Vitamin Cationic Lipids

Abstract

Disclosed are cationic lipids comprising a vitamin substructure and an ionizable nitrogen-containing group. Cationic lipids provided herein can be useful for delivery and expression of mRNA and encoded protein, e.g., as a component of liposomal delivery vehicle, and accordingly can be useful for treating various diseases, disorders and conditions, such as those associated with deficiency of one or more proteins.

Description

BACKGROUND

Delivery of nucleic acids has been explored extensively as a potential therapeutic option for certain disease states. In particular, messenger RNA (mRNA) therapy has become an increasingly important option for treatment of various diseases, including for those associated with deficiency of one or more proteins.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides, among other things, cationic lipids useful for delivery of mRNA. Delivery of mRNA provided by cationic lipids described herein can result in targeted delivery, reduce administration frequency, improve patient tolerability, and provide more potent and less toxic mRNA therapy for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including but not limited to cancer, cardiovascular, cystic fibrosis, infectious, and neurological diseases.

In one aspect, the invention provides a liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein the liposome comprises at least one cationic lipid that comprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and also comprises a moiety X¹, wherein X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group.

In another aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid that comprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and also comprises a moiety X¹, wherein X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group.

In embodiments, a cationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according to any of the following structures:

wherein

• R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;
• X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;
• X² is S, C═O, or C═S;
• X³ is O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;
• R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or
• R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (A-I):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (E-1),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to formula (E-1a),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (K-1),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (K-1a),

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (K-1b),

In embodiments, a cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-A),

• • wherein
  • represents a single or double bond;
  • X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;
  • X² is O or S;
  • Z is O or a covalent bond;
  • R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and
  • R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

In embodiments, a cationic lipid has a structure according to any one of the following formulas:

In embodiments, a cationic lipid has a structure according to any one of the following formulas:

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or —C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is Me

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has the structure of:

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a peptide or a polypeptide, encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids, and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a peptide or a polypeptide, encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids, and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide for use in a vaccine.

In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for an antigen (e.g, an antigen from an infectious agent).

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In another aspect, the invention features a composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In embodiments, a composition further comprises one or more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.

In embodiments, a nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.

In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.

In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in a vaccine. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes an antigen (e.g., an antigen from an infectious agent).

In some aspects, the present invention provides methods of treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition (e.g, a pharmaceutical composition) as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In some other aspects, the present invention provides methods of treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

In embodiments, a composition is formulated for intravenous (IV) administration.

In embodiments, a composition is formulated for intramuscular (IM) administration.

In embodiments, a composition is formulated for administration by inhalation (e.g., a composition is formulated for nebulization).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

Definitions

In order for the present invention to be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the specification. The publications and other reference materials referenced herein to describe the background of the invention and to provide additional detail regarding its practice are hereby incorporated by reference.

Amino acid: As used herein, the term “amino acid,” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, an amino acid has the general structure H₂N—C(H)(R)—COOH. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a synthetic amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a d-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an 1-amino acid. “Standard amino acid” refers to any of the twenty standard 1-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring peptides. “Nonstandard amino acid” refers to any amino acid, other than the standard amino acids, regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from a natural source. As used herein, “synthetic amino acid” encompasses chemically modified amino acids, including but not limited to salts, amino acid derivatives (such as amides), and/or substitutions. Amino acids, including carboxy- and/or amino-terminal amino acids in peptides, can be modified by methylation, amidation, acetylation, protecting groups, and/or substitution with other chemical groups that can change the peptide's circulating half-life without adversely affecting their activity. Amino acids may participate in a disulfide bond. Amino acids may comprise one or posttranslational modifications, such as association with one or more chemical entities (e.g., methyl groups, acetate groups, acetyl groups, phosphate groups, formyl moieties, isoprenoid groups, sulfate groups, polyethylene glycol moieties, lipid moieties, carbohydrate moieties, biotin moieties, etc.). The term “amino acid” is used interchangeably with “amino acid residue,” and may refer to a free amino acid and/or to an amino acid residue of a peptide. It will be apparent from the context in which the term is used whether it refers to a free amino acid or a residue of a peptide.

Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of the animal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans, at any stage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-human animals, at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, and/or a pig). In some embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and/or worms. In some embodiments, an animal may be a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, and/or a clone.

Approximately or about: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).

Biologically active: As used herein, the term “biologically active” refers to a characteristic of any agent that has activity in a biological system, and particularly in an organism. For instance, an agent that, when administered to an organism, has a biological effect on that organism, is considered to be biologically active.

Delivery: As used herein, the term “delivery” encompasses both local and systemic delivery. For example, delivery of mRNA encompasses situations in which an mRNA is delivered to a target tissue and the encoded protein is expressed and retained within the target tissue (also referred to as “local distribution” or “local delivery”), and situations in which an mRNA is delivered to a target tissue and the encoded protein is expressed and secreted into patient's circulation system (e.g., serum) and systematically distributed and taken up by other tissues (also referred to as “systemic distribution” or “systemic delivery”).

Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide, assemble multiple polypeptides into an intact protein (e.g, enzyme) and/or post-translational modification of a polypeptide or fully assembled protein (e.g, enzyme). In this application, the terms “expression” and “production,” and grammatical equivalent, are used inter-changeably.

Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/or activity by which it is characterized.

Half-life: As used herein, the term “half-life” is the time required for a quantity such as nucleic acid or protein concentration or activity to fall to half of its value as measured at the beginning of a time period.

Improve, increase, or reduce: As used herein, the terms “improve,” “increase” or “reduce,” or grammatical equivalents, indicate values that are relative to a baseline measurement, such as a measurement in the same individual prior to initiation of the treatment described herein, or a measurement in a control subject (or multiple control subject) in the absence of the treatment described herein. A “control subject” is a subject afflicted with the same form of disease as the subject being treated, who is about the same age as the subject being treated.

In Vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events that occur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, etc., rather than within a multi-cellular organism.

In Vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occur within a multi-cellular organism, such as a human and a non-human animal. In the context of cell-based systems, the term may be used to refer to events that occur within a living cell (as opposed to, for example, in vitro systems).

Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance and/or entity that has been (1) separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated when initially produced (whether in nature and/or in an experimental setting), and/or (2) produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components. As used herein, calculation of percent purity of isolated substances and/or entities should not include excipients (e.g., buffer, solvent, water, etc.).

Liposome: As used herein, the term “liposome” refers to any lamellar, multilamellar, or solid nanoparticle vesicle. Typically, a liposome as used herein can be formed by mixing one or more lipids or by mixing one or more lipids and polymer(s). In some embodiments, a liposome suitable for the present invention contains one or more cationic lipids and optionally non-cationic lipid(s), optionally cholesterol-based lipid(s), and/or optionally PEG-modified lipid(s).

messenger RNA (mRNA): As used herein, the term “messenger RNA (mRNA)” or “mRNA” refers to a polynucleotide that encodes at least one polypeptide. mRNA as used herein encompasses both modified and unmodified RNA. The term “modified mRNA” related to mRNA comprising at least one chemically modified nucleotide. mRNA may contain one or more coding and non-coding regions. mRNA can be purified from natural sources, produced using recombinant expression systems and optionally purified, chemically synthesized, etc. Where appropriate, e.g., in the case of chemically synthesized molecules, mRNA can comprise nucleoside analogs such as analogs having chemically modified bases or sugars, backbone modifications, etc. An mRNA sequence is presented in the 5′ to 3′ direction unless otherwise indicated. In some embodiments, an mRNA is or comprises natural nucleosides (e.g, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine); nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C5 propynyl-cytidine, C5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine); chemically modified bases; biologically modified bases (e.g., methylated bases); intercalated bases; modified sugars (e.g., 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose); and/or modified phosphate groups (e.g., phosphorothioates and 5′-N-phosphoramidite linkages).

Nucleic acid: As used herein, the term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into a polynucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is a compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into a polynucleotide chain via a phosphodiester linkage. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to individual nucleic acid residues (e.g., nucleotides and/or nucleosides). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to a polynucleotide chain comprising individual nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses RNA as well as single and/or double-stranded DNA and/or cDNA. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses ribonucleic acids (RNA), including but not limited to any one or more of interference RNAs (RNAi), small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), antisense RNA (aRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), modified messenger RNA (mmRNA), long non-coding RNA (IncRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA) multimeric coding nucleic acid (MCNA), polymeric coding nucleic acid (PCNA), guide RNA (gRNA) and CRISPR RNA (crRNA). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), including but not limited to any one or more of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses both RNA and DNA. In embodiments, DNA may be in the form of antisense DNA, plasmid DNA, parts of a plasmid DNA, pre-condensed DNA, a product of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), vectors (e.g., PI, PAC, BAC, YAC, artificial chromosomes), expression cassettes, chimeric sequences, chromosomal DNA, or derivatives of these groups. In embodiments, RNA may be in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), signal recognition particle RNA (7 SL RNA or SRP RNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), SmY RNA, small Cajal body-specific RNA (scaRNA), guide RNA (gRNA), ribonuclease P (RNase P), Y RNA, telomerase RNA component (TERC), spliced leader RNA (SL RNA), antisense RNA (aRNA or asRNA), cis-natural antisense transcript (cis-NAT), CRISPR RNA (crRNA), long noncoding RNA (IncRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), transacting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat associated siRNA (rasiRNA), 73K RNA, retrotransposons, a viral genome, a viroid, satellite RNA, or derivatives of these groups. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a protein such as an enzyme.

Patient: As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to any organism to which a provided composition may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, cosmetic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical patients include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and/or humans). In some embodiments, a patient is a human. A human includes pre- and post-natal forms.

Pharmaceutically acceptable: The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers to substances that, within the scope of sound medical judgment, are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt: Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid, or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N⁺(C_1-4 alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions, such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts formed from the quarternization of an amine using an appropriate electrophile, e.g., an alkyl halide, to form a quarternized alkylated amino salt.

Systemic distribution or delivery: As used herein, the terms “systemic distribution,” “systemic delivery,” or the grammatical equivalent, refer to a delivery or distribution mechanism or approach that affect the entire body or an entire organism. Typically, systemic distribution or delivery is accomplished via body's circulation system, e.g., blood stream. Compared to the definition of “local distribution or delivery.”

Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a human or any non-human animal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, swine, sheep, horse or primate). A human includes pre- and post-natal forms. In many embodiments, a subject is a human being. A subject can be a patient, which refers to a human presenting to a medical provider for diagnosis or treatment of a disease. The term “subject” is used herein interchangeably with “individual” or “patient.” A subject can be afflicted with or is susceptible to a disease or disorder but may or may not display symptoms of the disease or disorder.

Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

Target tissues: As used herein, the term “target tissues” refers to any tissue that is affected by a disease to be treated. In some embodiments, target tissues include those tissues that display disease-associated pathology, symptom, or feature.

Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” of a therapeutic agent means an amount that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat, diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the symptom(s) of the disease, disorder, and/or condition. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a therapeutically effective amount is typically administered via a dosing regimen comprising at least one unit dose.

Treating: As used herein, the term “treat,” “treatment,” or “treating” refers to any method used to partially or completely alleviate, ameliorate, relieve, inhibit, prevent, delay onset of, reduce severity of and/or reduce incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition. Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease and/or exhibits only early signs of the disease for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease.

Aliphatic: As used herein, the term aliphatic refers to C₁-C₄₀ hydrocarbons and includes both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. An aliphatic may be linear, branched, or cyclic. For example, C₁-C₂₀ aliphatics can include C₁-C₂₀ alkyls (e.g., linear or branched C₁-C₂₀ saturated alkyls), C₂-C₂₀ alkenyls (e.g., linear or branched C₄-C₂₀ dienyls, linear or branched C₆-C₂₀ trienyls, and the like), and C₂-C₂₀ alkynyls (e.g, linear or branched C₂-C₂₀ alkynyls). C₁-C₂₀ aliphatics can include C₃-C₂₀ cyclic aliphatics (e.g, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyls, C₄-C₂₀ cycloalkenyls, or C₈-C₂₀ cycloalkynyls). In certain embodiments, the aliphatic may comprise one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl, halo, alkoxyl, hydroxy, amino, aryl, ether, ester or amide. An aliphatic group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, an aliphatic may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, the aliphatic is unsubstituted. In embodiments, the aliphatic does not include any heteroatoms.

Alkyl: As used herein, the term “alkyl” means acyclic linear and branched hydrocarbon groups, e.g. “C₁-C₂₀ alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having 1-20 carbons. An alkyl group may be linear or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl tert-pentylhexyl, Isohexyletc. Other alkyl groups will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art given the benefit of the present disclosure. An alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, the alkyl is substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituent groups as described herein). In embodiments, an alkyl group is substituted with a-OH group and may also be referred to herein as a “hydroxyalkyl” group, where the prefix denotes the —OH group and “alkyl” is as described herein.

Alkylene: The term “alkylene,” as used herein, represents a saturated divalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group and is exemplified by methylene, ethylene, isopropylene and the like. Likewise, the term “alkenylene” as used herein represents an unsaturated divalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain, and the term “alkynylene” herein represents an unsaturated divalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain. In certain embodiments, an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group may comprise one or more cyclic aliphatic and/or one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl, halo, alkoxyl, hydroxy, amino, aryl, ether, ester or amide. For example, an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g, unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In certain embodiments, an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene is unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene does not include any heteroatoms.

Alkenyl. As used herein, “alkenyl” means any linear or branched hydrocarbon chains having one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain, e.g., “C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group having 2-20 carbons. For example, an alkenyl group includes prop-2-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-5-enyl, 2,3-dimethylbut-2-enyl, and the like. In embodiments, the alkenyl comprises 1, 2, or 3 carbon-carbon double bond. In embodiments, the alkenyl comprises a single carbon-carbon double bond. In embodiments, multiple double bonds (e.g., 2 or 3) are conjugated. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, an alkenyl group may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, the alkenyl is unsubstituted. In embodiments, the alkenyl is substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituent groups as described herein). In embodiments, an alkenyl group is substituted with a-OH group and may also be referred to herein as a “hydroxyalkenyl” group, where the prefix denotes the —OH group and “alkenyl” is as described herein.

Alkynyl: As used herein, “alkynyl” means any hydrocarbon chain of either linear or branched configuration, having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds occurring in any stable point along the chain, e.g., “C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group having 2-20 carbons. Examples of an alkynyl group include prop-2-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, but-3-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, 3-methylpent-4-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, hex-5-ynyl, etc. In embodiments, an alkynyl comprises one carbon-carbon triple bond. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, an alkynyl group may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, the alkynyl is unsubstituted. In embodiments, the alkynyl is substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituent groups as described herein).

