridae virus in a plant species comprising the steps of: (a) transforming a plant cell or cells with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a P1 protein of a Potyviridae virus or a portion thereof; (b) regenerating the plant cell or cells to provide a regenerated plant; and (c) selecting a regenerated plant wherein antisense RNA complementary to the nucleotide sequence encoding a P1 protein or portion thereof is produced at a level which confers resistance to a Potyviridae virus. In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide of step (a) further comprises a promoter sequence operably lined to the sequence encoding a P1 protein of a Potyviridae virus or a portion thereof, the promoter sequence promoting transcription in the plant of an antisense RNA complementary to the P1 encoding sequence or portion thereof.
In addition to virus-resistant plants and methods for conferring viral resistance, the present invention also provides materials for conferring resistance to viral infection in plants. For example, in one embodiment, the invention provides an isolated DNA comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a P1 coding sequence, wherein the promoter sequence promotes transcription of the P1 coding sequence in plant cells, and wherein the P1 coding sequence encodes a P1 protein from a plant Potyviridae virus, or a portion of the P1 protein which retains P1 proteolytic activity or which binds RNA. In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated DNA comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a P1 coding sequence, wherein the P1 coding sequence encodes a P1 protein from a plant Potyviridae virus or a portion of the P1 protein, and wherein the promoter sequence promotes transcription of antisense RNA complementary to the P1 coding sequence or portion thereof in plant cells. Numerous exemplary members of the Potyviridae family are set forth herein. Preferably, the P1 coding sequence encodes a potyvirus P1 protein or portion thereof, e.g., the P1 coding sequence from potato virus Y. In one embodiment, a DNA of the invention is a chimeric construct wherein the promoter is derived from one species, and wherein the P1 sequence is derived from a separate and distinct species.
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a plant transformed with an isolated DNA according to claim 25, the plant having resistance to infection from the Potyviridae virus. The invention also includes the sexually or asexually produced progeny of a plants of the invention and of plants produced according to methods of the invention, wherein the progeny have resistance to infection from the Potyviridae virus.
Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to the skilled artisan upon consideration of the following detailed description thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 represents Southern blots of HindIII (lanes 1-4); SmaI plus HindIII (lanes 5-8); and SmaI (lanes 9-12) digests of DNA from PVY-resistant and PVY-susceptible P1 transgenic PITO plants.
FIG. 2 schematically depicts the organization of plasmid pHTT294, wherein RB and LB represent right and left border sequences, 35S represents the CaMV 35S promoter, and the nos-npt2 gene encodes kanamycin resistance and thereby provides a selectable marker.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a new strategy for generating resistance against a variety of plant viruses by transformation of susceptible plants with a P1 gene of a virus from the Potyviridae family, and preferably from the potyvirus genus, such as the P1 gene from potato virus Y. The results provided in the examples below establish a high resistance to infection in transformed plants. The following Examples are illustrative of the invention and provide preferred embodiments thereof. However, it is apparent to the skilled artisan that various embodiments of the invention not specifically exemplified herein will also achieve the result of conferring resistance upon transformed plant cells.
EXAMPLE 1
Using The P1 Gene Of Potato Virus Y To Generate Transgenic Potato Plants Resistant to PVY Infection
The following procedures and results demonstrate that transformation of a potato plant with the P1 gene from a wildtype potyvirus (potato virus Y) is capable of conferring resistance to potyvirus infection and damage caused by infection.
EXTRACTION OF VIRAL RNA AND SYNTHESIS OF cDNA
Numerous methods for the extraction and purification of RNA and manufacture of cDNA libraries are known. See, e.g., Sambrook, et al., Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 7.3-7.84 and 8.3-8.82 (1989). Consequently, any known method may be used to generate cDNA encoding a P1 protein of potato virus Y for use according to the methods taught herein.
In order to generate potato virus Y (PVY) cDNA, tobacco leaves were infected with a wild-type strain of PVY. Such a strain is reported in Gibson, et al., Ann. Appl. Biol., 116: 151-156 (1990), incorporated by reference herein. A crude viral extract was prepared according to the method of Edwards, et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 19: 1349 (1991), incorporated by reference herein, in order isolate total viral RNA. To extract RNA, leaf tissue (2-4 grams) was frozen in about 50 ml liquid nitrogen and was then ground to a fine powder. An equal volume of extraction buffer (200 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 250 mM NaCl, 25 mM EDTA, 0.5% SDS) was then added, mixed well, and the extracts were vortexed for 5 seconds. Extracts were then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 1 minute and 300 .mu.l of the supernatant were transferred to a fresh tube. That tube was left at room temperature for about two minutes with the addition of 300 .mu.l isopropanol. The extract was then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 minutes and the pellet was vacuum dried and dissolved in 100 .mu.l TE (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 1.0 mM EDTA).
The RNA preparation obtained was used in the preparation of a cDNA library using a 1st Strand Synthesis Kit (Pharmacia) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A random hexanucleotide mixture was used to prime the RNA.
The cDNA obtained as provided above was subjected to PCR amplification using a Taq DNA polymerase (Promega). The upstream primer for amplification was 5'-GGGAATTCATATGGCAACTTACATGTCAACA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1), which corresponds to nucleotides 185 through 205 of the PVY.sup.n (the similarity of the sequences of PVY.sup.n and PVY.sup.o allows the use of either strain for construction of PCR primers) RNA sequence reported by Robaglia et al., J. Gen. Virol., 70: 935-947 (1989), with additional sequence providing EcoRI and NdeI sites. The downstream primer was 3'-GGGGATCCACTCTlGATAACTCTAGAACGTGC-5' (SEQ ID NO: 2), corresponding to nucleotides 989 through 1012 of the PVY.sup.n RNA sequence with an additional BamHI site. The amplified region corresponds to the P1 gene of the PVY strain employed, as reported by Robaglia et al. (1990). PCR was carried out using a PTC-100 Thermocycler with a programmable Thermal Controller M Research) at 92.degree.-35.degree.-72.degree. C. for 30 cycles. The skilled artisan knows standard PCR protocols. See, e.g., Ausubel, et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology: .sctn.15 (1989).
