Patent Grant
11704906
Examples set forth in this disclosure relate generally to applications running on client devices and server systems supporting those devices. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, this disclosure addresses systems and methods for identifying emerging visual media viewing patterns, e.g., to tailor content and advertising to viewers.
Visual media such as still images and video are routinely viewed by users on electronic devices. The visual media is typically stored by a server system and sent to the electronic devices of the users for viewing.
The disclosed subject matter is best understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, with like elements having the same reference numerals. When a plurality of similar elements is present, a single reference numeral may be assigned to the plurality of similar elements with a small letter designation referring to specific elements. When referring to the elements collectively or to a non-specific one or more of the elements, the small letter designation may be dropped. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced. This emphasizes that according to common practice, the various features of the drawings are not drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. On the contrary, the dimensions of the various features may be expanded or reduced for clarity. Included in the drawings are the following figures:
Aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein are directed to identifying emerging viewing patterns for visual media (e.g., still images or video) using visual tags. In social media platforms, users produce several sorts of content that become available for consumption by other users. The consumption may change over time according to the users' cohorts (i.e., age group, gender), location, or external events (i.e., political, economic, cultural). Understanding topics that viewers are engaging is useful for (i) recommending new content, (ii) retaining users, and (iii) finding new partnerships. Instead of looking at all visual tags available through computer vision detection individually, filtering techniques are applied in order to select more specific visual tags (e.g., only leaf nodes in a taxonomy) and combinations of those selected tags are evaluated to better identify emerging viewing patterns and trends.
The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products illustrative of examples of the disclosure. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various examples of the disclosed subject matter. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art, that examples of the disclosed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniques are not necessarily shown in detail.
In accordance with one example, a method is provided for identifying emerging viewing patterns for visual media (e.g., still images or video) viewed by groups of users. The method identifies emerging viewing patterns by identifying visual tags for each of a plurality of visual media viewed by a first of the groups of users, selecting a subset of the identified visual tags by applying a taxonomy-based filter, generating pattern candidates from the selected subset, each of the pattern candidates including two or more of the identified visual tags from the subset of the identified visual tags, evaluating consumption metrics of the visual media by the first group of users for each of the generated pattern candidates, and ranking the generated pattern candidates responsive to the evaluated consumption metrics to identify emerging viewing patterns for the first group of users.
In accordance with another example, a system is provided for identifying emerging viewing patterns. The system includes a processor. The processor is configured to identify visual tags for each of a plurality of visual media viewed by a first of the groups of users, select a subset of the identified visual tags by applying a taxonomy-based filter, generate pattern candidates from the selected subset, each of the pattern candidates including two or more of the identified visual tags from the subset of the identified visual tags, evaluate consumption metrics of the visual media by the first group of users for each of the generated pattern candidates, and rank the generated pattern candidates responsive to the evaluated consumption metrics to identify emerging viewing patterns for the first group of users.
In accordance with another example, a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium is provided that stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a machine, cause the machine to perform operations to identify emerging viewing patterns of visual media. The operations performed by the machine include identifying visual tags for each of a plurality of visual media viewed by a first of the groups of users, selecting a subset of the identified visual tags by applying a taxonomy-based filter, generating pattern candidates from the selected subset, each of the pattern candidates including two or more of the identified visual tags from the subset of the identified visual tags, evaluating consumption metrics of the visual media by the first group of users for each of the generated pattern candidates, and ranking the generated pattern candidates responsive to the evaluated consumption metrics to identify emerging viewing patterns for the first group of users.
In one example, client device 110 is a device of a user who is using a social media application on the device. Client device 110 may call a server for a social platform (e.g., hosted by server system 108) via the social media application directly or through one or more third-party servers 128 (e.g., utilizing one or more third-party applications 130). Application server 104 tracks visual media provided to the client device 110 and corresponding viewing statistics gathered from the client device 110 (e.g., duration of video, time spent watching video, number of time image is viewed, etc.) as a dataset in database 126. By analyzing the dataset using techniques disclosed herein, the application server 104 is able to automatically detect viewing patterns/preferences and to deliver visual media to the client device in accordance with the viewing patterns/preferences.