Amine: The term “amine” or “amino,” used interchangeably throughout, is used herein to refer to the group —NZ¹Z², where each of Z¹ and Z² are independently hydrogen or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl and combinations thereof. Each of Z¹ and Z² can be independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, a dialkylamine group refers to the group —N(alkyl)₂, wherein each of the alkyl groups may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl, halo, alkoxyl, hydroxy, amino, aryl, ether, ester or amide.

Aryl: The terms “aryl” and “ar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refer to an optionally substituted C_6-14-aromatic hydrocarbon moiety comprising one to three aromatic rings. For example, the aryl group is a C_6-10-aryl group (i.e., phenyl and naphthyl). Aryl groups include, without limitation, optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl. The terms “aryl” and “ar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which an aryl ring is fused to one or more cycloaliphatic rings to form an optionally substituted cyclic structure such as a tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, or indanyl ring. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “aryl group”, “aryl ring”, and “aromatic ring”.

Cycloalkyl: As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” means a nonaromatic, saturated, cyclic group, e.g., “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl.” In embodiments, a cycloalkyl is monocyclic. In embodiments, a cycloalkyl is polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic). In polycyclic cycloalkyl groups, individual rings can be fused, bridged, or spirocyclic. Examples of a cycloalkyl group include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, octahydro-pentalenyl, and spiro[4.5]decanyl, and the like. The term “cycloalkyl” may be used interchangeably with the term “carbocycle”. A cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent groups as described herein. For example, a cycloalkyl group may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 independently selected substituents) of halogen, —COR′, —CO₂H, —CO₂R′, —CN, —OH, —OR′, —OCOR′, —OCO₂R′, —NH₂, —NHR′, —N(R′)₂, —SR′ or —SO₂R′, wherein each instance of R′ independently is C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, or C₁-C₃ alkyl). In embodiments, R′ independently is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl is substituted (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituent groups as described herein).

Halogen: As used herein, the term “halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

Heteroalkenyl. The term “heteroalkenyl” is meant a branched or unbranched alkenyl group having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms in addition to 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P. A heteroalkenyl may optionally include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has three to six members. The heteroalkenyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

Heteroalkynyl. The term “heteroalkynyl” is meant a branched or unbranched alkynyl group having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms in addition to 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P. A heteroalkynyl may optionally include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has three to six members. The heteroalkynyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

Heteroalkyl. The term “heteroalkyl” is meant a branched or unbranched alkyl group having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms in addition to 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P. Heteroalkyls include, without limitation, tertiary amines, secondary amines, ethers, thioethers, amides, thioamides, carbamates, thiocarbamates, hydrazones, imines, phosphodiesters, phosphoramidates, sulfonamides, and disulfides. A heteroalkyl may optionally include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has three to six members. The heteroalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of heteroalkyls include, without limitation, poly ethers, such as methoxymethyl and ethoxy ethyl.

Heteroaryl: The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl”, or “heteroaralkoxy”, refer to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14% electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. A heteroaryl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, for example, mono-, bi-, or tricyclic (e.g., mono- or bicyclic). The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. For example, a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be a basic nitrogen atom and may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. When a heteroaryl is substituted by a hydroxy group, it also includes its corresponding tautomer. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-,” as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocycloaliphatic rings. Nonlimiting examples of heteroaryl groups include thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

Heterocyclyl. As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 3- to 8-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, such as one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or NR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and thiamorpholinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, preferably mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, more preferably mono- or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted. Additionally, a heterocyclic ring also includes groups in which the heterocyclic ring is fused to one or more aryl rings.

Cationic Lipids

Liposomal-based vehicles are considered an attractive carrier for therapeutic agents and remain subject to continued development efforts. While liposomal-based vehicles that comprise a cationic lipid component have shown promising results with regards to encapsulation, stability and site localization, there remains a great need for improvement of liposomal-based delivery systems. For example, a significant drawback of liposomal delivery systems relates to the construction of liposomes that have sufficient cell culture or in vivo stability to reach desired target cells and/or intracellular compartments, and the ability of such liposomal delivery systems to efficiently release their encapsulated materials to such target cells.

In particular, there remains a need for improved cationic lipids that demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties and which are capable of delivering macromolecules, such as nucleic acids to a wide variety cell types and tissues with enhanced efficiency. Importantly, there also remains a particular need for novel cationic lipids that are characterized as having reduced toxicity and are capable of efficiently delivering encapsulated nucleic acids and polynucleotides to targeted cells, tissues and organs.

Described herein are novel cationic lipids, compositions comprising such lipids, and related methods of their use. In embodiments, the compounds described herein are useful as liposomal compositions or as components of liposomal compositions to facilitate the delivery to, and subsequent transfection of one or more target cells.

Cationic lipids disclosed herein comprise a basic, ionizable functional group (e.g., an amine or a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl as described herein), which is present in neutral or charged form.

In embodiments, cationic lipids described herein can provide one or more desired characteristics or properties. That is, in certain embodiments, cationic lipids described herein can be characterized as having one or more properties that afford such compounds advantages relative to other similarly classified lipids. For example, cationic lipids disclosed herein can allow for the control and tailoring of the properties of liposomal compositions (e.g., lipid nanoparticles) of which they are a component. In particular, cationic lipids disclosed herein can be characterized by enhanced transfection efficiencies and their ability to provoke specific biological outcomes. Such outcomes can include, for example enhanced cellular uptake, endosomal/lysosomal disruption capabilities and/or promoting the release of encapsulated materials (e.g., polynucleotides) intracellularly.

Exemplary vitamin-based cationic lipids are described herein. Such exemplary cationic lipids can be used in any of the compositions and methods described herein. For example, any of the vitamin-based cationic lipids can be used in any of the liposomes described herein and any of the nucleic acids encapsulated within a liposome described herein, as well as compositions and methods of use thereof.

Cationic Lipids

Vitamin A Cationic Lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derived from Vitamin A.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (A-I)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (A-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, X² is C═O.

In embodiments, X² is C═S.

In embodiments, X³ is S.

In embodiments, X³ is O.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, X³ is NR^c, wherein R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂—, —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₅H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₃—, —C₇H₂₅—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or —C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH_2-3, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

An ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged group by protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly, in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituted dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₉-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenyl, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (A-II)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (A-II):

wherein

X⁴ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; and

each X⁵ is independently S, C═O, or C═S;

each X⁶ is independently S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

• • R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or
  • R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
  • R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═O.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is O.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, each X⁶ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is NR^c, wherein R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (A-II) has a structure according to Formula (A-IIa):

In embodiments, X⁴ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X⁴ is

In embodiments, X⁴ is any ionizable nitrogen-containing group described herein (e.g., X⁴ can be any group recited for X¹ of Formula (I) or (Ia)).

Vitamin D Cationic Lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derived from Vitamin D.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-A)

In one aspect, the invention provides a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (D-A):

wherein

• represents a single or double bond;
• X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;
• X² is O or S;
• Z is O or a covalent bond;
• R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and
• R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

In embodiments, represents a single bond.

In embodiments, represents a double bond.

In embodiments, Z is a covalent bond (e.g., compounds of Formula (D-I)).

In embodiments, Z is a O (e.g, compounds of Formula (D-III)).

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂—, —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₈H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, R² is H.

In embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is CH₃. In embodiments, R² is CH₂CH₃.

In embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituted dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments. X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; andeach n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from unsubstituted CV alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl, or

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-I)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (D-A) having a structure according to Formula (D-I):

wherein

• represents a single or double bond;
• X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;
• X² is O or S;
• R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and
• R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl. In embodiments, R² is H. Alternatively, in embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or butyl. In preferred embodiments, R² is H, methyl, or ethyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-Ia):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-Ib):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-Ic):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-Id):

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂, —C₇H₁₄, —C₈H₁₆, —C₉H₁₈, —C₁₀H₂₀, —C₁₁H₂₂, —C₁₂H₂₄, —C₁₃H₂₆, —C₁₄H₂₈, —C₁₅H₃₀, —C₁₆H₃₂, —C₁₇H₃₄, —C₁₈H₃₆, —C₁₉H₃₈, —C₂₀H₄₀, —C₂₁H₄₂, —C₂₂H₄₄, —C₂₃H₄₆, —C₂₄H₄₈, or —C₂₅H₅₀.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.

As used herein, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged group by protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base.

Accordingly, in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituted dialkylamine. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is N(Me)₂.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₁₀-alkylene, C₁-C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁-C₁₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; andeach n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-III

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (D-II):

whereinX³ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; andeach X⁴ is independently S or O.

In embodiments, each X⁴ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁴ is O.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (D-II) has a structure according to Formula (D-IIa):

In embodiments, X³ is any ionizable nitrogen-containing group described herein (e.g., X³ can be any group recited for X¹ of Formula (D-A), (D-I), (D-III), (D-Ia), (D-Ib), (D-Ic), (D-Id), (D-IIIa), (D-IIIb), (D-IIIc), or (D-IIId)).

In embodiments, X³ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X³ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (D-III)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (D-III):

wherein

• represents a single or double bond;
• X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;
• X² is O or S;
• R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and
• R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

In embodiments, R² is H. Alternatively, in embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or butyl. In preferred embodiments, R² is H, methyl, or ethyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-IIIa):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-IIIb):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-IIIc):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (D-IIId):

In embodiments, X² is O.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃n-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂, —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₅H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₂₆S—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₂—.

As used herein, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged group by protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly, in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl, such as, for example, In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Vitamin E Cationic lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derived from Vitamin E.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (E-I)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (E-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, X² is C═O.

In embodiments, X² is C═S.

In embodiments, X³ is S.

In embodiments, X³ is O.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, X³ is NR^c, wherein R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (E-Ia):

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₁H₂—, C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, C₄H₈—, —C₅H₁₀—, C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.

An ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged group by protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly, in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

In embodiments, X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl. Suitable 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and oxazinyl. In embodiments, X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

In embodiments, X¹ is dialkylamine. In some embodiments, X¹ is unsubstituted dialkylamine. In some embodiments, X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.

In embodiments, X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₉-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenyl, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.

In embodiments, X¹ is H Me;

In embodiments, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group is

In embodiments, X¹ is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (E-II)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (E-II):

wherein

• X⁴ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; and
• each X⁵ is independently S, C═O, or C═S;
• each X⁶ is independently S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;
• R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or
• R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
• R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═O.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is O.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl. Alternatively, each X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is NR^c, wherein R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (E-II) has a structure according to Formula (E-IIa):

In embodiments, X⁴ is any ionizable nitrogen-containing group described herein (e.g., X⁴ can be any group recited for X¹ of Formula (E-I) or (E-Ia)).

In embodiments, X⁴ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X⁴ is

Vitamin K Cationic Lipids

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid derived from Vitamin K.

Cationic Lipids of Formula (K-1)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (K-I):

wherein

• • R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;
  • X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;
  • X² is S, C═O, or C═S;
  • X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;
    • R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or
  • R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and
    • R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X² is S.

In embodiments, X² is C═O.

In embodiments, X² is C═S.

In embodiments, X³ is S.

In embodiments, X³ is O.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, X³ is CR^aR^b, wherein R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

In embodiments, X³ is NR^c, wherein R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (K-I) has a structure according to Formula (K-Ia):

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (K-I) has a structure according to Formula (K-Ib):

In embodiments, R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁

In embodiments, R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

In embodiments, R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₉-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenyl, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenyl, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃.

An ionizable nitrogen-containing group can refer to a nitrogen functional group (e.g., NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl) that can be converted to a charged group by protonation with an acid or deprotonation with a base. Accordingly, in embodiments, X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, an ionizable nitrogen-containing group is

Cationic Lipids of Formula (K-II)

In one aspect, the present invention provides a cationic lipid of Formula (K-II):

wherein

X⁴ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

each X⁵ is independently S, C═O, or C═S;

each X⁶ is independently S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

• • R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

each combination of R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, may form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

• • R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═O.

In embodiments, each X⁵ is C═S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is S.

In embodiments, each X⁶ is O.

In embodiments, the cationic lipid of Formula (K-II) has a structure according to Formula (K-IIa):

In embodiments, X⁴ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. For example, in embodiments, X⁴ is

Exemplary Cationic Lipids

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (A1),

Another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (A2),

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (3),

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (A4),

One exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D1),

Another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D2),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D3),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D4),

Another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D5), (D5).

An exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D6),

An exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (D7),

One exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (E1),

Another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (E2),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (E3),

Still another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (E4),

Another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (E5),

One exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (K1),

Another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (K2),

Yet another exemplary cationic lipids of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (K3),

Still another exemplary cationic lipid of the present invention is Cationic Lipid (K4),

Synthesis of Cationic Lipids

Cationic lipids described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can be prepared according to methods known in the art.

Exemplary synthetic methods are shown in the Examples.

Nucleic Acids

Cationic lipids described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can be used to prepare compositions useful for the delivery of nucleic acids.

Synthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids according to the present invention may be synthesized according to any known methods. For example, mRNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT). Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g, T3, T7, mutated T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse inhibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application.

In some embodiments, for the preparation of mRNA according to the invention, a DNA template is transcribed in vitro. A suitable DNA template typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7, mutated T7 or SP6 promoter, for in vitro transcription, followed by desired nucleotide sequence for desired mRNA and a termination signal.

Desired mRNA sequence(s) according to the invention may be determined and incorporated into a DNA template using standard methods. For example, starting from a desired amino acid sequence (e.g., an enzyme sequence), a virtual reverse translation is carried out based on the degenerated genetic code. Optimization algorithms may then be used for selection of suitable codons. Typically, the G/C content can be optimized to achieve the highest possible G/C content on one hand, taking into the best possible account the frequency of the tRNAs according to codon usage on the other hand. The optimized RNA sequence can be established and displayed, for example, with the aid of an appropriate display device and compared with the original (wild-type) sequence. A secondary structure can also be analyzed to calculate stabilizing and destabilizing properties or, respectively, regions of the RNA.

As described above, the term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into a polynucleotide chain. DNA may be in the form of antisense DNA, plasmid DNA, parts of a plasmid DNA, pre-condensed DNA, a product of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), vectors (e.g., PI, PAC, BAC, YAC, artificial chromosomes), expression cassettes, chimeric sequences, chromosomal DNA, or derivatives of these groups. RNA may be in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), signal recognition particle RNA (7 SL RNA or SRP RNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), SmY RNA, small Cajal body-specific RNA (scaRNA), guide RNA (gRNA), ribonuclease P (RNase P), Y RNA, telomerase RNA component (TERC), spliced leader RNA (SL RNA), antisense RNA (aRNA or asRNA), cis-natural antisense transcript (cis-NAT), CRISPR RNA (crRNA), long noncoding RNA (IncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), transacting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat associated siRNA (rasiRNA), 73K RNA, retrotransposons, a viral genome, a viroid, satellite RNA, or derivatives of these groups. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is a mRNA encoding a protein.