The nucleotide sequence of the resulting PCR product is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. That product was cloned into a pCR1000 cloning vector obtained from the TA Cloning System (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cloned fragment was also subcloned into a pET3a expression vector (Novagen) by ligating the NdeI and BamHI digested fragment into unique NdeI and BamHI sites in the vector. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned fragment was obtained by the dideoxy chain termination method of Sanger, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. (USA), 74: 5463-5467, using an AutoRead DNA Sequencer Kit and an A.L.F. Automated DNA Sequencer (Pharmacia Biotech).
CLONING AND SEQUENCE ANALYSES
The cloning procedure described above resulted in the production of a cDNA clone containing the entire 31 kDa open reading frame of P1 as reported by Robaglia et al. (1990). The nucleotide sequence of the cloned fragment (SEQ ID NO: 3) was confirmed to correspond to a previously published P1 sequence of PVY.sup.o (GenBank Accession No. M37180, reported in Thornbury et al., virology, 178: 573-578 (1990)) with 94.6% homology at the nucleotide level corresponding to 97% homology at the amino acid level. The translation integrity of the cloned sequence was confirmed by in vitro translation of the cloned sequence in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, which resulted in the production of a 31 kDa product as predicted from the amino acid sequence of the native protein.
AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION
The cloned P1 sequence described above was inserted into unique BamHI sites in a pHTT294 plasmid (schematically depicted in FIG. 2) in sense orientation, resulting in plasmid pHTT294P1S. The pHTT294 plasmid (pHTT294P1S) containing the cloned P1 sequence was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, on Apr. 1, 1994, as accession number ATCC 75726. The pHTT294 plasmid, which is similar to the pHTT370 plasmid reported in Elomaa et al., Bio/Technology, 11:508-511 (1993), contains a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV 35S promoter), a neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPTII), and a transfer DNA (T-DNA) polyadenylation signal. Correct orientation of the P1 gene sequence in the plasmid was confirmed by restriction fragment analysis. That plasmid was then further conjugated into an Agrobacterium tumefaciens (C58C1, Van Larebece, et al., Nature, 252: 169-170 (1974)) Ti-plasmid (pGV3850, Zambryski, et al., EMBO J., 12: 2143-2150 (1983) by triparental mating using a GJ23 helper plasmid described in Van Haute, et al., EMBO J., 12: 411-417 (1983). The construct contained a kanamycin-resistance gene. Portions of stems (approximately 3-5 mm each) were excised from 4-week-old plantlets of potato cultivar PITO, a commercially-available variety of potato produced in Finland, and were transformed with the above-described Ti-plasmid. Explants were grown on MS medium (4.71 g/L MS salts; 30 g/L sucrose, 6.0 g/L agar, pH 5.2), as reported in Murashige, et al., Physiologia Plantarum, 15: 473-497, incorporated by reference herein, supplemented with 2.25 mg/L BAP (6-bentsylaminopurine), 0.2 mg/L NAA (.alpha.-napthaleneacetic acid), and 0.1 mM acetosyringone for 48 hours prior to inoculation with Agrobacterium.
An overnight culture of A. tumefaciens grown in liquid LB medium was diluted 1:10 with liquid MS medium and explants were immersed in the inoculum. Explants were then dried briefly against a sterile filter paper and incubated on MS plates at pH 5.8 with BAP and NAA for 48 hours under shaded light at 28.degree. C. in a growth chamber. Explants were next washed with 500 mg/L cefotaxime and placed on fresh MS medium containing cefotaxime in the same concentration as in the wash. Ten days later, explants were transferred onto MS medium (pH 5.8) containing 75 mg/L kanamycin and grown for 7 days. Finally, the explants were transferred onto MS medium (pH 5.8) supplemented with 2.25 mg/L BAP, 35.0 mg/L gibberellic acid and 75 mg/L kanamycin. Shoots regenerated approximately 28-35 days after agroinfection.
INOCULATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH PVY
In vitro-derived potato plants were transplanted into soil and grown in a greenhouse under natural daylight extended and supplemented by fluorescent illumination with a photoperiod of 18 hours. Daily mean minimum temperature was 23.degree. C. and daily mean maximum temperature was 27.degree. C. Sap was extracted from the uppermost fully-expanded leaves of PVY.sup.o -infected Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun, diluted 1:3 with distilled water, and rubbed onto carborundum-dusted leaves of 6-week-old potato plants. Three plants of each of the P1-transgenic lines were inoculated. Non-transformed plants of PITO were included as controls.
Two uppermost fully-expanded leaves were tested for PVY 14 and 21 days after inoculation using the direct double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using p-nitrophenyl as substrate. Antibodies for the assay (anti-PVY antibody and anti-PVY antibody-alkaline phosphate conjugate) were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim. Absorbencies were recorded at 405 nm using an ELISA reader (Titertek Multiscan). Serial dilutions of purified PVY.sup.o were used as a standard in ELISA tests.
