Patent Application
20140364346
In the drilling and completion industry, the formation of boreholes for the purpose of production or injection of fluid is common The boreholes are used for exploration or extraction of natural resources such as hydrocarbons, oil, gas, water, and alternatively for CO2 sequestration. To increase the production from a borehole, the production zone can be fractured to allow the formation fluids to flow more freely from the formation to the borehole. The fracturing operation includes pumping fluids, such as water, at high pressure and high rate towards the formation to form formation fractures. To retain the fractures in an open condition after fracturing pressure is removed, the fractures must be physically propped open, and therefore the fracturing fluids commonly include solid granular materials, such as sand, generally referred to as proppants.
In addition to proppants and water, other components of the fracturing fluid can include friction reducing additives to allow fracturing fluids and proppant to be pumped to a target zone at a higher rate and reduced pressure. The treatment design generally requires the fluid to reach maximum viscosity as it enters the fracture. The requisite viscosity is typically obtained by the gelation of viscosifying polymers and/or surfactants in the fracturing fluid. Such additives include synthetically produced and naturally occurring polymers. The selection of additives is based on a number of factors including the makeup of the formation, formation fluids, pumping configurations, and borehole temperatures. The additives can be provided as dry powders and subsequently hydrated at the fracturing site, which saves delivery costs, reduces cost of mixing slurry, and saves space by reducing a footprint required for the additives at the site.
The art would be receptive to improved apparatus and methods for processing fracturing fluid.
A dilution system for a hydraulic fracturing fluid, the dilution system including a dilution manifold; a hydration unit configured to provide a source of liquid; a diluent line connecting the hydration unit to the dilution manifold; a diluent flow control valve on the diluent line; a hydration tank configured to hydrate a mixed additive; a gravity-driven viscous fluid line connecting an exit of the hydration tank to the dilution manifold; a viscous fluid flow meter on the viscous fluid line; and, a viscous fluid control valve on the viscous fluid line.
A method of processing a fracturing fluid, the method including hydrating a mixed additive within a hydration tank to achieve a viscous fluid; directing the viscous fluid from the hydration tank to a dilution manifold via gravity; directing a diluent stream from a hydration unit to the dilution manifold; diluting the viscous fluid with the diluent stream; and, subsequently directing diluted viscous fluid to a blender.
The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawing, like elements are numbered alike:
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method are presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the Figure.
An exemplary embodiment of a viscous fluid dilution system 10 is shown in
The additives, friction reducers, dry gels, etc. used for the fracturing fluid may be viscosifying agents such as synthetic or natural polymers. Hydratable polymers include those containing one or more functional groups, such as a hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfate, sulfonate, amino or amido group. Preferred synthetic and natural polymers include polysaccharides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates (including the (meth)acrylates), polypyrrolidones, polyacrylamides (including (meth)acrylamides) as well as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate and mixtures thereof
Other suitable polysaccharides and derivatives are those which contain one or more monosaccharide units of galactose, fructose, mannose, glucoside, glucose, xylose, arabinose, glucuronic acid and pyranosyl sulfate. These include guar gums and derivatives thereof, locust bean gum, tara, xanthan, succinoglycan, scleroglucan and carrageenan.
Preferred viscosifying polymers may include crosslinkable polysaccharides, such as guar gums and derivatives, cellulose, starch, and galactomannan gums. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives include alkylcellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose or alkylhydroxyalkyl cellulose, carboxyalkyl cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxybutyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose, methylhydroxyethyl cellulose, methylhydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose.
Specific examples of polysaccharides useful with the present invention include, but are not limited to, guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar and known derivatives of these gums.
Exemplary embodiments of the viscous fluid dilution system 10 include a hydration unit 12, water pump 18, flowmeter 22, mixer 20, diluent flow control valve 44, hydration tank 26, flowmeter 36, viscous fluid control valve 38, dilution manifold 42, pump 58, flowmeter 60, and proppant blender 56, details of which will be further described as follows.