Synthesis of mRNA

mRNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized according to any of a variety of known methods. For example, mRNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT). Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse inhibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application. The presence of these reagents is undesirable in the final product according to several embodiments and may thus be referred to as impurities and a preparation containing one or more of these impurities may be referred to as an impure preparation. In some embodiments, the in vitro transcribing occurs in a single batch.

In some embodiments, for the preparation of mRNA according to the invention, a DNA template is transcribed in vitro. A suitable DNA template typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7 or SP6 promoter, for in vitro transcription, followed by desired nucleotide sequence for desired mRNA and a termination signal.

Desired mRNA sequence(s) according to the invention may be determined and incorporated into a DNA template using standard methods. For example, starting from a desired amino acid sequence (e.g., an enzyme sequence), a virtual reverse translation is carried out based on the degenerated genetic code. Optimization algorithms may then be used for selection of suitable codons. Typically, the G/C content can be optimized to achieve the highest possible G/C content on one hand, taking into the best possible account the frequency of the tRNAs according to codon usage on the other hand. The optimized RNA sequence can be established and displayed, for example, with the aid of an appropriate display device and compared with the original (wild-type) sequence. A secondary structure can also be analyzed to calculate stabilizing and destabilizing properties or, respectively, regions of the RNA.

Modified mRNA

In some embodiments, mRNA according to the present invention may be synthesized as unmodified or modified mRNA. Modified mRNA comprise nucleotide modifications in the RNA. A modified mRNA according to the invention can thus include nucleotide modification that are, for example, backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications. In some embodiments, mRNAs may be synthesized from naturally occurring nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogues (modified nucleotides) including, but not limited to, purines (adenine (A), guanine (G)) or pyrimidines (thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)), and as modified nucleotides analogues or derivatives of purines and pyrimidines, such as e.g. 1-methyl-adenine, 2-methyl-adenine, 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl-adenine, N6-methyl-adenine, N6-isopentenyl-adenine, 2-thio-cytosine, 3-methyl-cytosine, 4-acetyl-cytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyl-guanine, 2-methyl-guanine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanine, 7-methyl-guanine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, pseudouracil (5-uracil), dihydro-uracil, 2-thio-uracil, 4-thio-uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)-uracil, 5-fluoro-uracil, 5-bromo-uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-methyl-uracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, 5-methylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uracil, 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 1-methyl-pseudouracil, queosine, .beta.-D-mannosyl-queosine, wybutoxosine, and phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, peptide nucleotides, methylphosphonates, 7-deazaguanosine, 5-methylcytosine and inosine. The preparation of such analogues is known to a person skilled in the art e.g., from the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,373,071, 4,401,796, 4,415,732, 4,458,066, 4,500,707, 4,668,777, 4,973,679, 5,047,524, 5,132,418, 5,153,319, 5,262,530 and 5,700,642, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, mRNAs may contain RNA backbone modifications. Typically, a backbone modification is a modification in which the phosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides contained in the RNA are modified chemically. Exemplary backbone modifications typically include, but are not limited to, modifications from the group consisting of methylphosphonates, methylphosphoramidates, phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates (e.g. cytidine 5′-O-(1-thiophosphate)), boranophosphates, positively charged guanidinium groups etc., which means by replacing the phosphodiester linkage by other anionic, cationic or neutral groups.

In some embodiments, mRNAs may contain sugar modifications. A typical sugar modification is a chemical modification of the sugar of the nucleotides it contains including, but not limited to, sugar modifications chosen from the group consisting of 4′-thio-ribonucleotide (see, e.g, US Patent Application Publication No. US 2016/0031928, incorporated by reference herein), 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-oligoribonucleotide (2′-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate), 2′-deoxy-2′-deamine-oligoribonucleotide (2′-amino-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-amino-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate), 2′-O-alkyloligoribonucleotide, 2′-deoxy-2′-C-alkyloligoribonucleotide (2′-O-methylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-methyluridine 5′-triphosphate), 2′-C-alkyloligoribonucleotide, and isomers thereof (2′-aracytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-arauridine 5′-triphosphate), or azidotriphosphates (2′-azido-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-azido-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate).

In some embodiments, mRNAs may contain modifications of the bases of the nucleotides (base modifications). A modified nucleotide which contains a base modification is also called a base-modified nucleotide. Examples of such base-modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to, 2-amino-6-chloropurine riboside 5′-triphosphate, 2-aminoadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine 5′-triphosphate, 4-thiouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-iodocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-iodouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-methylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-methyluridine 5′-triphosphate, 6-azacytidine 5′-triphosphate, 6-azauridine 5′-triphosphate, 6-chloropurine riboside 5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine 5′-triphosphate, 8-azaadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 8-azidoadenosine 5′-triphosphate, benzimidazole riboside 5′-triphosphate, N1-methyladenosine 5′-triphosphate, N1-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate, N6-methyladenosine 5′-triphosphate, 06-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate, pseudouridine 5′-triphosphate, puromycin 5′-triphosphate or xanthosine 5′-triphosphate.

Typically, mRNA synthesis includes the addition of a “cap” on the N-terminal (5′) end, and a “tail” on the C-terminal (3′) end. The presence of the cap is important in providing resistance to nucleases found in most eukaryotic cells. The presence of a “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation.

Thus, in some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap is typically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removes one of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving two terminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to the terminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5 triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylated by a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are not limited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly (A) tail structure. A poly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to 300 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60 adenosine nucleotides). In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C) tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, or about 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added to the poly-A tail or may substitute the poly-A tail.

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or more elements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, an iron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region may be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of a polyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect an mRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites for miRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50 and 500 nucleotides in length or longer.

Cap Structure

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap is typically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removes one of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving two terminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to the terminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5 triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylated by a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are not limited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Naturally occurring cap structures comprise a 7-methyl guanosine that is linked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribed nucleotide, resulting in a dinucleotide cap of m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where N is any nucleoside. In vivo, the cap is added enzymatically. The cap is added in the nucleus and is catalyzed by the enzyme guanylyl transferase. The addition of the cap to the 5′ terminal end of RNA occurs immediately after initiation of transcription. The terminal nucleoside is typically a guanosine, and is in the reverse orientation to all the other nucleotides, i.e., G(5′)ppp(5′)GpNpNp.

A common cap for mRNA produced by in vitro transcription is m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G, which has been used as the dinucleotide cap in transcription with T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase in vitro to obtain RNAs having a cap structure in their 5′-termini. The prevailing method for the in vitro synthesis of caPPEd mRNA employs a pre-formed dinucleotide of the form m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G (“m⁷GpppG”) as an initiator of transcription.

To date, a usual form of a synthetic dinucleotide cap used in in vitro translation experiments is the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (“ARCA”) or modified ARCA, which is generally a modified cap analog in which the 2′ or 3′ OH group is replaced with —OCH₃.

Additional cap analogs include, but are not limited to, a chemical structures selected from the group consisting of m⁷GpppG, m⁷GpppA, m⁷GpppC; unmethylated cap analogs (e.g., GpppG); dimethylated cap analog (e.g., m^2,7GpppG), trimethylated cap analog (e.g., m^2,2,7GpppG), dimethylated symmetrical cap analogs (e.g., m⁷Gpppm⁷G), or anti reverse cap analogs (e.g., ARCA; m⁷, ^2′OmeGpppG, m^72′dGpppG, ^7,3′OmeGpppG, m^7,3′dGpppG and their tetraphosphate derivatives) (see, e.g., Jemielity, J. et al., “Novel ‘anti-reverse’ cap analogs with superior translational properties”, RNA, 9: 1108-22 (2003)).

In some embodiments, a suitable cap is a 7-methyl guanylate (“m⁷G”) linked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribed nucleotide, resulting in m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where N is any nucleoside. A preferred embodiment of a m⁷G cap utilized in embodiments of the invention is m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap0 structure. Cap0 structures lack a 2′-O-methyl residue of the ribose attached to bases 1 and 2. In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap1 structure. Cap1 structures have a 2′-O-methyl residue at base 2. In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap2 structure. Cap2 structures have a 2′-O-methyl residue attached to both bases 2 and 3.

A variety of m⁷G cap analogs are known in the art, many of which are commercially available. These include the m⁷GpppG described above, as well as the ARCA 3′-OCH₃ and 2′-OCH₃ cap analogs (Jemielity, J. et al., RNA, 9: 1108-22 (2003)). Additional cap analogs for use in embodiments of the invention include N7-benzylated dinucleoside tetraphosphate analogs (described in Grudzien, E. et al., RNA, 10: 1479-87 (2004)), phosphorothioate cap analogs (described in Grudzien-Nogalska, E., et al., RNA, 13: 1745-55 (2007)), and cap analogs (including biotinylated cap analogs) described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,093,367 and 8,304,529, incorporated by reference herein.

Tail Structure

Typically, the presence of a “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation. The poly A tail is thought to stabilize natural messengers and synthetic sense RNA. Therefore, in certain embodiments a long poly A tail can be added to an mRNA molecule thus rendering the RNA more stable. Poly A tails can be added using a variety of art-recognized techniques. For example, long poly A tails can be added to synthetic or in vitro transcribed RNA using poly A polymerase (Yokoe, et al. Nature Biotechnology. 1996; 14: 1252-56). A transcription vector can also encode long poly A tails. In addition, poly A tails can be added by transcription directly from PCR products. Poly A may also be ligated to the 3′ end of a sense RNA with RNA ligase (see, e.g., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1991 edition)).

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly (A) tail structure. Typically, the length of the poly A tail can be at least about 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 at least 500 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a poly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to 300 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60 adenosine nucleotides). In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C) tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, or about 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added to the poly-A tail or may substitute the poly-A tail.

In some embodiments, the length of the poly A or poly C tail is adjusted to control the stability of a modified sense mRNA molecule of the invention and, thus, the transcription of protein. For example, since the length of the poly A tail can influence the half-life of a sense mRNA molecule, the length of the poly A tail can be adjusted to modify the level of resistance of the mRNA to nucleases and thereby control the time course of polynucleotide expression and/or polypeptide production in a target cell.

5′ and 3′ Untranslated Region

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or more elements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, an iron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region may be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of a polyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect an mRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites for miRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50 and 500 nucleotides in length or longer.

Exemplary 3′ and/or 5′ UTR sequences can be derived from mRNA molecules which are stable (e.g., globin, actin, GAPDH, tubulin, histone, or citric acid cycle enzymes) to increase the stability of the sense mRNA molecule. For example, a 5′ UTR sequence may include a partial sequence of a CMV immediate-early 1 (IE1) gene, or a fragment thereof to improve the nuclease resistance and/or improve the half-life of the polynucleotide. Also contemplated is the inclusion of a sequence encoding human growth hormone (hGH), or a fragment thereof to the 3′ end or untranslated region of the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) to further stabilize the polynucleotide. Generally, these modifications improve the stability and/or pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., half-life) of the polynucleotide relative to their unmodified counterparts, and include, for example modifications made to improve such polynucleotides' resistance to in vivo nuclease digestion.

Pharmaceutical Formulations of Cationic Lipids and Nucleic Acids

In certain embodiments cationic lipids described herein described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)), as well as pharmaceutical and liposomal compositions comprising such lipids, can be used in formulations to facilitate the delivery of encapsulated materials (e.g, one or more polynucleotides such as mRNA) to, and subsequent transfection of one or more target cells. For example, in certain embodiments cationic lipids described herein (and compositions such as liposomal compositions comprising such lipids) are characterized as resulting in one or more of receptor-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, fusogenicity, endosomal or lysosomal disruption and/or releasable properties that afford such compounds advantages relative other similarly classified lipids.

According to the present invention, a nucleic acid, e.g., mRNA encoding a protein (e.g., a full length, fragment or portion of a protein) as described herein may be delivered via a delivery vehicle comprising a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

As used herein, the terms “delivery vehicle,” “transfer vehicle,” “nanoparticle” or grammatical equivalent, are used interchangeably.

For example, the present invention provides a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising a cationic lipid described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) and one or more polynucleotides. A composition (e.g, a pharmaceutical composition) may further comprise one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and/or one or more PEG-modified lipids.

In certain embodiments a composition exhibits an enhanced (e.g., increased) ability to transfect one or more target cells. Accordingly, also provided herein are methods of transfecting one or more target cells. Such methods generally comprise the step of contacting the one or more target cells with the cationic lipids and/or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein (e.g., a liposomal formulation comprising a cationic lipid described (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) encapsulating one or more polynucleotides) such that the one or more target cells are transfected with the materials encapsulated therein (e.g., one or more polynucleotides). As used herein, the terms “transfect” or “transfection” refer to the intracellular introduction of one or more encapsulated materials (e.g., nucleic acids and/or polynucleotides) into a cell, or preferably into a target cell. The introduced polynucleotide may be stably or transiently maintained in the target cell. The term “transfection efficiency” refers to the relative amount of such encapsulated material (e.g., polynucleotides) up-taken by, introduced into, and/or expressed by the target cell which is subject to transfection. In practice, transfection efficiency may be estimated by the amount of a reporter polynucleotide product produced by the target cells following transfection. In certain embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein demonstrate high transfection efficiencies thereby improving the likelihood that appropriate dosages of the encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more polynucleotides) will be delivered to the site of pathology and subsequently expressed, while at the same time minimizing potential systemic adverse effects or toxicity associated with the compound or their encapsulated contents.

Following transfection of one or more target cells by, for example, the polynucleotides encapsulated in the one or more lipid nanoparticles comprising the pharmaceutical or liposomal compositions disclosed herein, the production of the product (e.g., a polypeptide or protein) encoded by such polynucleotide may be preferably stimulated and the capability of such target cells to express the polynucleotide and produce, for example, a polypeptide or protein of interest is enhanced. For example, transfection of a target cell by one or more compounds or pharmaceutical compositions encapsulating mRNA will enhance (i.e., increase) the production of the protein or enzyme encoded by such mRNA.

Further, delivery vehicles described herein (e.g., liposomal delivery vehicles) may be prepared to preferentially distribute to other target tissues, cells or organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles of the present invention may be prepared to achieve enhanced delivery to the target cells and tissues. For example, polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) encapsulated in one or more of the compounds or pharmaceutical and liposomal compositions described herein can be delivered to and/or transfect targeted cells or tissues. In some embodiments, the encapsulated polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) are capable of being expressed and functional polypeptide products produced (and in some instances excreted) by the target cell, thereby conferring a beneficial property to, for example the target cells or tissues. Such encapsulated polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may encode, for example, a hormone, enzyme, receptor, polypeptide, peptide or other protein of interest.