SCREENING OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS
Samples of leaf tissue (30-40 mg) from plants regenerated on a kanamycin-containing selection medium were screened for expression of the NPTII protein using the method of McDonnell, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 5: 380-386 (1987), incorporated by reference herein. The NPTII protein is neomycin phosphotransferase II which confers kanamyci resistance. Leaf tissue (30-40 mg) was ground in an Eppendorf tube, to which 30-40 .mu.l extraction buffer (20% glycerol, 125 mM Tris-Hcl, pH 6.8, 10% .beta.-mercaptoethanol, 0.2% SDS) was added. After grinding, tubes were vortexed for 10 seconds and placed on ice. The tubes were then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 15,600.times.g at room temperature and the resulting supernatant was transferred to a new tube. In an Eppendorf tube, 5 .mu.l of each sample extract and 5 .mu.l of an assay mixture (0.03 mM kanamycin, 1.48 mM ATP, 18 mM NaF, 10 .mu.Ci gamma-32-labelled phosphorus) were mixed and incubated for 20 minutes at 37.degree. C. Samples were then centrifuged briefly and 5 .mu.l of each sample was spotted onto a dried Whatman.TM. P81 (cellulose phosphate) paper which had been soaked in a solution of 20 mM ATP and 100 mM pyrophosphatase. After the spots had dried, the paper was washed for 2 minutes in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 and 80.degree. C. The blots were then washed in 10 mM sodium buffer at room temperature for 10 minutes, a step which was repeated 3-5 times. Finally, the blots were dried and exposed to x-ray film for 16 to 48 hours.
Genomic DNA was then isolated from leaf tissue of the transformants and control plants using the procedure of Dellaporta, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 15: 39-47 (1983), incorporated by reference herein, including phenol-chloroform and CTAB extractions. Specifically, isolation of genomic DNA was accomplished by weighing 2-4 g potato leaves, which were then ground in liquid nitrogen to a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. The powder was then transferred to a 50 ml centrifuge tube containing 20 ml extraction buffer (500 mM NaCl, 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM EDTA). An aliquot of 2.7 ml of 10% SDS was then added and the tube was shaken and incubated at 65.degree. C. for 30 minutes. A 1/3 volume of 5M potassium acetate was then added and mixed well. The tube was then placed on ice for 30 minutes, after which it was centrifuged at 20,000.times.g for 15 minutes at 4.degree. C. The supernatant was then poured through cheesecloth and a 0.7 volume of isopropanol was added. The tube was then placed on ice for 30 minutes and subsequently centrifuged at 1000.times.g for 10 minutes. The pellet was dissolved in 2 ml TE overnight at 4.degree. C. The pellet was then incubated at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes upon addition of 4 .mu.l RNAase. Phenol-chloroform extraction was then performed (2-4 times) followed by CTAB extraction (1% CTAB, 1.25M NaCl, incubated 10 minutes at 60.degree. C.), followed by two chloroform extractions. Two volumes of ethanol were then added and the tube was placed on ice for 15 minutes. Finally, the tube was centrifuged at 3000.times.g for 10 minutes, the resulting pellet was washed with 75% ethanol and then dried in a Speed Vac and dissolved in 250 .mu.l to 500 .mu.l TE buffer.
The cloned P1 sequence was radioactively labeled with .alpha..sup.32 P CTP according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Oligolabelling Kit, Pharmacia) and was used to probe HindIII, HindIII plus SmaI, and SmaI digested DNA samples.
ANALYSIS OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS
Randomly-selected transformants, regenerated on medium (MS medium supplemented with 2.25 mg/L BAP, 35.0 mg/L gibberellic acid) containing kanamycin (75 mg/L), were allowed to root on a kanamycin-free medium. Seventy-one of the rooted R.sub.0 plantlets were assayed for neomycin phosphotransferase activity (NPTII) by methods described in McDonnell et al., supra. Thirty-five of the tested seedlings were NPTII positive and represented 27 independent cell lines. Growth and appearance of the NPTII positive plants were similar to those of non-transformed control plants of PITO.
Nine of the NPTII positive R.sub.0 plants were assayed for vial resistance by ELISA. The results are summarized in Table 1; wherein mean PVY.sup.o concentrations (.mu.g PVY.sup.o /g potato leaves) in each of the three copies (a,b,c) of P1 transgenic lines, and in untransformned PITO control (inoculated and uninoculated) were measured 14 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi). In all ELISA experiments, serial dilutions of purified PVY.sup.o was used as standards.
TABLE 1______________________________________PVY.smallcircle. (.mu.g/g leaves) Cell Line 14 dpi 21 dpi______________________________________Experiment 1: 1002SI1 a 0,0 ND b 0,0 ND c 0,0 ND SI0319-1 a 561,0 ND b 510,0 ND c 1122,0 ND PITO control (inoculated) a 244,8 ND b 142,8 ND PITO control (uninoculated) a 0,0 ND b 0,0 ND Experiment 2: SI0626-1 a 112,2 127,5 b 260,1 89,4 c 484,5 255,0 SI0319-3 a 237,0 ND b 99,0 ND c 330,0 ND SI0605-1 a 0,0 ND b 264,0 ND c 114,0 ND PITO control (inoculated) a 210,0 107,1 b 109,8 188,7 PITO control (uninoculated) a 0,0 0,0 b 0,0 0,0 Experiment 3: SI0601-2 a 0,0 64,8 b ND 0,0 c 76,5 54,0 SI0305-1 a 0,0 0,0 b 0,0 0,0 c 0,0 0,0 SIII1113-1 a 0,0 0,0 b 0,0 0,0 c 0,0 0,0 SI0523-1 a ND 0,0 b ND 18,3 c ND 17,7 PITO control (inoculated) a 45,9 125,4 b 178,9 57,0 PITO control (unioculated) a 0,0 0,0 b 0,0 0,0______________________________________ ND = not determined
As shown in Table 1, no PVY was detected in the P1-transformants, 1002SI1, SIII 1113-1 and SI0305-1, representing three independent lines, 21 days after inoculation. Those plants also remained symptomless. In contrast, other tested lines transformed with P1 showed mosaic symptoms and had high PVY titres similar to those of nontransformed PVY-infected PITO plants. Two of the NPTII positive R.sub.0 plants, one resistant plant, 1002SI1, and one susceptible plant, S10319-1, were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using the cloned P1 sequence as a probe. Southern analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene in the genome of the resistant plant as a single insert, but no signal was detected in Southern analysis of the susceptible plant. The results are shown in FIG. 1; wherein lanes 1-3, 5-7, and 9-11 are blots from three different copies of a resistant strain; and lanes 4, 8, and 12 are blots from a susceptible strain.