One or more users may be a person, a machine, or other means of interacting with the client device 110. In examples, the user may not be part of the system 100 but may interact with the system 100 via the client device 110 or other means. For instance, the user may provide input (e.g., touch screen input or alphanumeric input) to the client device 110 and the input may be communicated to other entities in the system 100 (e.g., third-party servers 128, server system 108, etc.) via the network 102. In this instance, the other entities in the system 100, in response to receiving the input from the user, may communicate information to the client device 110 via the network 102 to be presented to the user. In this way, the user interacts with the various entities in the system 100 using the client device 110.
The system 100 further includes a network 102. One or more portions of network 102 may be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, a portion of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a WiFi network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks.
The client device 110 may access the various data and applications provided by other entities in the system 100 via a web client 112 (e.g., a browser) and/or one or more client applications 114. The client device 110 may include one or more client application(s) 114 (also referred to as “apps”) such as, but not limited to, a web browser, messaging application, electronic mail (email) application, an e-commerce site application, a mapping or location application, and the like. The client application(s) may also display visual media on a display of the client device 110, gather viewing data for visual media viewed by the user of the electronic device, and generate viewing consumption metrics.
In some examples, one or more client application(s) 114 are included in a given one of the client device 110, and configured to locally provide the user interface and at least some of the functionalities, with the client application(s) 114 configured to communicate with other entities in the system 100 (e.g., third-party server(s) 128, server system 108, etc.), on an as-needed basis, for data processing capabilities not locally available (e.g., to access location information, to authenticate a user, etc.). Conversely, one or more client application(s) 114 may not be included in the client device 110, and then the client device 110 may use its web browser to access the one or more applications hosted on other entities in the system 100 (e.g., third-party server(s) 128, server system 108, etc.).
A server system 108 provides server-side functionality via the network 102 (e.g., the Internet or wide area network (WAN)) to: one or more third party server(s) 128, and one or more client devices 110. The server system 108 includes an application program interface (API) server 120, a web server 122, and a pattern detection system 124, that may be communicatively coupled with one or more database(s) 126. The one or more database(s) 126 may be storage devices that store data (e.g., in a dataset) related to users of the server system 108, applications associated with the server system 108, viewing consumption metrics (e.g., based on demographic information), cloud services, housing market data, and so forth. The one or more database(s) 126 may further store information related to third party server(s) 128, third-party application(s) 130, client device 110, client application(s) 114, users, and so forth. In one example, the one or more database(s) 126 may be cloud-based storage.
The server system 108 may be a cloud computing environment, according to some examples. The server system 108, and any servers associated with the server system 108, may be associated with a cloud-based application. In one example the server system 108 includes a pattern detection system 124 for detecting emerging patterns in visual media viewing. Pattern detection system 124 may include one or more servers and may be associated with a cloud-based application. Pattern detection system 124 may distribute visual metric applications to gather and store viewing metrics to client devices (e.g., as part of a social medium application or update thereto), obtain viewing metrics from the distributed apps on those client devices, and store those results in a database(s) 126. The pattern detection system 124 analyzes a dataset including the viewing metrics from the client devices to identifying emerging viewing patterns.
The system 100 further includes one or more third party server(s) 128. The one or more third-party server(s) 128 may include one or more third-party application(s) 130. The one or more third-party application(s) 130, executing on third party server(s) 128 may interact with the server system 108 via API server 120 via a programmatic interface provided by the API server 120. For example, one or more of the third-party applications 130 may request and utilize information from the server system 108 via the API server 120 to support one or more features or functions on a website hosted by the third party or an application hosted by the third party.
The visual tag engine 202 in device capabilities collection engine 202 is configured to analyze visual media and generate tags corresponding to identified objects (e.g., sun, water, boy, girl, etc.) in the visual media. In one example, the process of generating tags is implemented using a machine-learning algorithm that compares the visual media to a database trained using a collection of tagged images.
Machine learning refers to an algorithm that improves incrementally through experience. By processing a large number of different input datasets, a machine-learning algorithm can develop improved generalizations about particular datasets, and then use those generalizations to produce an accurate output or solution when processing a new dataset. Broadly speaking, a machine-learning algorithm includes one or more parameters that will adjust or change in response to new experiences, thereby improving the algorithm incrementally; a process similar to learning.