Liposomal Delivery Vehicles

In some embodiments, a composition is a suitable delivery vehicle. In embodiments, a composition is a liposomal delivery vehicle, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle.

The terms “liposomal delivery vehicle” and “liposomal composition” are used interchangeably.

Enriching liposomal compositions with one or more of the cationic lipids disclosed herein may be used as a means of improving (e.g., reducing) the toxicity or otherwise conferring one or more desired properties to such enriched liposomal composition (e.g., improved delivery of the encapsulated polynucleotides to one or more target cells and/or reduced in vivo toxicity of a liposomal composition). Accordingly, also contemplated are pharmaceutical compositions, and in particular liposomal compositions, that comprise one or more of the cationic lipids disclosed herein.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the compounds described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) are cationic lipids that may be used as a component of a liposomal composition to facilitate or enhance the delivery and release of encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more therapeutic agents) to one or more target cells (e.g., by permeating or fusing with the lipid membranes of such target cells).

As used herein, liposomal delivery vehicles, e.g., lipid nanoparticles, are usually characterized as microscopic vesicles having an interior aqua space sequestered from an outer medium by a membrane of one or more bilayers. Bilayer membranes of liposomes are typically formed by amphiphilic molecules, such as lipids of synthetic or natural origin that comprise spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains (Lasic, Trends Biotechnol., 16: 307-321, 1998). Bilayer membranes of the liposomes can also be formed by amphophilic polymers and surfactants (e.g., polymerosomes, niosomes, etcf. In the context of the present invention, a liposomal delivery vehicle typically serves to transport a desired mRNA to a target cell or tissue.

In certain embodiments, such compositions (e.g., liposomal compositions) are loaded with or otherwise encapsulate materials, such as for example, one or more biologically-active polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA).

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprises an mRNA encoding a protein, encapsulated within a liposome. In embodiments, a liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids, and at least one cationic lipid is a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for a protein (e.g., any protein described herein). In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprises a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises any cationic lipid (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) as described herein.

In embodiments, a nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell (e.g., an mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein). In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell (e.g, an mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein). Still other exemplary mRNAs are described herein.

In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g, a lipid nanoparticle) can have a net positive charge.

In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g, a lipid nanoparticle) can have a net negative charge.

In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g, a lipid nanoparticle) can have a net neutral charge.

In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g, mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide) comprises one or more cationic lipids described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)).

For example, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) in a composition can be described as a percentage (“wt %”) of the combined dry weight of all lipids of a composition (e.g, the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a liposomal composition).

In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 wt % to about 30 wt % (e.g., about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt %) of the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % of the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a composition (e.g, a liposomal composition). In embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 wt % to about 5 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % of the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle.

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is at least about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 20 wt %, about 25 wt %, about 30 wt %, about 35 wt %, about 40 wt %, about 45 wt %, about 50 wt %, about 55 wt %, about 60 wt %, about 65 wt %, about 70 wt %, about 75 wt %, about 80 wt %, about 85 wt %, about 90 wt %, about 95 wt %, about 96 wt %, about 97 wt %, about 98 wt %, or about 99 wt % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g, a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is no more than about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 20 wt %, about 25 wt %, about 30 wt %, about 35 wt %, about 40 wt %, about 45 wt %, about 50 wt %, about 55 wt %, about 60 wt %, about 65 wt %, about 70 wt %, about 75 wt %, about 80 wt %, about 85 wt %, about 90 wt %, about 95 wt %, about 96 wt %, about 97 wt %, about 98 wt %, or about 99 wt % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g, a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, a composition (e.g, a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipid nanoparticle) comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % (e.g., about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %) of a cationic lipid described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, a delivery vehicle (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipid nanoparticle) comprises about 0.5 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 3 wt %, about 5 wt %, or about 10 wt % a cationic lipid described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, a delivery vehicle (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipid nanoparticle) comprises up to about 0.5 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 3 wt %, about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, or about 20 wt % of a cationic lipid described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)). In embodiments, the percentage results in an improved beneficial effect (e.g., improved delivery to targeted tissues such as the liver or the lung).

The amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) in a composition also can be described as a percentage (“mol %”) of the combined molar amounts of total lipids of a composition (e.g., the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a liposomal delivery vehicle).

In embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions described herein, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 mol % to about 30 mol % (e.g, about 0.5 mol % to about 20 mol %) of the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle.

In embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 0.5 mol % to about 5 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, about 5 mol % to about 20 mol %, or about 10 mol % to about 20 mol % of the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle. In embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 15 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, or about 5 mol % to about 25 mol % of the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle

In certain embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can comprise from about 0.1 mol % to about 50 mol %, or from 0.5 mol % to about 50 mol %, or from about 1 mol % to about 25 mol %, or from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol % of the total amount of lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle).

In certain embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of Formula (I), such as the cationic lipid of Formula (1a), compound (1), compound (2), compound (3), and/or compound (4)) can comprise greater than about 0.1 mol %, or greater than about 0.5 mol %, or greater (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) than about 1 mol %, or greater than about 5 mol % of the total amount of lipids in the lipid nanoparticle.

In certain embodiments, a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can comprise less than about 25 mol %, or less than about 10 mol %, or less than about 5 mol %, or less than about 1 mol % of the total amount of lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle).

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is at least about 5 mol %, about 10 mol %, about 15 mol %, about 20 mol %, about 25 mol %, about 30 mol %, about 35 mol %, about 40 mol %, about 45 mol %, about 50 mol %, about 55 mol %, about 60 mol %, about 65 mol %, about 70 mol %, about 75 mol %, about 80 mol %, about 85 mol %, about 90 mol %, about 95 mol %, about 96 mol %, about 97 mol %, about 98 mol %, or about 99 mol % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, the amount of a cationic lipid as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) is present in an amount that is no more than about 5 mol %, about 10 mol %, about 15 mol %, about 20 mol %, about 25 mol %, about 30 mol %, about 35 mol %, about 40 mol %, about 45 mol %, about 50 mol %, about 55 mol %, about 60 mol %, about 65 mol %, about 70 mol %, about 75 mol %, about 80 mol %, about 85 mol %, about 90 mol %, about 95 mol %, about 96 mol %, about 97 mol %, about 98 mol %, or about 99 mol % of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

In embodiments, the percentage results in an improved beneficial effect (e.g., improved delivery to targeted tissues such as the liver or the lung).

In embodiments, a composition further comprises one more lipids (e.g., one more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids).

In certain embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal) compositions comprise one or more of a PEG-modified lipid, a non-cationic lipid and a cholesterol lipid. In embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal) compositions comprise: one or more PEG-modified lipids; one or more non-cationic lipids; and one or more cholesterol lipids. In embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal) compositions comprise: one or more PEG-modified lipids and one or more cholesterol lipids.

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., lipid nanoparticle) that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide) comprises one or more cationic lipids as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) and one or more lipids selected from the group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, and a PEGylated lipid.

In embodiments, a composition (e.g., lipid nanoparticle) that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide) comprises one or more cationic lipids as described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)); one or more lipids selected from the group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, and a PEGylated lipid; and further comprises a cholesterol-based lipid.

In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide) comprises one or more cationic lipids as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)), as well as one or more lipids selected from the group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a PEGylated lipid, and a cholesterol-based lipid.

According to various embodiments, the selection of cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and/or PEG-modified lipids which comprise the lipid nanoparticle, as well as the relative molar ratio of such lipids to each other, is based upon the characteristics of the selected lipid(s), the nature of the intended target cells, the characteristics of the mRNA to be delivered. Additional considerations include, for example, the saturation of the alkyl chain, as well as the size, charge, pH, pKa, fusogenicity and toxicity of the selected lipid(s). Thus, the molar ratios may be adjusted accordingly.

Further Cationic Lipids

In addition to any of the cationic lipids as described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)), a composition may comprise one or more further cationic lipids.

In some embodiments, liposomes may comprise one or more further cationic lipids. As used herein, the phrase “cationic lipid” refers to any of a number of lipid species that have a net positive charge at a selected pH, such as physiological pH. Several cationic lipids have been described in the literature, many of which are commercially available.

• • Suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2010/144740, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid, (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino) butanoate, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include ionizable cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2013/149140, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid of one of the following formulas:

• • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ acyl; wherein L₁ and L₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, an optionally substituted variably unsaturated C₁-C₃₀ alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkynyl; wherein m and o are each independently selected from the group consisting of zero and any positive integer (e.g., where m is three); and wherein n is zero or any positive integer (e.g., where n is one). In certain embodiments, the compositions include the cationic lipid (15Z, 18Z)—N,N-dimethyl-6-(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-15,18-dien-1-amine (“HGT5000”), having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions include the cationic lipid (15Z, 18Z)—N,N-dimethyl-6-((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-4,15,18-trien-1-amine (“HGT5001”), having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the include the cationic lipid and (15Z,18Z)—N,N-dimethyl-6-((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-5,15,18-trien-1-amine (“HGT5002”), having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include cationic lipids described as aminoalcohol lipidoids in International Patent Publication WO 2010/053572, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2016/118725, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2016/118724, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions include a cationic lipid having the formula of 14,25-ditridecyl 15,18,21,24-tetraaza-octatriacontane, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publications WO 2013/063468 and WO 2016/205691, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each instance of R^L is independently optionally substituted C₆-C₄₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2015/184256, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

• • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each X independently is O or S; each Y independently is O or S; each m independently is 0 to 20; each n independently is 1 to 6; each R_A is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-50 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkynyl, optionally substituted C3-10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl or halogen; and each R_B is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-50 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkynyl, optionally substituted C3-10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl or halogen. In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid, “Target 23”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2016/004202, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

wherein

• • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in J. McClellan, M. C. King, Cell 2010, 141, 210-217 and in Whitehead et al., Nature Communications (2014) 5:4277, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the cationic lipids of the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2015/199952, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/004143, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/075531, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

• • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of L¹ or L² is —O(C═O)—, —(C═O)O—, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S(O)_x, —S—S—, —C(═O)S—, —SC(═O)—, —NR^aC(═O)—, —C(═O)NR^a—, NR^aC(═O)NR^a—, —OC(═O)NR^a, or —NR^aC(═O)O—; and the other of L¹ or L² is —O(C═O)—, —(C═O)O—, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S(O)_x, —S—S—, —C(═O)S—, SC(═O)—, —NR^aC(═O)—, —C(═O)NR^a—, NR^aC(═O)NR^a—, —OC(═O)NR^a— or —NR^aC(═O)O— or a direct bond; G¹ and G² are each independently unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene or C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene; G³ is C₁-C₂₄ alkylene, C₁-C₂₄ alkenylene, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenylene; R^a is H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; R¹ and R² are each independently C₆-C₂₄ alkyl or C₆-C₂₄ alkenyl; R³ is H, OR⁵, CN, —C(═O)OR⁴, —OC(═O)R⁴ or —NR⁵ C(═O)R⁴; R⁴ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; R⁵ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/117528, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/049245, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the cationic lipids of the compositions and methods of the present invention include a compound of one of the following formulas:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For any one of these four formulas, R₄ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_nQ and —(CH₂)_nCHQR; Q is selected from the group consisting of —OR, —OH, —O(CH₂)_nN(R)₂, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CN, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(H)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(H)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(H)(R), —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(H)(R), and a heterocycle; R is independently selected from the group consisting of C_1-3 alkyl, C_2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n is 1, 2, or 3.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/173054 and WO 2015/095340, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include cholesterol-based cationic lipids. In certain embodiments, the compositions include imidazole cholesterol ester or “ICE”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Other suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the compositions include cleavable cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2012/170889, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

• • wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, guanidinium, amino, imine, enamine, an optionally-substituted alkyl amino (e.g., an alkyl amino such as dimethylamino) and pyridyl; wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of one of the following two formulas:

• • and wherein R₃ and R₄ are each independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ alkyl and an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ acyl; and wherein n is zero or any positive integer (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or more).
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid, “HGT4001”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid, “HGT4002”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid, “HGT4003”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid, “HGT4004”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In certain embodiments, the compositions include a cationic lipid “HGT4005”, having a compound structure of:

• • and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the compositions include the cationic lipid, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (“DOTMA”). Feigner et al. (Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 84, 7413 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. DOTMA can be formulated alone or can be combined with a neutral lipid (e.g., dioleoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine or “DOPE”) or still other cationic or non-cationic lipids into a liposomal transfer vehicle or a lipid nanoparticle, and such liposomes can be used to enhance the delivery of nucleic acids into target cells. Other cationic lipids suitable for the compositions include, for example, 5-carboxyspermylglycinedioctadecylamide (“DOGS”); 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(spermine-carboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-l-propanaminium (“DOSPA”) (Behr et al. Proc. Nat.'l Acad. Sci. 86, 6982 (1989), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,171,678; 5,334,761); 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-Dimethylammonium-Propane (“DODAP”); 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-Trimethylammonium-Propane (“DOTAP”).
  • Additional exemplary cationic lipids suitable for the compositions also include: 1,2-distearyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DSDMA”); 1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DODMA”); 1,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DLinDMA”); 1,2-dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DLenDMA”); N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (“DODAC”); N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (“DDAB”); N-(1,2-dimyristyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide (“DMRIE”); 3-dimethylamino-2-(cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxybutan-4-oxy)-1-(cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoxy)propane (“CLinDMA”); 2-[5′-(cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxy)-3′-oxapentoxy)-3-dimethyl-1-(cis,cis-9′, 1-2′-octadecadienoxy)propane (“CpLinDMA”); N,N-dimethyl-3,4-dioleyloxybenzylamine (“DMOBA”); 1,2-N,N′-dioleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DOcarbDAP”); 2,3-Dilinoleoyloxy-N,N-dimethylpropylamine (“DLinDAP”); 1,2-N,N′-Dibnoleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DLincarbDAP”); 1,2-Dibnoleoylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DLinCDAP”); 2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“DLin-K-DMA”); 2-((8-[(3P)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy-)-N, N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yloxy]propane-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA”); (2R)-2-((8-[(3beta)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N, N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA (2R)”); (2S)-2-((8-[(3P)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N, fsl-dimethyh3-[(9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA (2S)”); 2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“DLin-K-XTC2-DMA”); and 2-(2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,1 2-dien-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (“DLin-KC2-DMA”) (see, WO 2010/042877, which is incorporated herein by reference; Semple et al., Nature Biotech. 28: 172-176 (2010)). (Heyes, J., et al., J Controlled Release 107: 276-287 (2005); Morrissey, D V., et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 23(8): 1003-1007 (2005); International Patent Publication WO 2005/121348). In some embodiments, one or more of the cationic lipids comprise at least one of an imidazole, dialkylamino, or guanidinium moiety.
  • In some embodiments, one or more cationic lipids suitable for the compositions include 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“XTC”); (3aR,5s,6aS)—N,N-dimethyl-2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienyl)tetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d] [1,3]dioxol-5-amine (“ALNY-100”) and/or 4,7,13-tris(3-oxo-3-(undecylamino)propyl)-N1,N16-diundecyl-4,7,10,13-tetraazahexadecane-1,16-diamide (“NC98-5”).