EXAMPLE 2
Using the P1 Gene in Anti-sense Orientation to Generate Transgenic Potato Plants Resistant to PVY Infection
The PVY P1 gene segment described in Example 1 also was transformed in an antisense orientation into potato cultivar PITO. The P1 construct used for transformation was essentially identical to the construct described in the preceding example and deposited with the ATCC, except that the P1 insert was inserted into the unique BamHI site of the pHTT294 plasmid in an anti-sense orientation. Correct orientation of the P1 gene sequence was confirmed via restriction digestion using NdeI and HindIII enzymes, resulting in fragments of approximately 575 base pairs (bp), 1915 bp, 3217 bp, and 5150 bp (comprared to fragments of 575 bp, 1676 bp, 3456 bp, and 5150 bp from the sense-oriented construct). Transformation and screening of potato plants, viral inoculations, and virus tests were performed as described in the preceding example and in Pehu et al., American Potato J., 72:523-532 (1995). The presence of the P1 antisense RNA in transgenic lines was confirmed by Northern analysis using a strand-specific RNA probe. As the results in Table 2 demonstrate, five independent lines of antisense-transformed PITO plant cultivars showed resistance against potato virus Y, both in sap and in graft inoculations. Twenty-three other transgenic lines showed infection symptoms and had high virus titres.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ELISA test results (absorbance at A405, mean and standard deviation) of five P1 antisense transgenic PITO potato lines (3 copies each) and of nontransformed control PITO plants. sap-inoculation graft-inoculationPlant 14 dpi 21 dpi 21 dpi 35 dpi Line A 405 STDEV A 405 STDEV N 405 STDEV A 405 STDEV__________________________________________________________________________AII 1814-1 0,007 0,008 0,001 0,002 0,000 0,000 0,016 0,002 AI 0306-3 0,000 0,000 0,003 0,005 0,004 0,007 0,023 0,003 AI 0623-2 0,009 0,008 0,001 0,002 0,005 0,005 0,018 0,007 AI 1139-1 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,003 0,005 0,027 0,003 AII 1813-1 0,007 0,004 0,002 0,003 0,000 0,000 0,010 0,005 Pito, 1,397 0,105 1,262 0,077 1,259 0,323 1,271 0,255 infected Pito, 0,033 0,045 0,008 0,008 0,005 0,004 0,014 0,011 healthy__________________________________________________________________________
The foregoing results demonstrate that resistance to viral infection can be conferred by transformation of susceptible plants with the P1 gene of a potyviridae virus, in anti-sense conformation.
EXAMPLE 3
Using the P1 Gene of Potato Virus Y to Generate Transgenic Tobacco Plants Resistant to PVY Infection
Using the P1 gene constructs and Agrobacterium strains described in Examples 1 and 2, Nicotiana tabacum SR1 plants were transformed with P1 gene both in sense and in antisense orientation. Transformations of tobacco were performed using an Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disk transformation-regeneration method, essentially as described in Horsch et al., Science, 227:1229-1231 (1985), incorporated by reference herein. Independent primary transformants were rooted on media containing 100 mg/l kanamycin and subsequently transplanted into soil. Two weeks after transplantation, the two uppermost leaves of each plant (3 plants for independent transformant line) were inoculated with sap from potato virus Y-infected tobacco. Eighteen days after inoculation, plants were tested for PVY.sup.o concentration with DAS-ELISA as described above, and symptoms were scored. Four out of seventeen independent antisense-transformed lines (AI-2, AI-4, AI-12, AI-22) and three out of twenty independent sense-transformed lines (SI-1, SI-11, SI-29) did not shown any symptoms and had low absorbance values in ELISA tests (mean absorbance measurements of 0,028-0,064, compared to 0,041 for healthy control tobacco plants), the remaining antisense-transformed and sense-transformed lines showing typical PVY infection symptoms and higher absorbance values in the ELISA tests (Tables 3-5).
TABLE 3______________________________________AI ANTISENSE symptoms A 405, 18 dpi stdev______________________________________AI-1 + 1,226 AI-2 - 0,047 0,023 AI-4 - 0,048 0,036 AI-5 + 0,754 AI-11 + 1,716 AI-12 - 0,043 0,021 AI-13 + 1,020 AI-14 + 1,131 AI-19 + 1,771 AI-20 + 1,191 AI-22 - 0,028 0,009 AI-23 + 1,214 AI-24 + 1,457 AI-26 + 1,162 AI-27 + 0,733 AI-28 + 1,060 AI-29 + 1,305 healthy 0,041 0,020 tobacco______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________SI SENSE symptoms A 405, 18 dpi stdev______________________________________SI-1 - 0,057 0,015 SI-3 - 0,122 0,031 SI-4 + 1,156 SI-5 + 1,304 SI-6 - 0,147 0,147 SI-7 + 1,293 SI-8 + 0,933 SI-9 - 0,134 0,115 SI-11 - 0,064 0,021 SI-14 + 1,178 SI-15 + 1,498 SI-16 + 0,657 1,010 SI-17 + 1,430 SI-18 + 1,540 SI-19 + 1,345 SI-21 + 1,963 SI-22 + 1,095 SI-26 - 0,042 0,020 SI-28 + 1,236 SI-29 - 0,031 0,004______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________K3-CONTROL symptoms A 405, 18 dpi______________________________________K3-1 + 0,920 K3-2 + 1,139 K3-3 + 1,171 K3-5 + K3-7 + K3-8 + K3-10 + K3-11 + K3-12 + K3-13 + K3-14 + K3-15 + K3-18 + K3-19 + K3-20 + K3-22 + K3-25 + K3-26 + K3-29 + K3-30 +______________________________________
A 405=absorbance at 405 nm; stdev=standard deviation; antisense transformed plants having PVY P1 gene in antisense orientation; sense=transformed plants having PVY P1 gene in sense orientation; K3=control plants transformed with empty plasmid but not with P1 gene.