In the context of computer vision, mathematical models attempt to emulate the tasks accomplished by the human visual system, with the goal of using computers to extract information from an image and achieve an accurate understanding of the contents of the image. Computer vision algorithms have been developed for a variety of fields, including artificial intelligence and autonomous navigation, to extract and analyze data in digital images and video.
Deep learning refers to a class of machine-learning methods that are based on or modeled after artificial neural networks. An artificial neural network is a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing elements (nodes), which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs. A large artificial neural network might have hundreds or thousands of nodes.
A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of neural network that is frequently applied to analyzing visual images, including digital photographs and video. The connectivity pattern between nodes in a CNN is typically modeled after the organization of the human visual cortex, which includes individual neurons arranged to respond to overlapping regions in a visual field. A neural network that is suitable for use in the determining process described herein is based on one of the following architectures: VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, Inception V3, Xception, or other CNN-compatible architectures.
The taxonomy engine 204 selects a subset of the identified visual tags by applying a taxonomy-based filter. The candidate generator 206 generates pattern candidates from the selected subset. In one example, each of the pattern candidates includes two or more of the identified visual tags from the subset of the identified visual tags. The metric evaluation engine 208 evaluates consumption metrics of the visual media by the first group of users for each of the generated pattern candidates and ranks the generated pattern candidates based on the evaluated consumption metrics to identify emerging viewing patterns.
Visual media (e.g., videos 314) received by the electronic device 110 are routed to a video controller 310 for display on a display of the electronic device 110. The video controller 310 receives instructions from user of the electronic device 110 (via a user interface such as a touchscreen) to control playback of the visual media. The video controller 310 tracks data associated with the playback (e.g., time of viewing, total viewing time, number of times viewed etc.) and stores the data in the viewing metrics database 214.
Although the below description of the methods refers to the pattern detection system 124 running on server system 108 and applications 114 on client devices 110, other systems and devices for identifying emerging patterns will be understood from the description herein. Although the flowcharts may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed. A process may correspond to a method, a procedure, etc. The steps of a methods may be performed in whole or in part, may be performed in conjunction with some or all of the steps in other methods, and/or may be performed by any number of different systems, such as the systems described in
At block 402, the server system 108 distributes a viewing metrics application 114 to user devices. The viewing metrics application is configured for execution on the electronic devices 110, gathering viewing metrics for visual media presented on the electronic device, and returning viewing metrics to the server system 108 for pattern analysis to identify emerging viewing patterns. The visual media may include still images, videos, or a combination thereof.
At block 404, the server system 108 receives the viewing metrics from the electronic devices 110. Server system 108 may receive the viewing metrics from the client applications 114 on the electronic device 110 via the network 102.
At block 406, the server system 108 identifies visual tags for visual media viewed by the electronic devices 110 by users. The visual tags identify objects in each of the visual media being served to the client devices 110. For example, a first video or still image may be tagged as including a person, a boy, and a clothing object and a second video or still image may be tagged as including a person, a girl, an animal, and a dog object. In one example, the tagged elements for each piece of visual media is determined using an object detection machine learning model and the determined objects are stored along with an identifier for the visual media including those objects in a database (e.g., database 126).
At block 408, the server system 108 selects a subset of the identified visual tags (block 408) by applying a taxonomy-based filter. The taxonomy-based filter may include a hierarchical tree structure. In one example, level one (1) of the hierarchical tree structure is a broad category, e.g., real objects, level two (2) is a first subset, e.g., person, clothing, etc., level three (3) is a second subset, e.g., boy under person, and shorts under clothing. The server system selects the subset of the identified visual tags from the identified visual tags located at one or more specific levels in a taxonomy of the taxonomy-based filter. In one example, the server system 108 only selects visual tags from one or more specific abstraction levels (e.g., level 2 and level 3 as other levels may be too general or too specific in detecting meaningful viewing patterns). In accordance with this example, one or more other levels may be selected depending on the taxonomy. In another example, the server system 108 only selects tags from levels having a specific characteristic (e.g., leaf nodes; i.e., a node with no subset nodes). Other selection techniques, including combinations of one or more of the provided examples, may be utilized to select visual tags and are considered within the scope of the present invention.