In some embodiments, the percentage of total cationic lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) may be no more than 10%, no more than 20%, no more than 30%, no more than 40%, no more than 50%, no more than 60%, no more than 70%, no more than 80%, no more than 90%, or no more than 95% of total lipids as measured by molar ratios (mol %) or by weight (wt %).

In some embodiments, the percentage of total cationic lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) may be greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, or greater than 95% of total lipids as measured by molar ratios (mol %) or by weight (wt %).

In some embodiments, total cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30-50% (e.g., about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%) of the liposome by weight. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid constitutes about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% of a composition (e.g, a liposomal composition) by molar ratio. In some embodiments, total cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30-50% (e.g, about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%) of the liposome by weight. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid constitutes about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% of a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) by weight.

Non-Cationic/Helper Lipids

Compositions (e.g., liposomal compositions) may also comprise one or more non-cationic (“helper”) lipids. As used herein, the phrase “non-cationic lipid” refers to any neutral, zwitterionic or anionic lipid. As used herein, the phrase “anionic lipid” refers to any of a number of lipid species that carry a net negative charge at a selected pH, such as physiological pH. Non-cationic lipids include, but are not limited to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE), or a mixture thereof.

In embodiments, a non-cationic or helper lipid is dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).

In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid is a neutral lipid, i.e., a lipid that does not carry a net charge in the conditions under which the composition is formulated and/or administered.

In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid may be present in a molar ratio (mol %) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, total non-cationic lipids may be present in a molar ratio (mol %) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome may be greater than about 5 mol %, greater than about 10 mol %, greater than about 20 mol %, greater than about 30 mol %, or greater than about 40 mol %. In some embodiments, the percentage total non-cationic lipids in a liposome may be greater than about 5 mol %, greater than about 10 mol %, greater than about 20 mol %, greater than about 30 mol %, or greater than about 40 mol %. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome is no more than about 5 mol %, no more than about 10 mol %, no more than about 20 mol %, no more than about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40 mol %. In some embodiments, the percentage total non-cationic lipids in a liposome may be no more than about 5 mol %, no more than about 10 mol %, no more than about 20 mol %, no more than about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40 mol %.

In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid may be present in a weight ratio (wt %) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, total non-cationic lipids may be present in a weight ratio (wt %) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome may be greater than about 5 wt %, greater than about 10 wt %, greater than about 20 wt %, greater than about 30 wt %, or greater than about 40 wt %. In some embodiments, the percentage total non-cationic lipids in a liposome may be greater than about 5 wt %, greater than about 10 wt %, greater than about 20 wt %, greater than about 30 wt %, or greater than about 40 wt %. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome is no more than about 5 wt %, no more than about 10 wt %, no more than about 20 wt %, no more than about 30 wt %, or no more than about 40 wt %. In some embodiments, the percentage total non-cationic lipids in a liposome may be no more than about 5 wt %, no more than about 10 wt %, no more than about 20 wt %, no more than about 30 wt %, or no more than about 40 wt %.

Cholesterol-Based Lipids

In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) comprises one or more cholesterol-based lipids. For example, suitable cholesterol-based lipids include cholesterol and, for example, DC-Chol (N,N-dimethyl-N-ethylcarboxamidocholesterol), 1,4-bis(3-N-oleylamino-propyl)piperazine (Gao, et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 179, 280 (1991); Wolf et al. BioTechniques 23, 139 (1997); U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,335), or imidazole cholesterol ester (ICE), which has the following structure,

In embodiments, a cholesterol-based lipid is cholesterol.

In some embodiments, a cholesterol-based lipid may be present in a molar ratio (mol %) of about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% of the total lipids present in a liposome. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be greater than about 5 mol %, greater than about 10 mol %, greater than about 20 mol %, greater than about 30 mol %, or greater than about 40 mol %. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be no more than about 5 mol %, no more than about 10 mol %, no more than about 20 mol %, no more than about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40 mol %.

In some embodiments, a cholesterol-based lipid may be present in a weight ratio (wt %) of about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% of the total lipids present in a liposome. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be greater than about 5 wt %, greater than about 10 wt %, greater than about 20 wt %, greater than about 30 wt %, or greater than about 40 wt %. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be no more than about 5 wt %, no more than about 10 wt %, no more than about 20 wt %, no more than about 30 wt %, or no more than about 40 wt %.

PEGylated Lipids

In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) comprises one or more PEGylated lipids.

For example, the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified phospholipids and derivatized lipids such as derivatized ceramides (PEG-CER), including N-octanoyl-sphingosine-l-[succinyl(methoxy polyethylene glycol)-2000] (C8 PEG-2000 ceramide) is also contemplated by the present invention in combination with one or more of the cationic and, in some embodiments, other lipids together which comprise the liposome. In some embodiments, particularly useful exchangeable lipids are PEG-ceramides having shorter acyl chains (e.g., C₁₄ or C₁₈).

In embodiments, a PEG-modified lipid is 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (DMG-PEG2000).

Contemplated PEG-modified lipids (also referred to herein as a PEGylated lipid, which term is interchangeable with PEG-modified lipid) include, but are not limited to, a polyethylene glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C₆-C₂₀ length. In some embodiments, a PEG-modified or PEGylated lipid is PEGylated cholesterol or PEG-2K. The addition of such components may prevent complex aggregation and may also provide a means for increasing circulation lifetime and increasing the delivery of the lipid-nucleic acid composition to the target cell, (Klibanov et al. (1990) FEBS Letters, 268 (1): 235-37), or they may be selected to rapidly exchange out of the formulation in vivo (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,613).

A PEG-modified phospholipid and derivatized lipids of the present invention may be present in a molar ratio (mol %) from about 0% to about 15%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 15%, about 4% to about 10%, or about 2% of the total lipid present in the composition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

A PEG-modified phospholipid and derivatized lipids of the present invention may be present in a weight ratio (wt %) from about 0% to about 15%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 15%, about 4% to about 10%, or about 2% of the total lipid present in the composition (e.g., a liposomal composition).

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Therapeutic Uses

Cationic lipids described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g., (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) may be used in the preparation of compositions (e.g., to construct liposomal compositions) that facilitate or enhance the delivery and release of encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more therapeutic polynucleotides) to one or more target cells (e.g., by permeating or fusing with the lipid membranes of such target cells).

For example, when a liposomal composition (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle) comprises or is otherwise enriched with one or more of the compounds disclosed herein, the phase transition in the lipid bilayer of the one or more target cells may facilitate the delivery of the encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more therapeutic polynucleotides encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle) into the one or more target cells.

Similarly, in certain embodiments cationic lipids described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g., (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) may be used to prepare liposomal vehicles that are characterized by their reduced toxicity in vivo. In certain embodiments, the reduced toxicity is a function of the high transfection efficiencies associated with the compositions disclosed herein, such that a reduced quantity of such composition may administered to the subject to achieve a desired therapeutic response or outcome.

Thus, pharmaceutical formulations comprising a cationic lipid described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) and nucleic acids provided by the present invention may be used for various therapeutic purposes. To facilitate delivery of nucleic acids in vivo, a cationic lipid described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g, (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g, (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) and nucleic acids can be formulated in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical carriers, targeting ligands or stabilizing reagents. In some embodiments, a cationic lipid described herein (e.g., a cationic lipid of Formula (I) or (II), such as the cationic lipid of Formula (Ia), (Ha), compound (1) and/or compound (2)) can be formulated via pre-mixed lipid solution. In other embodiments, a composition comprising a cationic lipid described herein (e.g, a cationic lipid of any of Formulas A (e.g., (A-I)-(A-II) and (A-Ia)-(A-IIa)), D (e.g., (D-A), (D-I)-(D-III), (D-Ia)-(D-Id), (D-IIa), and (D-IIIa)-(D-IIId)), E (e.g, (E-I)-(E-II) and (E-Ia)-(E-IIa)), and K (e.g, (K-I)-(K-II) and (K-Ia)-(K-IIa)) such as any of Compounds (A1)-(A4), (D1)-(D7), (E1)-(E5) and (K1)-(K4)) can be formulated using post-insertion techniques into the lipid membrane of the nanoparticles. Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co, Easton, Pa., latest edition.

Suitable routes of administration include, for example, oral, rectal, vaginal, transmucosal, pulmonary including intratracheal or inhaled, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intradermal, transdermal (topical), intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal. In particular embodiments, the intramuscular administration is to a muscle selected from the group consisting of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In some embodiments the administration results in delivery of the nucleic acids to a muscle cell. In some embodiments the administration results in delivery of the nucleic acids to a hepatocyte (i.e., liver cell). In embodiments, administration is intramuscular. In embodiments, administration is intravenous. In embodiments, administration is intratracheal.

Alternatively or additionally, pharmaceutical formulations of the invention may be administered in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the pharmaceutical formulation directly into a targeted tissue, preferably in a sustained release formulation. Local delivery can be affected in various ways, depending on the tissue to be targeted. Exemplary tissues in which delivered mRNA may be delivered and/or expressed include, but are not limited to the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, serum, brain, skeletal muscle, lymph nodes, skin, and/or cerebrospinal fluid. In embodiments, the tissue to be targeted in the liver. For example, aerosols containing compositions of the present invention can be inhaled (for nasal, tracheal, or bronchial delivery); compositions of the present invention can be injected into the site of injury, disease manifestation, or pain, for example; compositions can be provided in lozenges for oral, tracheal, or esophageal application; can be supplied in liquid, tablet or capsule form for administration to the stomach or intestines, can be supplied in suppository form for rectal or vaginal application; or can even be delivered to the eye by use of creams, drops, or even injection.

In embodiments, administration is via pulmonary delivery. As used herein, pulmonary delivery refers to delivery to lung via, e.g., nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and/or other pulmonary system. In embodiments, a composition described herein is formulated for nebulization. In embodiments, the delivery vehicle may be in an aerosolized composition which can be inhaled. In embodiments, pulmonary delivery involves inhalation (e.g., for nasal, tracheal, or bronchial delivery). In embodiments, a composition is nebulized prior to inhalation.

The present invention provides methods for delivering a composition having full-length mRNA molecules encoding a peptide or polypeptide of interest for use in the treatment of a subject, e.g., a human subject or a cell of a human subject or a cell that is treated and delivered to a human subject.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 3 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for dynein axonemal intermediate chain 1 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for alpha-1-antitrypsin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes one or more surfactant protein, e.g., one or more of surfactant A protein, surfactant B protein, surfactant C protein, and surfactant D protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell. Such peptides and polypeptides can include those associated with a urea cycle disorder, associated with a lysosomal storage disorder, with a glycogen storage disorder, associated with an amino acid metabolism disorder, associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder, associated with methylmalonic acidemia, or associated with any other metabolic disorder for which delivery to or treatment of the liver or a liver cell with enriched full-length mRNA provides therapeutic benefit.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a urea cycle disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinate synthetase 1 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinate lyase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for arginase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a lysosomal storage disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for alpha galactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for glucocerebrosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for iduronate-2-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for iduronidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for heparan N-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for galactosamine-6 sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for beta-galactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for lysosomal lipase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for transcription factor EB (TFEB).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a glycogen storage disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for acid alpha-glucosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for liver glycogen phosphorylase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for muscle phosphoglycerate mutase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for glycogen debranching enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with amino acid metabolism. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for propionyl-CoA caboxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for oxalase alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a mTOR inhibitor. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for one or more NF-kappa B inhibitors, such as one or more of I-kappa B alpha, interferon-related development regulator 1 (IFRD1), and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for PPAR-gamma protein or an active variant.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with methylmalonic acidemia. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA mutase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA epimerase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA for which delivery to or treatment of the liver can provide therapeutic benefit. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for ATP7B protein, also known as Wilson disease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for porphobilinogen deaminase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for human hemochromatosis (HFE) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the cardiovasculature of a subject or a cardiovascular cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor A protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for relaxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for bone morphogenetic protein-9 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for bone morphogenetic protein-2 receptor protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the muscle of a subject or a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for dystrophin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the cardiac muscle of a subject or a cardiac muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates one or both of a potassium channel and a sodium channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates a Kv7.1 channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates a Nav1.5 channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the nervous system of a subject or a nervous system cell. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for survival motor neuron 1 protein. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for survival motor neuron 2 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for CLN3 protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the blood or bone marrow of a subject or a blood or bone marrow cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for beta globin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the kidney of a subject or a kidney cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for collagen type IV alpha 5 chain (COL4A5) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the eye of a subject or an eye cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 4 (ABCA4) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for retinoschisin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa (RPE65) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for centrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery of or treatment with a vaccine for a subject or a cell of a subject. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from an infectious agent, such as a virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from influenza virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from respiratory syncytial virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from rabies virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from cytomegalovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from rotavirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a hepatitis virus, such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatis C virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from human papillomavirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a herpes simplex virus, such as herpes simplex virus 1 or herpes simplex virus 2. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human immunodeficiency virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or human immunodeficiency virus type 2. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human metapneumovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human parainfluenza virus, such as human parainfluenza virus type 1, human parainfluenza virus type 2, or human parainfluenza virus type 3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from malaria virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from zika virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen from chikungunya virus.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen associated with a cancer of a subject or identified from a cancer cell of a subject. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen determined from a subject's own cancer cell, i.e., to provide a personalized cancer vaccine. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antigen expressed from a mutant KRAS gene.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be a bi-specific antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be part of a fusion protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody to OX40. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody to VEGF. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody to tissue necrosis factor alpha. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody to CD3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an antibody to CD19.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an immunomodulator. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 12. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 23. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 36 gamma. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a constitutively active variant of one or more stimulator of interferon genes (STING) proteins.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an endonuclease. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease protein, such as Cas 9 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a meganuclease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a transcription activator-like effector nuclease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition having full-length mRNA that encodes for a zinc finger nuclease protein.