The foregoing results provide an indication that transformation of multiple susceptible plant species with the P1 gene from a Potyviridae virus, in sense or antisense orientation, is capable of conferring viral resistance.
EXAMPLE 4
Transformation of Plants with P1 Gene Sequences Containing Additional 3' Coding Sequence
Recently it has been reported that the cleavage site between the P1 protein and the Helper Component Protease protein (which lies immediately downstream from the P1 gene in the PVY genome) is eight amino acids further downstream than had been reported previously (i.e., the PVY P1 protein is 8 amino acids longer at its carboxy terminus). Significantly, all conserved motifs believed to be necessary for, e.g., P1 proteolytic activity, are located within the P1 sequence that is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 and that was used in the preceding examples to confer viral resistance. The following procedure is used to demonstrate that the putative complete P1 protein sequence, including the eight additional amino acids, may be used in an identical manner to confer viral resistance in plants.
The procedures described in the foregoing examples are repeated using a putative complete P1 coding sequence. As explained above, genomic sequence information has been reported in the art for numerous viruses in the Potyviridae family. Such sequences are preferred sequences for generating a complete P1 gene for insertion into a pHTT294 plasmid or other suitable plasmid for transformation (in sense or antisense orientation). Preferred procedures for generating complete P1 gene sequences are PCR procedures, using synthetic PCR primers made from reported genomic sequence information and using nucleic acid from viral isolates. Alternatively, polynucleotides having P1 seqeunces reported in the art are produced synthetically. Exemplary complete PVY P1 gene and amino acid sequences, derived from the sequences reported by Robaglia et al. (GenBank Accession No. D00441) and Thornbury et al. (GenBank Accession No. M37180), are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5-6 and 7-8, respectively.
Transformation, plant regeneration, viral resistance screening, and the like are performed essentially as described in the preceding examples to demonstrate that viral resistance is conferred via transformation with a complete PVY P1 gene sequence.
EXAMPLE 5
Transformation of Plants with P1 Gene Fragments to Confer Viral Resistance
To demonstrate that P1 gene fragments, in sense or antisense orientation, may be used to confer viral resistance in plants, the procedures described in Examples 1-3 are repeated using portions of the P1 sequences reported herein or reported in the art. For example, portions of the sequences reported in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, or 7 are employed. Exemplary P1 gene fragments for screening are contiguous fragments of, e.g., about 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, or 800 base pairs from a reported P1 sequence. Preferred procedures for generating P1 gene fragments are restriction digestion of complete or nearly complete P1 clones; PCR procedures, using synthetic PCR primers made from reported genomic sequence information and using nucleic acid from viral isolates; and automated synthetic procedures known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the fragments selected contain gene sequences from the 3' portion of the P1 gene, as this portion of the gene exhibits greater similarity between potyvirus species.
P1 gene fragments synthesized as described above are cloned (in sense or antisense orientation) into a suitable vector for transformation, such as the vector employed in Examples 1-3. Transformation, plant regeneration, viral resistance screening, and the like are performed essentially as described in the preceding examples to determine those P1 gene fragments which confer viral resistance when used to transform suitable plant hosts.
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING - - - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: - - (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 31 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1: - - GGGAATTCAT ATGGCAACTT ACATGTCAAC A - # - # 31 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 32 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: - - CGTGCAAGAT CTCAATGAGT CTCACCTAGG GG - # - # 32 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 828 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) - - (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..828 - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: - - ATG GCA ACT TAC ATG TCA ACA ATC TGT TTC GG - #T TCG TTT GAA TGC AAG 48 Met Ala Thr Tyr Met Ser Thr Ile Cys Phe Gl - #y Ser Phe Glu Cys Lys 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - CTA CCA TAC TCA CCC GCC TCT TGC GGG CAT AT - #T GCG AAG GAA CGA GAA 96 Leu Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly His Il - #e Ala Lys Glu Arg Glu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - GTG CTG GCT TCC GTT GAT CCT TTT GCA GAT CT - #G GAA ACA CAA CTT AGT 144 Val Leu Ala Ser Val Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp Le - #u Glu Thr Gln Leu Ser 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - GCA CGA TTG CTC AAG CAA GAA TAT GCT ACT GT - #T CGT GTG CTC AAG AAC 192 Ala Arg Leu Leu Lys Gln Glu Tyr Ala Thr Va - #l Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - GGT ACT CTT ACG TAC CGA TAC AAG ACT GAT GC - #C CAG ATA ACG CGC ATC 240 Gly Thr Leu Thr Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Thr Asp Al - #a Gln Ile Thr Arg Ile 65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80 - - CAG AAG AAA CTG GAA AGG