At block 410, the server system 110 generates pattern candidates. In one example, each of the pattern candidates including two or more of the identified visual tags from the subset of the identified visual tags. In one example, the server system generates the pattern candidates by generating all combinations of the identified visual tags in the subset of the identified visual tags having a number, N, of visual tags, where N is equal or greater than 2 (block 602). In one implementation of this example, all generated combinations are used as pattern candidates. In another implementation, one or more combinations are removed from the generated combinations to derive the pattern candidates. For example, the system may identify prohibited combinations within the generated combinations (e.g., those having a parent-child relationship such a shoes and sandals) within the taxonomy of the taxonomy-based filter (block 604) and omit those prohibited combinations from the pattern candidates (block 606).
At block 412, the server system 110 evaluates viewing metrics for each of the generated pattern candidates. The server system may evaluate consumption metrics of the visual media by the first group of users (e.g., a group of users with similar characteristics such as age group, gender, etc.) for each of the generated pattern candidates. In one example, the server system 110 evaluates the consumption metrics by receiving one or more consumption metrics from each of the first group of users (block 702), scoring each of the generated pattern candidates responsive to the received consumption metrics (block 706; e.g., by calculating a ratio of an average percentage of viewing time out of an associated length of time that a group viewed each visual media), and aggregate the scoring (block 706; e.g., aggregate the calculated ratio for each pattern candidate).
For a video (which has an associated length of time), the consumption metrics may include total viewing time and the scoring may include calculating a ratio of an average percentage of time out of the associated length of time that the first group viewed each of the videos and aggregating, for each pattern candidate, the ratio of the average percentage of time out of the associated length of time that the first group viewed each of the videos. For a still image, the consumption metrics may include a number of time viewed or shared and the scoring may include calculating a ratio of the total number of times viewed or shared to the total number of unique images viewed by the first group and aggregating, for each pattern candidate, the ratio of the average number of times viewed or shared out of the total number of unique images the first group viewed.
In one example, a z-score is generated that describes the difference between the consumption metric in the target pattern and the other patterns. In accordance with this example, the consumption metric may be based on a combination of two content consumption metrics for a video (e.g., a sum of view time ratio (or VTR) for all videos with a specific pattern and the total number of records with a specific pattern. The view time ratio can be calculated as shown in equation (1):
where V is the set of viewers of the video, s, and size(V) is the number of viewers of video, s.
At block 414, the server system 110 ranks the generated pattern candidates. In one example, the generated pattern candidates are ranked in accordance with their z-score. In accordance with this example, a higher z-score refers to a pattern that is more different from the average (normal behavior) and, thus, indicates an emerging pattern and a lower z-score indicates a non-emerging pattern.
At block 416, the server system 110 visually presents rankings. In one example, the pattern detection system 124 generates a graph for visual presentation on a display. In accordance with this example, the pattern detection system 124 may select the ten pattern candidates having the highest z-score and present those candidates in order based on their z-score along with the objects making up those candidates.
In one example, the rankings (e.g., based on z-score) are validated using a multi-fold (e.g., 5-fold) cross validation. In accordance with this example, assuming a K-fold cross validation, the pattern detection system 124 separates the dataset into K folds, each including a different grouping of training and validation sets. For each fold, the pattern detection system 124 uses the training set to find the best pattern, e.g., based on the highest z-score. The pattern detections system 124 then labels the visual media in the validation set with a high score as + and without a high score as −. After labeling the entire dataset with + and −, the pattern detection system compares the user engagement (viewing time, etc.) of group + and − to get the z-score. This process is repeated for each fold to get a median z-score (i.e., an unbiased z-score, which becomes the z-score).
At block 502, an electronic device (e.g., the client device 110) downloads and installs the viewing metric application 114. In one example, the client device 110 receives the viewing metric application 114 from the server system 108 over the network 102 via the API server 120 of the application server 104.
At block 504, the client device 110 executes the viewing metric application 114. A processor (e.g., CPU 830;
At block 506, the client device 110 records the viewing metrics. In one example, the processor of the client device 110 gathers viewing metrics (e.g., from the video controller 310) and records the viewing in memory.
At block 508, the client device 110 stores the viewing metrics. In an example, the client device stores the recorded viewing metrics in a viewing metrics database 214 in the memory of the client device 110.
At block 510, the client device 110 uploads the viewing metrics to the server system 108. In one example, the client device 110 retrieves the viewing metrics from the viewing metrics database 214 and sends the viewing metrics to the server system 108 over the network 102 via the API server 120 of the application server 104.