In embodiments, exemplary therapeutic uses result from the delivery of mRNA encoding a secreted protein. Accordingly, in embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for delivery of mRNA encoding a secreted protein. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for delivery of mRNA encoding one or more secreted proteins listed in Table 1; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 1 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein, and methods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 1 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein Table 1. Secreted Proteins

TABLE 1
Secreted Proteins
Uniprot ID	Protein Name	Gene Name
A1E959	Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein	ODAM
A1KZ92	Peroxidasin-like protein	PXDNL
A1L453	Serine protease 38	PRSS38
A1L4H1	Soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-	SSC5D
	containing protein SSC5D
A2RUU4	Colipase-like protein 1	CLPSL1
A2VDF0	Fucose mutarotase	FUOM
A2VEC9	SCO-spondin	SSPO
A3KMH1	von Willebrand factor A domain-containing	VWA8
	protein 8
A4D0S4	Laminin subunit beta-4	LAMB4
A4D1T9	Probable inactive serine protease 37	PRSS37
A5D8T8	C-type lectin domain family 18 member A	CLEC18A
A6NC86	phospholipase A2 inhibitor and Ly6/PLAUR	PINLYP
	domain-containing protein
A6NCI4	von Willebrand factor A domain-containing	VWA3A
	protein 3A
A6ND01	Probable folate receptor delta	FOLR4
A6NDD2	Beta-defensin 108B-like
A6NE02	BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 17	BTBD17
A6NEF6	Growth hormone 1	GH1
A6NF02	NPIP-like protein LOC730153
A6NFB4	HCG1749481, isoform CRA_k	CSH1
A6NFZ4	Protein FAM24A	FAM24A
A6NG13	Glycosyltransferase 54 domain-containing protein
A6NGN9	IgLON family member 5	IGLON5
A6NHN0	Otolin-1	OTOL1
A6NHN6	Nuclear pore complex-interacting protein-like 2	NPIPL2
A6NI73	Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor	LILRA5
	subfamily A member 5
A6NIT4	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2	CSH2
	isoform 2
A6NJ69	IgA-inducing protein homolog	IGIP
A6NKQ9	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 1	CGB1
A6NMZ7	Collagen alpha-6(VI) chain	COL6A6
A6NNS2	Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7C	DHRS7C
A6XGL2	Insulin A chain	INS
A8K0G1	Protein Wnt	WNT7B
A8K2U0	Alpha-2-macroglobulin-like protein 1	A2ML1
A8K7I4	Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1	CLCA1
A8MTL9	Serpin-like protein HMSD	HMSD
A8MV23	Serpin E3	SERPINE3
A8MZH6	Oocyte-secreted protein 1 homolog	OOSP1
A8TX70	Collagen alpha-5(VI) chain	COL6A5
B0ZBE8	Natriuretic peptide	NPPA
B1A4G9	Somatotropin	GH1
B1A4H2	HCG1749481, isoform CRA_d	CSH1
B1A4H9	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone	CSH2
B1AJZ6	Protein Wnt	WNT4
B1AKI9	Isthmin-1	ISM1
B2RNN3	Complement C1q and tumor necrosis factor-	C1QTNF9B
	related protein 9B
B2RUY7	von Willebrand factor C domain-containing	VWC2L
	protein 2-like
B3GLJ2	Prostate and testis expressed protein 3	PATE3
B4DI03	SEC11-like 3 (S. cerevisiae), isoform CRA_a	SEC11L3
B4DJF9	Protein Wnt	WNT4
B4DUL4	SEC11-like 1 (S. cerevisiae), isoform CRA_d	SEC11L1
B5MCC8	Protein Wnt	WNT10B
B8A595	Protein Wnt	WNT7B
B8A597	Protein Wnt	WNT7B
B8A598	Protein Wnt	WNT7B
B9A064	Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5	IGLL5
C9J3H3	Protein Wnt	WNT10B
C9J8I8	Protein Wnt	WNT5A
C9JAF2	Insulin-like growth factor II Ala-25 Del	IGF2
C9JCI2	Protein Wnt	WNT10B
C9JL84	HERV-H LTR-associating protein 1	HHLA1
C9JNR5	Insulin A chain	INS
C9JUI2	Protein Wnt	WNT2
D6RF47	Protein Wnt	WNT8A
D6RF94	Protein Wnt	WNT8A
E2RYF7	Protein PBMUCL2	HCG22
E5RFR1	PENK(114-133)	PENK
E7EML9	Serine protease 44	PRSS44
E7EPC3	Protein Wnt	WNT9B
E7EVP0	Nociceptin	PNOC
E9PD02	Insulin-like growth factor I	IGF1
E9PH60	Protein Wnt	WNT16
E9PJL6	Protein Wnt	WNT11
F5GYM2	Protein Wnt	WNT5B
F5H034	Protein Wnt	WNT5B
F5H364	Protein Wnt	WNT5B
F5H7Q6	Protein Wnt	WNT5B
F8WCM5	Protein INS-IGF2	INS-IGF2
F8WDR1	Protein Wnt	WNT2
H0Y663	Protein Wnt	WNT4
H0YK72	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11A
	SEC11A
H0YK83	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11A
	SEC11A
H0YM39	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone	CSH2
H0YMT7	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone	CSH1
H0YN17	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone	CSH2
H0YNA5	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11A
	SEC11A
H0YNG3	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11A
	SEC11A
H0YNX5	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11A
	SEC11A
H7BZB8	Protein Wnt	WNT10A
H9KV56	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 2	CGB2
I3L0L8	Protein Wnt	WNT9B
J3KNZ1	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 1	CGB1
J3KP00	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta	CGB7
J3QT02	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 1	CGB1
O00175	C-C motif chemokine 24	CCL24
O00182	Galectin-9	LGALS9
O00187	Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2	MASP2
O00230	Cortistatin	CORT
O00253	Agouti-related protein	AGRP
O00270	12-(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid	GPR31
	receptor
O00292	Left-right determination factor 2	LEFTY2
O00294	Tubby-related protein 1	TULP1
O00295	Tubby-related protein 2	TULP2
O00300	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	TNFRSF11B
	member 11B
O00339	Matrilin-2	MATN2
O00391	Sulfhydryl oxidase 1	QSOX1
O00468	Agrin	AGRN
O00515	Ladinin-1	LAD1
O00533	Processed neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like	CHL1
	protein
O00584	Ribonuclease T2	RNASET2
O00585	C-C motif chemokine 21	CCL21
O00602	Ficolin-1	FCN1
O00622	Protein CYR61	CYR61
O00626	MDC(5-69)	CCL22
O00634	Netrin-3	NTN3
O00744	Protein Wnt-10b	WNT10B
O00755	Protein Wnt-7a	WNT7A
O14498	Immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-	ISLR
	rich repeat protein
O14511	Pro-neuregulin-2, membrane-bound isoform	NRG2
O14594	Neurocan core protein	NCAN
O14625	C-X-C motif chemokine 11	CXCL11
O14638	Ectonucleotide	ENPP3
	pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family
	member 3
O14656	Torsin-1A	TOR1A
O14657	Torsin-1B	TOR1B
O14786	Neuropilin-1	NRP1
O14788	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	TNFSF11
	11, membrane form
O14791	Apolipoprotein L1	APOL1
O14793	Growth/differentiation factor 8	MSTN
O14904	Protein Wnt-9a	WNT9A
O14905	Protein Wnt-9b	WNT9B
O14944	Proepiregulin	EREG
O14960	Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2	LECT2
O15018	Processed PDZ domain-containing protein 2	PDZD2
O15041	Semaphorin-3E	SEMA3E
O15072	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS3
	thrombospondin motifs 3
O15123	Angiopoietin-2	ANGPT2
O15130	Neuropeptide FF	NPFF
O15197	Ephrin type-B receptor 6	EPHB6
O15204	ADAM DEC 1	ADAMDEC1
O15230	Laminin subunit alpha-5	LAMA5
O15232	Matrilin-3	MATN3
O15240	Neuroendocrine regulatory peptide-1	VGF
O15263	Beta-defensin 4A	DEFB4A
O15335	Chondroadherin	CHAD
O15393	Transmembrane protease serine 2 catalytic chain	TMPRSS2
O15444	C-C motif chemokine 25	CCL25
O15467	C-C motif chemokine 16	CCL16
O15496	Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2	PLA2G10
O15520	Fibroblast growth factor 10	FGF10
O15537	Retinoschisin	RS1
O43157	Plexin-B1	PLXNB1
O43184	Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-	ADAM12
	containing protein 12
O43240	Kallikrein-10	KLK10
O43278	Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 1	SPINT1
O43320	Fibroblast growth factor 16	FGF16
O43323	Desert hedgehog protein C-product	DHH
O43405	Cochlin	COCH
O43508	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	TNFSF12
	12, membrane form
O43555	Progonadoliberin-2	GNRH2
O43557	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	TNFSF14
	14, soluble form
O43692	Peptidase inhibitor 15	PI15
O43699	Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6	SIGLEC6
O43820	Hyaluronidase-3	HYAL3
O43827	Angiopoietin-related protein 7	ANGPTL7
O43852	Calumenin	CALU
O43854	EGF-like repeat and discoidin I-like domain-	EDIL3
	containing protein 3
O43866	CD5 antigen-like	CD5L
O43897	Tolloid-like protein 1	TLL1
O43915	Vascular endothelial growth factor D	FIGF
O43927	C-X-C motif chemokine 13	CXCL13
O60218	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10	AKR1B10
O60235	Transmembrane protease serine 11D	TMPRSS11D
O60258	Fibroblast growth factor 17	FGF17
O60259	Kallikrein-8	KLK8
O60383	Growth/differentiation factor 9	GDF9
O60469	Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule	DSCAM
O60542	Persephin	PSPN
O60565	Gremlin-1	GREM1
O60575	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 4	SPINK4
O60676	Cystatin-8	CST8
O60687	Sushi repeat-containing protein SRPX2	SRPX2
O60844	Zymogen granule membrane protein 16	ZG16
O60882	Matrix metalloproteinase-20	MMP20
O60938	Keratocan	KERA
O75015	Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region	FCGR3B
	receptor III-B
O75077	Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-	ADAM23
	containing protein 23
O75093	Slit homolog 1 protein	SLIT1
O75094	Slit homolog 3 protein	SLIT3
O75095	Multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains	MEGF6
	protein 6
O75173	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS4
	thrombospondin motifs 4
O75200	Nuclear pore complex-interacting protein-like 1	NPIPL1
O75339	Cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 C1	CILP
O75354	Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6	ENTPD6
O75386	Tubby-related protein 3	TULP3
O75398	Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1	DEAF1
	homolog
O75443	Alpha-tectorin	TECTA
O75445	Usherin	USH2A
O75462	Cytokine receptor-like factor 1	CRLF1
O75487	Glypican-4	GPC4
O75493	Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 11	CA11
O75594	Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1	PGLYRP1
O75596	C-type lectin domain family 3 member A	CLEC3A
O75610	Left-right determination factor 1	LEFTY1
O75629	Protein CREG1	CREG1
O75636	Ficolin-3	FCN3
O75711	Scrapie-responsive protein 1	SCRG1
O75715	Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase	GPX5
O75718	Cartilage-associated protein	CRTAP
O75829	Chondrosurfactant protein	LECT1
O75830	Serpin I2	SERPINI2
O75882	Attractin	ATRN
O75888	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	TNFSF13
	13
O75900	Matrix metalloproteinase-23	MMP23A
O75951	Lysozyme-like protein 6	LYZL6
O75973	C1q-related factor	C1QL1
O76038	Secretagogin	SCGN
O76061	Stanniocalcin-2	STC2
O76076	WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2	WISP2
O76093	Fibroblast growth factor 18	FGF18
O76096	Cystatin-F	CST7
O94769	Extracellular matrix protein 2	ECM2
O94813	Slit homolog 2 protein C-product	SLIT2
O94907	Dickkopf-related protein 1	DKK1
O94919	Endonuclease domain-containing 1 protein	ENDOD1
O94964	N-terminal form	SOGA1
O95025	Semaphorin-3D	SEMA3D
O95084	Serine protease 23	PRSS23
O95150	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	TNFSF15
	15
O95156	Neurexophilin-2	NXPH2
O95157	Neurexophilin-3	NXPH3
O95158	Neurexophilin-4	NXPH4
O95388	WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1	WISP1
O95389	WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3	WISP3
O95390	Growth/differentiation factor 11	GDF11
O95393	Bone morphogenetic protein 10	BMP 10
O95399	Urotensin-2	UTS2
O95407	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	TNFRSF6B
	member 6B
O95428	Papilin	PAPLN
O95445	Apolipoprotein M	APOM
O95450	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS2
	thrombospondin motifs 2
O95460	Matrilin-4	MATN4
O95467	LHAL tetrapeptide	GNAS
O95631	Netrin-1	NTN1
O95633	Follistatin-related protein 3	FSTL3
O95711	Lymphocyte antigen 86	LY86
O95715	C-X-C motif chemokine 14	CXCL14
O95750	Fibroblast growth factor 19	FGF19
O95760	Interleukin-33	IL33
O95813	Cerberus	CER1
O95841	Angiopoietin-related protein 1	ANGPTL1
O95897	Noelin-2	OLFM2
O95925	Eppin	EPPIN
O95965	Integrin beta-like protein 1	ITGBL1
O95967	EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix	EFEMP2
	protein 2
O95968	Secretoglobin family 1D member 1	SCGB1D1
O95969	Secretoglobin family 1D member 2	SCGB1D2
O95970	Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1	LGI1
O95972	Bone morphogenetic protein 15	BMP15
O95994	Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog	AGR2
O95998	Interleukin-18-binding protein	IL18BP
O96009	Napsin-A	NAPSA
O96014	Protein Wnt-11	WNT11
P00450	Ceruloplasmin	CP
P00451	Factor Villa light chain	F8
P00488	Coagulation factor XIII A chain	F13A1
P00533	Epidermal growth factor receptor	EGFR
P00709	Alpha-lactalbumin	LALBA
P00734	Prothrombin	F2
P00738	Haptoglobin beta chain	HP
P00739	Haptoglobin-related protein	HPR
P00740	Coagulation factor IXa heavy chain	F9
P00742	Factor X heavy chain	F10
P00746	Complement factor D	CFD
P00747	Plasmin light chain B	PLG
P00748	Coagulation factor XIIa light chain	F12
P00749	Urokinase-type plasminogen activator long	PLAU
	chain A
P00750	Tissue-type plasminogen activator	PLAT
P00751	Complement factor B Ba fragment	CFB
P00797	Renin	REN
P00973	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase 1	OAS1