AAG GAT AGG GAA GA - #A TAT CAC TTC CAG ATG 288 Gln Lys Lys Leu Glu Arg Lys Asp Arg Glu Gl - #u Tyr His Phe Gln Met 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - GCA GCT CCT AGT ATT GTG TCA AAA ATT ACT AT - #A GCT GGT GGA GAT CCT 336 Ala Ala Pro Ser Ile Val Ser Lys Ile Thr Il - #e Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - CCA TCA AAG TCT GAG CCA CAA GCA CCA AGA GG - #T ATC ATT CAT ACA ACT 384 Pro Ser Lys Ser Glu Pro Gln Ala Pro Arg Gl - #y Ile Ile His Thr Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - CCA AGG GTG CGT AAA GTC AAG ACA CGC CCC AT - #A ATA AAG TTG ACA GAA 432 Pro Arg Val Arg Lys Val Lys Thr Arg Pro Il - #e Ile Lys Leu Thr Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - CCG GAG ATG GAT CAT CTC ATT AAG CAG GTG AA - #G CAG ATT ATG TCG GGG 480 Pro Glu Met Asp His Leu Ile Lys Gln Val Ly - #s Gln Ile Met Ser Gly 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - AAG AGA GGG TCT GTT CAC TTA ATT AGT AGA AA - #G ACC ACC CAT GTTCAA 528 Lys Arg Gly Ser Val His Leu Ile Ser Arg Ly - #s Thr Thr His Val Gln 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - TAT AAG GAG ATA CTT GGT GCA ACT CGC GCA GC - #G GTT CGA ACT GCA CAT 576 Tyr Lys Glu Ile Leu Gly Ala Thr Arg Ala Al - #a Val Arg Thr Ala His 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - ATG CTG GGC TTG CGA CGG AGA GTG GAC TTC CG - #A TGT GAT ATG TGG ACA 624 Met Leu Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Val Asp Phe Ar - #g Cys Asp Met Trp Thr 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - GTT GGA CTT TTG CAA CGT CTC GCT CGG ACG GA - #C AAA TGG TCC AAT CAA 672 Val Gly Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Thr As - #p Lys Trp Ser Asn Gln 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - GTC CGC ACT ATC AAC ATA CGA AAG GGT GAT AG - #T GGA GTC ATC TTG AAC 720 Val Arg Thr Ile Asn Ile Arg Lys Gly Asp Se - #r Gly Val Ile Leu Asn 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - ACA AAA AGT CTC AAA GGC CAC TTT GGT AGA AG - #T TCA GGA GAC TTGTTC 768 Thr Lys Ser Leu Lys Gly His Phe Gly Arg Se - #r Ser Gly Asp Leu Phe 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - ATA GTG CGT GGA TCA CAC GAA GGG AAA TTG TA - #C GAT ACA CGT TCT AGA 816 Ile Val Arg Gly Ser His Glu Gly Lys Leu Ty - #r Asp Thr Arg Ser Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - GTT ACT CAG AGT - # - # - # 828 Val Thr Gln Ser 275 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 276 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: - - Met Ala Thr Tyr Met Ser Thr Ile Cys Phe Gl - #y Ser Phe Glu Cys Lys 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Leu Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly His Il - #e Ala Lys Glu Arg Glu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Val Leu Ala Ser Val Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp Le - #u Glu Thr Gln Leu Ser 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Ala Arg Leu Leu Lys Gln Glu Tyr Ala Thr Va - #l Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Gly Thr Leu Thr Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Thr Asp Al - #a Gln Ile Thr Arg Ile 65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80 - - Gln Lys Lys Leu Glu Arg Lys Asp Arg Glu Gl - #u Tyr His Phe Gln Met 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Ala Ala Pro Ser Ile Val Ser Lys Ile Thr Il - #e Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Pro Ser Lys Ser Glu Pro Gln Ala Pro Arg Gl - #y Ile Ile His Thr Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Pro Arg Val Arg Lys Val Lys Thr Arg Pro Il - #e Ile Lys Leu Thr Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Pro Glu Met Asp His Leu Ile Lys Gln Val Ly - #s Gln Ile Met Ser Gly 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Lys Arg Gly Ser Val His Leu Ile Ser Arg Ly - #s Thr Thr His ValGln 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Tyr Lys Glu Ile Leu Gly Ala Thr Arg Ala Al - #a Val Arg Thr Ala His 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Met Leu Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Val Asp Phe Ar - #g Cys Asp Met Trp Thr 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Val Gly Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Thr As - #p Lys Trp Ser Asn Gln 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Val Arg Thr Ile Asn Ile Arg Lys Gly Asp Se - #r Gly Val Ile Leu Asn 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Thr Lys Ser Leu Lys Gly His Phe Gly Arg Se - #r Ser Gly Asp LeuPhe 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Ile Val Arg Gly Ser His Glu Gly Lys Leu Ty - #r Asp Thr Arg Ser Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Val Thr Gln Ser 275 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 852 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA - - (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..852 - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: - - ATG GCA ACT TAC ATG TCA ACA ATC TGT TTT GG - #T TCG TTT GAA TGC AAG 48 Met Ala Thr Tyr Met Ser Thr Ile Cys Phe Gl - #y Ser Phe Glu Cys Lys 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - CTA CCA TAC TCA CCA GCC TCT TGC GAG CAT AT - #T GTG AAG GAA CGA GAA 96 Leu Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ala Ser Cys Glu His Il - #e Val Lys Glu Arg Glu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - GTG CCG GCT TCC GTT GAT CCT TTC GCA GAT CT - #G GAA ACA CAA CTT AGT 144 Val Pro Ala Ser Val Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp Le - #u Glu Thr Gln Leu Ser 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - GCA CGA TTG CTC AAG CAA AAA TAT GCT ACT GT - #T CGT GTG CTC AAA AAC 192 Ala Arg Leu Leu Lys Gln Lys Tyr Ala Thr Va - #l Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - GGT ACT TTT