As shown, the mobile device 890 includes an image display 880, an image display driver 882 to control the image display 880, and a controller 884. In the example of
Examples of touch screen type mobile devices that may be used include (but are not limited to) a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or other portable device. However, the structure and operation of the touch screen type devices is provided by way of example; and the subject technology as described herein is not intended to be limited thereto. For purposes of this discussion,
As shown in
To generate location coordinates for positioning of the mobile device 890, the mobile device 890 can include a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Alternatively, or additionally the mobile device 890 can utilize either or both the short range XCVRs 820 and WWAN XCVRs 810 for generating location coordinates for positioning. For example, cellular network, WiFi, or Bluetooth™ based positioning systems can generate very accurate location coordinates, particularly when used in combination. Such location coordinates can be transmitted to the eyewear device over one or more network connections via XCVRs 810, 820.
The transceivers 810, 820 (network communication interface) conforms to one or more of the various digital wireless communication standards utilized by modern mobile networks. Examples of WWAN transceivers 810 include (but are not limited to) transceivers configured to operate in accordance with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network technologies including, for example and without limitation, 3GPP type 2 (or 3GPP2) and LTE, at times referred to as “4G.” For example, the transceivers 810, 820 provide two-way wireless communication of information including digitized audio signals, still image and video signals, web page information for display as well as web related inputs, and various types of mobile message communications to/from the mobile device 890.
The mobile device 890 further includes a microprocessor, shown as CPU 830, sometimes referred to herein as the host controller. A processor is a circuit having elements structured and arranged to perform one or more processing functions, typically various data processing functions. Although discrete logic components could be used, the examples utilize components forming a programmable CPU. A microprocessor for example includes one or more integrated circuit (IC) chips incorporating the electronic elements to perform the functions of the CPU. The processor 830, for example, may be based on any known or available microprocessor architecture, such as a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) using an ARM architecture, as commonly used today in mobile devices and other portable electronic devices. Of course, other processor circuitry may be used to form the CPU 830 or processor hardware in smartphone, laptop computer, and tablet.
The microprocessor 830 serves as a programmable host controller for the mobile device 890 by configuring the mobile device 890 to perform various operations, for example, in accordance with instructions or programming executable by processor 830. For example, such operations may include various general operations of the mobile device, as well as operations related to the programming for the viewing metrics recorder 212 and the viewing metrics database 214. Although a processor may be configured by use of hardwired logic, typical processors in mobile devices are general processing circuits configured by execution of programming.
The mobile device 890 includes a memory or storage device system, for storing data and programming. In the example, the memory system may include a flash memory 840A and a random access memory (RAM) 840B. The RAM 840B serves as short term storage for instructions and data being handled by the processor 830, e.g., as a working data processing memory. The flash memory 840A typically provides longer term storage.
Hence, in the example of mobile device 890, the flash memory 840A is used to store programming or instructions for execution by the processor 830. Depending on the type of device, the mobile device 890 stores and runs a mobile operating system through which specific applications, including programming for the viewing metrics recorder 212 and the viewing metrics database 214 are executed. Applications, such as viewing metrics recorder 212 and the viewing metrics database 214, may be a native application, a hybrid application, or a web application (e.g., a dynamic web page executed by a web browser) that runs on mobile device 890. Examples of mobile operating systems include Google Android, Apple iOS (I-Phone or iPad devices), Windows Mobile, Amazon Fire OS, RIM BlackBerry operating system, or the like.
The machine 900 may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a PDA, an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions 908, sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by the machine 900. Further, while only a single machine 900 is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines that individually or jointly execute the instructions 908 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
The machine 900 may include processors 902, memory 904, and I/O components 942, which may be configured to communicate with each other via a bus 944. In an example, the processors 902 (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an ASIC, a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor 906 and a processor 910 that execute the instructions 908. The term “processor” is intended to include multi-core processors that may comprise two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions contemporaneously. Although
The memory 904 includes a main memory 912, a static memory 914, and a storage unit 916, both accessible to the processors 902 via the bus 944. The main memory 904, the static memory 914, and storage unit 916 store the instructions 908 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 908 may also reside, completely or partially, within the main memory 912, within the static memory 914, within machine-readable medium 918 (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) within the storage unit 916, within at least one of the processors 902 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine 900.