P00995	Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor	SPINK1
P01008	Antithrombin-III	SERPINC1
P01009	Alpha-1-antitrypsin	SERPINA1
P01011	Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin His-Pro-less	SERPINA3
P01019	Angiotensin-1	AGT
P01023	Alpha-2-macroglobulin	A2M
P01024	Acylation stimulating protein	C3
P01031	Complement C5 beta chain	C5
P01033	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1	TIMP1
P01034	Cystatin-C	CST3
P01036	Cystatin-S	CST4
P01037	Cystatin-SN	CST1
P01042	Kininogen-1 light chain	KNG1
P01127	Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B	PDGFB
P01135	Transforming growth factor alpha	TGFA
P01137	Transforming growth factor beta-1	TGFB1
P01138	Beta-nerve growth factor	NGF
P01148	Gonadoliberin-1	GNRH1
P01160	Atrial natriuretic factor	NPPA
P01178	Oxytocin	OXT
P01185	Vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin	AVP
P01189	Corticotropin	POMC
P01210	PENK(237-258)	PENK
P01213	Alpha-neoendorphin	PDYN
P01215	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	CGA
P01222	Thyrotropin subunit beta	TSHB
P01225	Follitropin subunit beta	FSHB
P01229	Lutropin subunit beta	LHB
P01233	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta	CGB8
P01236	Prolactin	PRL
P01241	Somatotropin	GH1
P01242	Growth hormone variant	GH2
P01243	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone	CSH2
P01258	Katacalcin	CALCA
P01266	Thyroglobulin	TG
P01270	Parathyroid hormone	PTH
P01275	Glucagon	GCG
P01282	Intestinal peptide PHM-27	VIP
P01286	Somatoliberin	GHRH
P01298	Pancreatic prohormone	PPY
P01303	C-flanking peptide of NPY	NPY
P01308	Insulin	INS
P01344	Insulin-like growth factor II	IGF2
P01350	Big gastrin	GAST
P01374	Lymphotoxin-alpha	LTA
P01375	C-domain 1	TNF
P01562	Interferon alpha-1/13	IFNA1
P01563	Interferon alpha-2	IFNA2
P01566	Interferon alpha-10	IFNA10
P01567	Interferon alpha-7	IFNA7
P01568	Interferon alpha-21	IFNA21
P01569	Interferon alpha-5	IFNA5
P01570	Interferon alpha-14	IFNA14
P01571	Interferon alpha-17	IFNA17
P01574	Interferon beta	IFNB1
P01579	Interferon gamma	IFNG
P01583	Interleukin-1 alpha	IL1A
P01584	Interleukin-1 beta	IL1B
P01588	Erythropoietin	EPO
P01591	Immunoglobulin J chain	IGJ
P01732	T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain	CD8A
P01833	Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	PIGR
P01857	Ig gamma-1 chain C region	IGHG1
P01859	Ig gamma-2 chain C region	IGHG2
P01860	Ig gamma-3 chain C region	IGHG3
P01861	Ig gamma-4 chain C region	IGHG4
P01871	Ig mu chain C region	IGHM
P01880	Ig delta chain C region	IGHD
P02452	Collagen alpha-1(I) chain	COL1A1
P02458	Chondrocalcin	COL2A1
P02461	Collagen alpha-1(III) chain	COL3A1
P02462	Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain	COL4A1
P02647	Apolipoprotein A-I	APOA1
P02649	Apolipoprotein E	APOE
P02652	Apolipoprotein A-II	APOA2
P02654	Apolipoprotein C-I	APOC1
P02655	Apolipoprotein C-II	APOC2
P02656	Apolipoprotein C-III	APOC3
P02671	Fibrinogen alpha chain	FGA
P02675	Fibrinopeptide B	FGB
P02679	Fibrinogen gamma chain	FGG
P02741	C-reactive protein	CRP
P02743	Serum amyloid P-component(1-203)	APCS
P02745	Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A	C1QA
P02746	Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B	C1QB
P02747	Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C	C1QC
P02748	Complement component C9b	C9
P02749	Beta-2-glycoprotein 1	APOH
P02750	Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein	LRG1
P02751	Ugl-Y2	FN1
P02753	Retinol-binding protein 4	RBP4
P02760	Trypstatin	AMBP
P02763	Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1	ORM1
P02765	Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein chain A	AHSG
P02766	Transthyretin	TTR
P02768	Serum albumin	ALB
P02771	Alpha-fetoprotein	AFP
P02774	Vitamin D-binding protein	GC
P02775	Connective tissue-activating peptide III	PPBP
P02776	Platelet factor 4	PF4
P02778	CXCL10(1-73)	CXCL10
P02786	Transferrin receptor protein 1	TFRC
P02787	Serotransferrin	TF
P02788	Lactoferroxin-C	LTF
P02790	Hemopexin	HPX
P02808	Statherin	STATH
P02810	Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2	PRH2
P02812	Basic salivary proline-rich protein 2	PRB2
P02814	Peptide D1A	SMR3B
P02818	Osteocalcin	BGLAP
P03950	Angiogenin	ANG
P03951	Coagulation factor XIa heavy chain	F11
P03952	Plasma kallikrein	KLKB1
P03956	27 kDa interstitial collagenase	MMP1
P03971	Muellerian-inhibiting factor	AMH
P03973	Antileukoproteinase	SLPI
P04003	C4b-binding protein alpha chain	C4BPA
P04004	Somatomedin-B	VTN
P04054	Phospholipase A2	PLA2G1B
P04085	Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A	PDGFA
P04090	Relaxin A chain	RLN2
P04114	Apolipoprotein B-100	APOB
P04118	Colipase	CLPS
P04141	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating	CSF2
	factor
P04155	Trefoil factor 1	TFF1
P04180	Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase	LCAT
P04196	Histidine-rich glycoprotein	HRG
P04217	Alpha-1B-glycoprotein	A1BG
P04275	von Willebrand antigen 2	VWF
P04278	Sex hormone-binding globulin	SHBG
P04279	Alpha-inhibin-31	SEMG1
P04280	Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1	PRB1
P04628	Proto-oncogene Wnt-1	WNT1
P04745	Alpha-amylase 1	AMY1A
P04746	Pancreatic alpha-amylase	AMY2A
P04808	Prorelaxin H1	RLN1
P05000	Interferon omega-1	IFNW1
P05013	Interferon alpha-6	IFNA6
P05014	Interferon alpha-4	IFNA4
P05015	Interferon alpha-16	IFNA16
P05019	Insulin-like growth factor I	IGF1
P05060	GAWK peptide	CHGB
P05090	Apolipoprotein D	APOD
P05109	Protein S100-A8	S100A8
P05111	Inhibin alpha chain	INHA
P05112	Interleukin-4	IL4
P05113	Interleukin-5	IL5
P05120	Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2	SERPINB2
P05121	Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1	SERPINE1
P05154	Plasma serine protease inhibitor	SERPINA5
P05155	Plasma protease C1 inhibitor	SERPING1
P05156	Complement factor I heavy chain	CFI
P05160	Coagulation factor XIII B chain	F13B
P05161	Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15	ISG15
P05230	Fibroblast growth factor 1	FGF1
P05231	Interleukin-6	IL6
P05305	Big endothelin-1	EDN1
P05408	C-terminal peptide	SCG5
P05451	Lithostathine-1-alpha	REG1A
P05452	Tetranectin	CLEC3B
P05543	Thyroxine-binding globulin	SERPINA7
P05814	Beta-casein	CSN2
P05997	Collagen alpha-2(V) chain	COL5A2
P06276	Cholinesterase	BCHE
P06307	Cholecystokinin-12	CCK
P06396	Gelsolin	GSN
P06681	Complement C2	C2
P06702	Protein S100-A9	S100A9
P06727	Apolipoprotein A-IV	APOA4
P06734	Low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor	FCER2
	soluble form
P06744	Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase	GPI
P06850	Corticoliberin	CRH
P06858	Lipoprotein lipase	LPL
P06881	Calcitonin gene-related peptide 1	CALCA
P07093	Glia-derived nexin	SERPINE2
P07098	Gastric triacylglycerol lipase	LIPF
P07225	Vitamin K-dependent protein S	PROS1
P07237	Protein disulfide-isomerase	P4HB
P07288	Prostate-specific antigen	KLK3
P07306	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	ASGR1
P07355	Annexin A2	ANXA2
P07357	Complement component C8 alpha chain	C8A
P07358	Complement component C8 beta chain	C8B
P07360	Complement component C8 gamma chain	C8G
P07477	Alpha-trypsin chain 2	PRSS1
P07478	Trypsin-2	PRSS2
P07492	Neuromedin-C	GRP
P07498	Kappa-casein	CSN3
P07585	Decorin	DCN
P07911	Uromodulin	UMOD
P07942	Laminin subunit beta-1	LAMB1
P07988	Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B	SFTPB
P07998	Ribonuclease pancreatic	RNASE1
P08118	Beta-microseminoprotein	MSMB
P08123	Collagen alpha-2(I) chain	COL1A2
P08185	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	SERPINA6
P08217	Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A	CELA2A
P08218	Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2B	CELA2B
P08253	72 kDa type IV collagenase	MMP2
P08254	Stromelysin-1	MMP3
P08294	Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu—Zn]	SOD3
P08476	Inhibin beta A chain	INHBA
P08493	Matrix Gla protein	MGP
P08572	Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain	COL4A2
P08581	Hepatocyte growth factor receptor	MET
P08603	Complement factor H	CFH
P08620	Fibroblast growth factor 4	FGF4
P08637	Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region	FCGR3A
	receptor III-A
P08697	Alpha-2-antiplasmin	SERPINF2
P08700	Interleukin-3	IL3
P08709	Coagulation factor VII	F7
P08833	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1	IGFBP1
P08887	Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha	IL6R
P08949	Neuromedin-B-32	NMB
P08F94	Fibrocystin	PKHD1
P09038	Fibroblast growth factor 2	FGF2
P09228	Cystatin-SA	CST2
P09237	Matrilysin	MMP7
P09238	Stromelysin-2	MMP10
P09341	Growth-regulated alpha protein	CXCL1
P09382	Galectin-1	LGALS1
P09466	Glycodelin	PAEP
P09486	SPARC	SPARC
P09529	Inhibin beta B chain	INHBB
P09544	Protein Wnt-2	WNT2
P09603	Processed macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1	CSF1
P09681	Gastric inhibitory polypeptide	GIP
P09683	Secretin	SCT
P09919	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor	CSF3
P0C091	FRAS1-related extracellular matrix protein 3	FREM3
P0C0L4	C4d-A	C4A
P0C0L5	Complement C4-B alpha chain	C4B
P0C0P6	Neuropeptide S	NPS
P0C7L1	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 8	SPINK8
P0C862	Complement C1q and tumor necrosis factor-	C1QTNF9
	related protein 9A
P0C8F1	Prostate and testis expressed protein 4	PATE4
P0CG01	Gastrokine-3	GKN3P
P0CG36	Cryptic family protein 1B	CFC1B
P0CG37	Cryptic protein	CFC1
P0CJ68	Humanin-like protein 1	MTRNR2L1
P0CJ69	Humanin-like protein 2	MTRNR2L2
P0CJ70	Humanin-like protein 3	MTRNR2L3
P0CJ71	Humanin-like protein 4	MTRNR2L4
P0CJ72	Humanin-like protein 5	MTRNR2L5
P0CJ73	Humanin-like protein 6	MTRNR2L6
P0CJ74	Humanin-like protein 7	MTRNR2L7
P0CJ75	Humanin-like protein 8	MTRNR2L8
P0CJ76	Humanin-like protein 9	MTRNR2L9
P0CJ77	Humanin-like protein 10	MTRNR2L10
P0DJD7	Pepsin A-4	PGA4
P0DJD8	Pepsin A-3	PGA3
P0DJD9	Pepsin A-5	PGA5
P0DJI8	Amyloid protein A	SAA1
P0DJI9	Serum amyloid A-2 protein	SAA2
P10082	Peptide YY(3-36)	PYY
P10092	Calcitonin gene-related peptide 2	CALCB
P10124	Serglycin	SRGN
P10145	MDNCF-a	IL8
P10147	MIP-1-alpha(4-69)	CCL3
P10163	Peptide P-D	PRB4
P10451	Osteopontin	SPP1
P10599	Thioredoxin	TXN
P10600	Transforming growth factor beta-3	TGFB3
P10643	Complement component C7	C7
P10645	Vasostatin-2	CHGA
P10646	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor	TFPI
P10720	Platelet factor 4 variant(4-74)	PF4V1
P10745	Retinol-binding protein 3	RBP3
P10767	Fibroblast growth factor 6	FGF6
P10909	Clusterin alpha chain	CLU
P10912	Growth hormone receptor	GHR
P10915	Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1	HAPLN1
P10966	T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain	CD8B
P10997	Islet amyloid polypeptide	IAPP
P11047	Laminin subunit gamma-1	LAMC1
P11150	Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase	LIPC
P11226	Mannose-binding protein C	MBL2
P11464	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1	PSG1
P11465	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2	PSG2
P11487	Fibroblast growth factor 3	FGF3
P11597	Cholesteryl ester transfer protein	CETP
P11684	Uteroglobin	SCGB1A1
P11686	Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C	SFTPC
P12034	Fibroblast growth factor 5	FGF5
P12107	Collagen alpha-1(XI) chain	COL11A1
P12109	Collagen alpha-1(VI) chain	COL6A1
P12110	Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain	COL6A2
P12111	Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain	COL6A3
P12259	Coagulation factor V	F5
P12272	PTHrP[1-36]	PTHLH
P12273	Prolactin-inducible protein	PIP
P12544	Granzyme A	GZMA
P12643	Bone morphogenetic protein 2	BMP2
P12644	Bone morphogenetic protein 4	BMP4
P12645	Bone morphogenetic protein 3	BMP3
P12724	Eosinophil cationic protein	RNASE3
P12821	Angiotensin-converting enzyme, soluble form	ACE
P12838	Neutrophil defensin 4	DEFA4
P12872	Motilin	MLN
P13232	Interleukin-7	IL7
P13236	C-C motif chemokine 4	CCL4
P13284	Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol	IFI30
	reductase
P13500	C-C motif chemokine 2	CCL2
P13501	C-C motif chemokine 5	CCL5
P13521	Secretogranin-2	SCG2
P13591	Neural cell adhesion molecule 1	NCAM1
P13611	Versican core protein	VCAN
P13671	Complement component C6	C6
P13688	Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM1
	molecule 1
P13725	Oncostatin-M	OSM
P13726	Tissue factor	F3
P13727	Eosinophil granule major basic protein	PRG2
P13942	Collagen alpha-2(XI) chain	COL11A2
P13987	CD59 glycoprotein	CD59
P14138	Endothelin-3	EDN3
P14174	Macrophage migration inhibitory factor	MIF
P14207	Folate receptor beta	FOLR2
P14222	Perforin-1	PRF1
P14543	Nidogen-1	NID1
P14555	Phospholipase A2, membrane associated	PLA2G2A
P14625	Endoplasmin	HSP90B1
P14735	Insulin-degrading enzyme	IDE
P14778	Interleukin-1 receptor type 1, soluble form	IL1R1
P14780	82 kDa matrix metalloproteinase-9	MMP9
P15018	Leukemia inhibitory factor	LIF
P15085	Carboxypeptidase A1	CPA1
P15086	Carboxypeptidase B	CPB1
P15151	Poliovirus receptor	PVR
P15169	Carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain	CPN1