The system 10 draws liquid (e.g. fresh water) to the pump 18 from the hydration unit 12. The hydration unit 12 includes an input header 14 with a plurality of hydration unit valves 16 that connect or disconnect the input header 14 from a liquid source, such as water tanks (not shown). The pump 18 pressurizes the liquid to the mixer 20. The flowmeter 22 measures the liquid flow from the pump 18 to the mixer 20 along the line 24 to ensure a proper ratio of liquid to additive within the mixer 20. A viscosifying additive, friction reducer, dry gel, etc. is added to the mixer 20. The additives, whether natural or synthetic polymers, may be introduced to the mixer 20 as a dry powder. The mixed additive and liquid (water), hereinafter “mixed additive,” is then delivered to the hydration tank 26 for hydration, such as via line 28 and into input 30 of the hydration tank 26. The mixed additive may be introduced at concentrations higher than that required for execution of a specific fracturing process. The hydration tank 26 provides the mixed additive with sufficient residence time therein to achieve the required level of hydration. The hydration tank 26 may include a number of weirs therein (not shown) which provide a tortuous path within the hydration tank 26 to hydrate the mixed additive in a continuous process and increase the residency time of the mixed additive prior to exiting the hydration tank 26. The hydration tank 26 includes an exit 32. Once the mixed additive is hydrated to a viscous fluid, the viscous fluid exits the hydration tank 26 via exit 32 to a viscous fluid line 34. Along the viscous fluid line 34 are the viscous fluid flowmeter 36 and the viscous fluid control valve 38. The viscous fluid flow meter 36 measures the flow rate of the viscous fluid in the viscous fluid line 34 and the viscous fluid control valve 38 throttles the viscous fluid flow to provide the precise amount of viscous fluid required by job parameters. A diluent line 40, from the hydration unit 12 to the dilution manifold 42, directs a stream of diluent (water) to the dilution manifold 42. The diluent line 40 is separate from the lines 24, 28. The diluent flow control valve 44 is throttled to introduce diluent (water) to the dilution manifold 42. The viscous fluid line 34 sends the proper amount of viscous fluid to the dilution manifold 42 so as to be diluted with diluent from the dilution line 40 via the viscous fluid flow meter 36, viscous fluid control valve 38, and diluent flow control valve 44.
The dilution manifold 42 may include a dilution manifold header 46 and a plurality of valves 48 that prevent or allow flow from the dilution manifold 42 to a blender header 50 which may also include a number of valves 52 that prevent or allow flow from the dilution manifold to the blender header 50. An additional valve 54 is provided on the dilution manifold header 46 to separate the hydration line 40 from the viscous fluid line 34 as necessary. The diluted viscous fluid within the dilution manifold 42 having the proper ratio of additive to diluent flows into the blender header 50 and is subsequently pumped to the blender 56 using the pump 58. The flowmeter 60 monitors the flow of the diluted viscous fluid in the line 62 between the pump 58 and the blender 56 and can be used to determine if the ratio between additive and water is correct. Thus, by using only two control valves 38, 44 and flow meter 36, the viscous fluid dilution system 10 is configured to ratio the viscous fluid with the diluent. The control valves 38, 44 are configured to adjust the available net positive suction head from the two reservoirs (the hydration unit 12 and the hydration tank 26) to achieve the proper fluid ratio. While an additional flow meter (not shown) may be utilized on the diluent line 40, such as between the diluent flow control valve 44 and the hydration unit 12, such an additional flow meter would be redundant because flowmeter 60 at the blender 56 will determine if the proper ratio is being established between the water and the viscous fluid from the hydration tank 26. That is, it is not necessary to measure the rate of the diluent stream because only a single flow component and the total rate need to be measured. In the illustrated embodiment, the single flow component is the flow of viscous fluid in the viscous fluid line 34, and the total rate is the flow rate of the diluted viscous fluid sent to the blender 56 via line 62.
A power source 64 and control system 66 may be further incorporated into the viscous fluid dilution system 10. The control system 66 may be used to automate certain procedures within a method of diluting a concentrated viscous fluid and to operate certain control elements, such as the valves 38, 44, and monitor certain monitoring elements, such as the flow meters 34, 60. The control system 66 may be managed or operated by an operator or configured for automated control, or both. For example, an operator may enter the particular ratio of additive to water required for a fracturing fluid to be added to a proppant blender 56, and the control system 66 may then automatically monitor the flow meter 36 and flow meter 60 and throttle the control valves 36 and 44 as necessary to achieve the correct ratio of additive to water within the dilution manifold 42. The control system 66 may further be employed to operate and/or monitor other features of the dilution system 10 including, but not limited to, the pumps 18, 58, mixer 20, flow meter 22, valves 16, 48, 52, 54, and blender 56, although these elements may also be controlled and/or monitored by an operator as well.
In operation, a concentrated fluid is mixed by the mixer 20 and directed to the hydration tank 26. The hydration tank 26 hydrates the concentrated fluid to provide a viscous fluid to the viscous fluid line 34, which is metered using the control valve 38 and flowmeter 36. By example only, a heavy gel 40 lb/1000 gal can be mixed into the hydration tank 26 at 60 bbl/min. The heavy gel can be subsequently diluted to 24 lb/1000 gal at 100 bbl/min at the blender 56. The extra 40 bbl/min flows through the diluent line 40, which serves as a clean water crossover.
As can be readily understood from a review of
While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims. Also, in the drawings and the description, there have been disclosed exemplary embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms may have been employed, they are unless otherwise stated used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention therefore not being so limited. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.