Furthermore, the machine-readable medium 918 is non-transitory (in other words, not having any transitory signals) in that it does not embody a propagating signal. However, labeling the machine-readable medium 918 “non-transitory” should not be construed to mean that the medium is incapable of movement; the medium should be considered as being transportable from one physical location to another. Additionally, since the machine-readable medium 918 is tangible, the medium may be a machine-readable device.
The I/O components 942 may include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components 942 that are included in a particular machine will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones may include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components 942 may include many other components that are not shown in
In further examples, the I/O components 942 may include biometric components 932, motion components 934, environmental components 936, or position components 938, among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components 932 include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram-based identification), and the like. The motion components 934 include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environmental components 936 include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detection concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components 938 include location sensor components (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like.
Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components 942 further include communication components 940 operable to couple the machine 900 to a network 920 or devices 922 via a coupling 924 and a coupling 926, respectively. For example, the communication components 940 may include a network interface component or another suitable device to interface with the network 920. In further examples, the communication components 940 may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), WiFi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices 922 may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB).
Moreover, the communication components 940 may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components 940 may include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components 940, such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geolocation, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting an NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth.
The various memories (e.g., memory 904, main memory 912, static memory 914, memory of the processors 902), storage unit 916 may store one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software) embodying or used by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. These instructions (e.g., the instructions 908), when executed by processors 902, cause various operations to implement the disclosed examples.
The instructions 908 may be transmitted or received over the network 920, using a transmission medium, via a network interface device (e.g., a network interface component included in the communication components 940) and using any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)). Similarly, the instructions 908 may be transmitted or received using a transmission medium via the coupling 926 (e.g., a peer-to-peer coupling) to the devices 922.
The operating system 1012 manages hardware resources and provides common services. The operating system 1012 includes, for example, a kernel 1014, services 1016, and drivers 1022. The kernel 1014 acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers. For example, the kernel 1014 provides memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, and security settings, among other functionality. The services 1016 can provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers 1022 are responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware. For instance, the drivers 1022 can include display drivers, camera drivers, BLUETOOTH® or BLUETOOTH® Low Energy drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers), WI-FI® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth.
The libraries 1010 provide a low-level common infrastructure used by the applications 1006. The libraries 1010 can include system libraries 1018 (e.g., C standard library) that provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematic functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries 1010 can include API libraries 1024 such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media formats such as Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG4), Advanced Video Coding (H.264 or AVC), Moving Picture Experts Group Layer-3 (MP3), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) audio codec, Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG or JPG), or Portable Network Graphics (PNG)), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL framework used to render in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) in a graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite to provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit to provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries 1010 can also include a wide variety of other libraries 1028 to provide many other APIs to the applications 1006.
The frameworks 1008 provide a high-level common infrastructure that is used by the applications 1006. For example, the frameworks 1008 provide various graphical user interface (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, and high-level location services. The frameworks 1008 can provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that can be used by the applications 1006, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system or platform.
In an example, the applications 1006 may include a home application 1036, a contacts application 1030, a browser application 1032, a book reader application 1034, a location application 1042, a media application 1044, a messaging application 1046, a game application 1048, and a broad assortment of other applications such as a third-party application 1040. The applications 1006 are programs that execute functions defined in the programs. Various programming languages can be employed to create one or more of the applications 1006, structured in a variety of manners, such as object-oriented programming languages (e.g., Objective-C, Java, or C++) or procedural programming languages (e.g., C or assembly language). In a specific example, the third-party application 1040 (e.g., an application developed using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform) may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or another mobile operating system. In this example, the third-party application 1040 can invoke the API calls 1050 provided by the operating system 1012 to facilitate functionality described herein.
It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises or includes a list of elements or steps does not include only those elements or steps but may include other elements or steps not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element preceded by “a” or “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
Unless otherwise stated, any and all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, not exact. Such amounts are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain. For example, unless expressly stated otherwise, a parameter value or the like, whether or not qualified by a term of degree (e.g. approximate, substantially or about), may vary by as much as ±10% from the recited amount.
The examples illustrated herein are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed. Other examples may be used and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various examples is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/120,933 filed on Dec. 14, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated fully herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 17828827 | US |