ACG TAC CGA TAC AAG ACT GAT GC - #C CAG ATA ATG CGC ATT 240 Gly Thr Phe Thr Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Thr Asp Al - #a Gln Ile Met Arg Ile 65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80 - - CAG AAG AAA CTG GAG AGG AAG GAT AGG GAA GA - #A TAT CAC TTC CAA ATG 288 Gln Lys Lys Leu Glu Arg Lys Asp Arg Glu Gl - #u Tyr His Phe Gln Met 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - GCC GCT CCT AGT ATT GTG TCA AAA ATT ACT AT - #A GCT GGC GGA GAT CCT 336 Ala Ala Pro Ser Ile Val Ser Lys Ile Thr Il - #e Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - CCA TCA AAG TCT GAG CCA CAA GCA CCA AGA GG - #G ATC ATT CAT ACA ACT 384 Pro Ser Lys Ser Glu Pro Gln Ala Pro Arg Gl - #y Ile Ile His Thr Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - CCA AGG ATG CGT AAA GTC AAG ACA CGC CCC AT - #A ATA AAG TTG ACA GAA 432 Pro Arg Met Arg Lys Val Lys Thr Arg Pro Il - #e Ile Lys Leu Thr Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - GGC CAG ATG AAT CAC CTC ATT AAG CAG ATA AA - #A CAG ATT ATG TCG GAG 480 Gly Gln Met Asn His Leu Ile Lys Gln Ile Ly - #s Gln Ile Met Ser Glu 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - AAA AGA GGG TCT GTC CAC TTA ATT AGT AAG AA - #A ACC ACT CAT GTTCAA 528 Lys Arg Gly Ser Val His Leu Ile Ser Lys Ly - #s Thr Thr His Val Gln 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - TAT AAG AAG ATA CTT GGT GCA TAC TCC GCA GC - #G GTT CGA ACT GCA CAT 576 Tyr Lys Lys Ile Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ser Ala Al - #a Val Arg Thr Ala His 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - ATG ATG GGT TTG CGA CGG AGA GTG GAC TTC CG - #A TGT GAT ATG TGG ACA 624 Met Met Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Val Asp Phe Ar - #g Cys Asp Met Trp Thr 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - GTT GGA CTT TTG CAA CGT CTC GCT CGG ACG GA - #C AAA TGG TCC AAT CAA 672 Val Gly Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Thr As - #p Lys Trp Ser Asn Gln 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - GTC CGC ACT ATC AAC ATA CGA AGG GGT GAT AG - #T GGA GTC ATC TTG AAC 720 Val Arg Thr Ile Asn Ile Arg Arg Gly Asp Se - #r Gly Val Ile Leu Asn 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - ACA AAA AGC CTC AAA GGC CAC TTT GGT AGA AG - #T TCA GGA GGC TTGTTC 768 Thr Lys Ser Leu Lys Gly His Phe Gly Arg Se - #r Ser Gly Gly Leu Phe 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - ATA GTG CGT GGA TCA CAC GAA GGG AAA TTG TA - #T GAT GCA CGT TCT AGA 816 Ile Val Arg Gly Ser His Glu Gly Lys Leu Ty - #r Asp Ala Arg Ser Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - GTT ACT CAG AGT ATT TTA AAC TCA ATG ATC CA - #G TTT- # 852 Val Thr Gln Ser Ile Leu Asn Ser Met Ile Gl - #n Phe 275 - # 280 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 284 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: - - Met Ala Thr Tyr Met Ser Thr Ile Cys Phe Gl - #y Ser Phe Glu CysLys 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Leu Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ala Ser Cys Glu His Il - #e Val Lys Glu Arg Glu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Val Pro Ala Ser Val Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp Le - #u Glu Thr Gln Leu Ser 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Ala Arg Leu Leu Lys Gln Lys Tyr Ala Thr Va - #l Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Gly Thr Phe Thr Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Thr Asp Al - #a Gln Ile Met Arg Ile 65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80 - - Gln Lys Lys Leu Glu Arg Lys Asp Arg Glu Gl - #u Tyr His Phe Gln Met 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Ala Ala Pro Ser Ile Val Ser Lys Ile Thr Il - #e Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Pro Ser Lys Ser Glu Pro Gln Ala Pro Arg Gl - #y Ile Ile His Thr Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Pro Arg Met Arg Lys Val Lys Thr Arg Pro Il - #e Ile Lys Leu Thr Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Gly Gln Met Asn His Leu Ile Lys Gln Ile Ly - #s Gln Ile Met Ser Glu 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Lys Arg Gly Ser Val His Leu Ile Ser Lys Ly - #s Thr Thr His ValGln 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Tyr Lys Lys Ile Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ser Ala Al - #a Val Arg Thr Ala His 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Met Met Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Val Asp Phe Ar - #g Cys Asp Met Trp Thr 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Val Gly Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Thr As - #p Lys Trp Ser Asn Gln 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Val Arg Thr Ile Asn Ile Arg Arg Gly Asp Se - #r Gly Val Ile Leu Asn 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Thr Lys Ser Leu Lys Gly His Phe Gly Arg Se - #r Ser Gly Gly LeuPhe 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Ile Val Arg Gly Ser His Glu Gly Lys Leu Ty - #r Asp Ala Arg Ser Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Val Thr Gln Ser Ile Leu Asn Ser Met Ile Gl - #n Phe 275 - # 280 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 852 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA - - (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..852 - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: - - ATG GCA ACT TAC ATG TCA ACA ATC TGT TTC GG - #T TCA TTT GAA TGC AAG 48 Met Ala Thr Tyr Met Ser Thr Ile Cys Phe Gl - #y Ser Phe Glu Cys Lys 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - CTA CCA TAC TCA CCC GCC TCT TGC GGG CAT AT - #T GTG AAG GAA CGA GAA 96 Leu Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly His Il - #e Val Lys Glu Arg Glu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - GTG CCA GCT TCC GTT GAT CCT TTC GCA GAT CT - #G GAA ACA CAA CTT AGT 144 Val Pro Ala Ser Val Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp Le - #u Glu Thr Gln Leu Ser 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - GCA CGA TTG CGC AAG CAA GAA TAT GCT ACT GT - #T CGT GTG CTC AAG AAC 192 Ala Arg Leu Arg Lys Gln Glu Tyr Ala Thr Va - #l Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - GGT ACT TTT ACG TAC CGA TAC AAG ACT GAT GC - #C CAG ATA ATG CGC ATT 240 Gly Thr Phe Thr Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Thr Asp Al - #a Gln Ile Met Arg Ile 65 - #70 - #75 - #80 - - CAG AAG AAA TTG GAG AGG AAA GAT AGG GAA GA - #A TAT CAC TTC CAA ATG 288 Gln Lys Lys Leu Glu Arg Lys Asp Arg Glu Gl - #u Tyr His Phe Gln Met 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - GCC GCT CCC AGT ATT GTG TCA AAA ATT ACT AT - #A GCT GGT GGA GAT CCT 336 Ala Ala Pro Ser Ile Val Ser Lys Ile Thr Il - #e Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - CCG TCA AAG TCT GAG CCA CAA GCA CCA AGA GG - #G ATA ATT CAT ACA ACT 384 Pro Ser Lys Ser Glu Pro Gln Ala Pro Arg Gl - #y Ile Ile His Thr Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - CCA AAG GTG CGT AAA GTA AAG ACG CGC CCC AT - #A ATA AAG TTG ACA GAA 432 Pro Lys Val Arg Lys Val Lys Thr Arg Pro Il - #e Ile Lys Leu Thr Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - GGC CAG ATG AAT CAT CTC ATT AAG CAG GTA AA - #G CAG ATT ATG TCG GAG 480 Gly Gln Met Asn His Leu Ile Lys Gln Val Ly - #s Gln Ile Met Ser Glu 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - AAG AGA GGG TCT GTC CAT CTG ATT AGT AAG AA - #G ACC ACT CAT GTTCAA 528 Lys Arg Gly Ser Val His Leu Ile Ser Lys Ly - #s Thr Thr His Val Gln 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - TAT AAG GAG ATA CTT GGT GCA ACT CGT GCA GC - #G GTT CGA ACT GCA CAT 576 Tyr Lys Glu Ile Leu Gly Ala Thr Arg Ala Al - #a Val Arg Thr Ala His 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - ATG ATG GGT TTG CGA CGG AGA GTG GAC TTC CG - #C TGT GAT ACG TGG ACA 624 Met Met Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Val Asp Phe Ar - #g Cys Asp Thr Trp Thr 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - GTT GGA CTT TTG CAA CGT CTC GCT CGG ACG GA - #C AAA TGG TCC AAT CAA 672 Val Gly Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Thr As - #p Lys Trp Ser Asn Gln 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - GTC CGC ACT ATC CAT GTA CGA AGG GGT GAT AG - #T GGG GTC ATC TTG AAC 720 Val Arg Thr Ile His Val Arg Arg Gly Asp Se - #r Gly Val Ile Leu Asn 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - ACA AAA AGC CTC AAA GGC CAC TTT GGT AGA AG - #C TCA GGA GAT CTGTTC 768 Thr Lys Ser Leu Lys Gly His Phe Gly Arg Se - #r Ser Gly Asp Leu Phe 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - ATA GTG CGT GGA TCA CAC GAA GGG AAA TTG TA - #C GAT GCA CGT TCT AGA 816 Ile Val Arg Gly Ser His Glu Gly Lys Leu Ty - #r Asp Ala Arg Ser Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - GTT ACT CAG AGT GTT TTG AAC TCA ATG ATC CA - #G TTT- # 852 Val Thr Gln Ser Val Leu Asn Ser Met Ile Gl - #n Phe 275 - # 280 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 284 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: - - Met Ala Thr Tyr Met Ser Thr Ile Cys Phe Gl - #y Ser Phe Glu CysLys 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Leu Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly His Il - #e Val Lys Glu Arg Glu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Val Pro Ala Ser Val Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp Le - #u Glu Thr Gln Leu Ser 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Ala Arg Leu Arg Lys Gln Glu Tyr Ala Thr Va - #l Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Gly Thr Phe Thr Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Thr Asp Al - #a Gln Ile Met Arg Ile 65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80 - - Gln Lys Lys Leu Glu Arg Lys Asp Arg Glu Gl - #u Tyr His Phe Gln Met 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Ala Ala Pro Ser Ile Val Ser Lys Ile Thr Il - #e Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Pro Ser Lys Ser Glu Pro Gln Ala Pro Arg Gl - #y Ile Ile His Thr Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Pro Lys Val Arg Lys Val Lys Thr Arg Pro Il - #e Ile Lys Leu Thr Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Gly Gln Met Asn His Leu Ile Lys Gln Val Ly - #s Gln Ile Met Ser Glu 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Lys Arg Gly Ser Val His Leu Ile Ser Lys Ly - #s Thr Thr His ValGln 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Tyr Lys Glu Ile Leu Gly Ala Thr Arg Ala Al - #a Val Arg Thr Ala His 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Met Met Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Val Asp Phe Ar - #g Cys Asp Thr Trp Thr 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Val Gly Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Thr As - #p Lys Trp Ser Asn Gln 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Val Arg Thr Ile His Val Arg Arg Gly Asp Se - #r Gly Val Ile Leu Asn 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Thr Lys Ser Leu Lys Gly His Phe Gly Arg Se - #r Ser Gly Asp LeuPhe 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Ile Val Arg Gly Ser His Glu Gly Lys Leu Ty - #r Asp Ala Arg Ser Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Val Thr Gln Ser Val Leu Asn Ser Met Ile Gl - #n Phe 275 - # 280__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date	Kind
5576202	Pehu et al.	Nov 1996
5589612	Jilka et al.	Dec 1996

Virus-resistant transgenic plants comprising cells transformed with a polynucleotide encoding a potyviridae P1 protein or P1 protein fragment

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