P15248	Interleukin-9	IL9
P15291	N-acetyllactosamine synthase	B4GALT1
P15309	PAPG9	ACPP
P15328	Folate receptor alpha	FOLR1
P15374	Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3	UCHL3
P15502	Elastin	ELN
P15509	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating	CSF2RA
	factor receptor subunit alpha
P15515	Histatin-1	HTN1
P15516	His3-(31-51)-peptide	HTN3
P15692	Vascular endothelial growth factor A	VEGFA
P15814	Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1	IGLL1
P15907	Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1	ST6GAL1
P15941	Mucin-1 subunit beta	MUC1
P16035	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2	TIMP2
P16112	Aggrecan core protein 2	ACAN
P16233	Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase	PNLIP
P16442	Histo-blood group ABO system transferase	ABO
P16471	Prolactin receptor	PRLR
P16562	Cysteine-rich secretory protein 2	CRISP2
P16619	C-C motif chemokine 3-like 1	CCL3L1
P16860	BNP(3-29)	NPPB
P16870	Carboxypeptidase E	CPE
P16871	Interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha	IL7R
P17213	Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein	BPI
P17538	Chymotrypsinogen B	CTRB1
P17931	Galectin-3	LGALS3
P17936	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3	IGFBP3
P17948	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1	FLT1
P18065	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2	IGFBP2
P18075	Bone morphogenetic protein 7	BMP7
P18428	Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein	LBP
P18509	PACAP-related peptide	ADCYAP1
P18510	Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein	IL1RN
P18827	Syndecan-1	SDC1
P19021	Peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating	PAM
	monooxygenase
P19235	Erythropoietin receptor	EPOR
P19438	Tumor necrosis factor-binding protein 1	TNFRSF1A
P19652	Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2	ORM2
P19801	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-	ABP1
	containing]
P19823	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2	ITIH2
P19827	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1	ITIH1
P19835	Bile salt-activated lipase	CEL
P19875	C-X-C motif chemokine 2	CXCL2
P19876	C-X-C motif chemokine 3	CXCL3
P19883	Follistatin	FST
P19957	Elafin	PI3
P19961	Alpha-amylase 2B	AMY2B
P20061	Transcobalamin-1	TCN1
P20062	Transcobalamin-2	TCN2
P20142	Gastricsin	PGC
P20155	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2	SPINK2
P20231	Tryptase beta-2	TPSB2
P20333	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	TNFRSF1B
	member 1B
P20366	Substance P	TAC1
P20382	Melanin-concentrating hormone	PMCH
P20396	Thyroliberin	TRH
P20742	Pregnancy zone protein	PZP
P20774	Mimecan	OGN
P20783	Neurotrophin-3	NTF3
P20800	Endothelin-2	EDN2
P20809	Interleukin-11	IL11
P20827	Ephrin-A1	EFNA1
P20849	Collagen alpha-1(IX) chain	COL9A1
P20851	C4b-binding protein beta chain	C4BPB
P20908	Collagen alpha-1(V) chain	COL5A1
P21128	Poly(U)-specific endoribonuclease	ENDOU
P21246	Pleiotrophin	PTN
P21583	Kit ligand	KITLG
P21741	Midkine	MDK
P21754	Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 3	ZP3
P21781	Fibroblast growth factor 7	FGF7
P21802	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	FGFR2
P21810	Biglycan	BGN
P21815	Bone sialoprotein 2	IBSP
P21860	Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3	ERBB3
P21941	Cartilage matrix protein	MATN1
P22003	Bone morphogenetic protein 5	BMP5
P22004	Bone morphogenetic protein 6	BMP6
P22079	Lactoperoxidase	LPO
P22105	Tenascin-X	TNXB
P22301	Interleukin-10	IL10
P22303	Acetylcholinesterase	ACHE
P22352	Glutathione peroxidase 3	GPX3
P22362	C-C motif chemokine 1	CCL1
P22455	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	FGFR4
P22466	Galanin message-associated peptide	GAL
P22692	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4	IGFBP4
P22749	Granulysin	GNLY
P22792	Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2	CPN2
P22891	Vitamin K-dependent protein Z	PROZ
P22894	Neutrophil collagenase	MMP8
P23142	Fibulin-1	FBLN1
P23280	Carbonic anhydrase 6	CA6
P23352	Anosmin-1	KAL1
P23435	Cerebellin-1	CBLN1
P23560	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	BDNF
P23582	C-type natriuretic peptide	NPPC
P23946	Chymase	CMA1
P24043	Laminin subunit alpha-2	LAMA2
P24071	Immunoglobulin alpha Fc receptor	FCAR
P24347	Stromelysin-3	MMP11
P24387	Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein	CRHBP
P24592	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6	IGFBP6
P24593	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5	IGFBP5
P24821	Tenascin	TNC
P24855	Deoxyribonuclease-1	DNASE1
P25067	Collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain	COL8A2
P25311	Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein	AZGP1
P25391	Laminin subunit alpha-1	LAMA1
P25445	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	FAS
	member 6
P25940	Collagen alpha-3(V) chain	COL5A3
P25942	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	CD40
	member 5
P26022	Pentraxin-related protein PTX3	PTX3
P26927	Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein beta chain	MST1
P27169	Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1	PON1
P27352	Gastric intrinsic factor	GIF
P27487	Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 membrane form	DPP4
P27539	Embryonic growth/differentiation factor 1	GDF1
P27658	Vastatin	COL8A1
P27797	Calreticulin	CALR
P27918	Properdin	CFP
P28039	Acyloxyacyl hydrolase	AOAH
P28300	Protein-lysine 6-oxidase	LOX
P28325	Cystatin-D	CST5
P28799	Granulin-1	GRN
P29122	Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6	PCSK6
P29279	Connective tissue growth factor	CTGF
P29320	Ephrin type-A receptor 3	EPHA3
P29400	Collagen alpha-5(IV) chain	COL4A5
P29459	Interleukin-12 subunit alpha	IL12A
P29460	Interleukin-12 subunit beta	IL12B
P29508	Serpin B3	SERPINB3
P29622	Kallistatin	SERPINA4
P29965	CD40 ligand, soluble form	CD40LG
P30990	Neurotensin/neuromedin N	NTS
P31025	Lipocalin-1	LCN1
P31151	Protein S100-A7	S100A7
P31371	Fibroblast growth factor 9	FGF9
P31431	Syndecan-4	SDC4
P31947	14-3-3 protein sigma	SFN
P32455	Interferon-induced guanylate-binding protein 1	GBP1
P32881	Interferon alpha-8	IFNA8
P34096	Ribonuclease 4	RNASE4
P34130	Neurotrophin-4	NTF4
P34820	Bone morphogenetic protein 8B	BMP8B
P35030	Trypsin-3	PRSS3
P35052	Secreted glypican-1	GPC1
P35070	Betacellulin	BTC
P35225	Interleukin-13	IL13
P35247	Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D	SFTPD
P35318	ADM	ADM
P35542	Serum amyloid A-4 protein	SAA4
P35555	Fibrillin-1	FBN1
P35556	Fibrillin-2	FBN2
P35625	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 3	TIMP3
P35858	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex	IGFALS
	acid labile subunit
P35916	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3	FLT4
P35968	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2	KDR
P36222	Chitinase-3-like protein 1	CHI3L1
P36952	Serpin B5	SERPINB5
P36955	Pigment epithelium-derived factor	SERPINF1
P36980	Complement factor H-related protein 2	CFHR2
P39059	Collagen alpha-1(XV) chain	COL15A1
P39060	Collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain	COL18A1
P39877	Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2	PLA2G5
P39900	Macrophage metalloelastase	MMP12
P39905	Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor	GDNF
P40225	Thrombopoietin	THPO
P40967	M-alpha	PMEL
P41159	Leptin	LEP
P41221	Protein Wnt-5a	WNT5A
P41222	Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase	PTGDS
P41271	Neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1	NBL1
P41439	Folate receptor gamma	FOLR3
P42127	Agouti-signaling protein	ASIP
P42702	Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor	LIFR
P42830	ENA-78(9-78)	CXCL5
P43026	Growth/differentiation factor 5	GDF5
P43251	Biotinidase	BTD
P43652	Afamin	AFM
P45452	Collagenase 3	MMP13
P47710	Casoxin-D	CSN1S1
P47929	Galectin-7	LGALS7B
P47972	Neuronal pentraxin-2	NPTX2
P47989	Xanthine oxidase	XDH
P47992	Lymphotactin	XCL1
P48023	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	FASLG
	6, membrane form
P48052	Carboxypeptidase A2	CPA2
P48061	Stromal cell-derived factor 1	CXCL12
P48304	Lithostathine-1-beta	REG1B
P48307	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2	TFPI2
P48357	Leptin receptor	LEPR
P48594	Serpin B4	SERPINB4
P48645	Neuromedin-U-25	NMU
P48740	Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1	MASP1
P48745	Protein NOV homolog	NOV
P48960	CD97 antigen subunit beta	CD97
P49223	Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 3	SPINT3
P49747	Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein	COMP
P49763	Placenta growth factor	PGF
P49765	Vascular endothelial growth factor B	VEGFB
P49767	Vascular endothelial growth factor C	VEGFC
P49771	Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand	FLT3LG
P49862	Kallikrein-7	KLK7
P49863	Granzyme K	GZMK
P49908	Selenoprotein P	SEPP1
P49913	Antibacterial protein FALL-39	CAMP
P50607	Tubby protein homolog	TUB
P51124	Granzyme M	GZMM
P51512	Matrix metalloproteinase-16	MMP16
P51654	Glypican-3	GPC3
P51671	Eotaxin	CCL11
P51884	Lumican	LUM
P51888	Prolargin	PRELP
P52798	Ephrin-A4	EFNA4
P52823	Stanniocalcin-1	STC1
P53420	Collagen alpha-4(IV) chain	COL4A4
P53621	Coatomer subunit alpha	COPA
P54108	Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3	CRISP3
P54315	Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1	PNLIPRP1
P54317	Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2	PNLIPRP2
P54793	Arylsulfatase F	ARSF
P55000	Secreted Ly-6/uPAR-related protein 1	SLURP 1
P55001	Microfibrillar-associated protein 2	MFAP2
P55056	Apolipoprotein C-IV	APOC4
P55058	Phospholipid transfer protein	PLTP
P55075	Fibroblast growth factor 8	FGF8
P55081	Microfibrillar-associated protein 1	MFAP1
P55083	Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4	MFAP4
P55107	Bone morphogenetic protein 3B	GDF10
P55145	Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic	MANF
	factor
P55259	Pancreatic secretory granule membrane major	GP2
	glycoprotein GP2
P55268	Laminin subunit beta-2	LAMB2
P55773	CCL23(30-99)	CCL23
P55774	C-C motif chemokine 18	CCL18
P55789	FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase ALR	GFER
P56703	Proto-oncogene Wnt-3	WNT3
P56704	Protein Wnt-3a	WNT3A
P56705	Protein Wnt-4	WNT4
P56706	Protein Wnt-7b	WNT7B
P56730	Neurotrypsin	PRSS12
P56851	Epididymal secretory protein E3-beta	EDDM3B
P56975	Neuregulin-3	NRG3
P58062	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 7	SPINK7
P58215	Lysyl oxidase homolog 3	LOXL3
P58294	Prokineticin-1	PROK1
P58335	Anthrax toxin receptor 2	ANTXR2
P58397	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS12
	thrombospondin motifs 12
P58417	Neurexophilin-1	NXPH1
P58499	Protein FAM3B	FAM3B
P59510	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS20
	thrombospondin motifs 20
P59665	Neutrophil defensin 1	DEFA1B
P59666	Neutrophil defensin 3	DEFA3
P59796	Glutathione peroxidase 6	GPX6
P59826	BPI fold-containing family B member 3	BPIFB3
P59827	BPI fold-containing family B member 4	BPIFB4
P59861	Beta-defensin 131	DEFB131
P60022	Beta-defensin 1	DEFB1
P60153	Inactive ribonuclease-like protein 9	RNASE9
P60827	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF8
	protein 8
P60852	Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 1	ZP1
P60985	Keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein	KRTDAP
P61109	Kidney androgen-regulated protein	KAP
P61278	Somatostatin-14	SST
P61366	Osteocrin	OSTN
P61626	Lysozyme C	LYZ
P61769	Beta-2-microglobulin	B2M
P61812	Transforming growth factor beta-2	TGFB2
P61916	Epididymal secretory protein E1	NPC2
P62502	Epididymal-specific lipocalin-6	LCN6
P62937	Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A	PPIA
P67809	Nuclease-sensitive element-binding protein 1	YBX1
P67812	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11A
	SEC11A
P78310	Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor	CXADR
P78333	Secreted glypican-5	GPC5
P78380	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1	OLR1
P78423	Processed fractalkine	CX3CL1
P78509	Reelin	RELN
P78556	CCL20(2-70)	CCL20
P80075	MCP-2(6-76)	CCL8
P80098	C-C motif chemokine 7	CCL7
P80108	Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific	GPLD1
	phospholipase D
P80162	C-X-C motif chemokine 6	CXCL6
P80188	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin	LCN2
P80303	Nucleobindin-2	NUCB2
P80511	Calcitermin	S100A12
P81172	Hepcidin-25	HAMP
P81277	Prolactin-releasing peptide	PRLH
P81534	Beta-defensin 103	DEFB103A
P81605	Dermcidin	DCD
P82279	Protein crumbs homolog 1	CRB1
P82987	ADAMTS-like protein 3	ADAMTSL3
P83105	Serine protease HTRA4	HTRA4
P83110	Serine protease HTRA3	HTRA3
P83859	Orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP	QRFP
P98088	Mucin-5AC	MUC5AC
P98095	Fibulin-2	FBLN2
P98160	Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate	HSPG2
	proteoglycan core protein
P98173	Protein FAM3A	FAM3A
Q00604	Norrin	NDP
Q00796	Sorbitol dehydrogenase	SORD
Q00887	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9	PSG9
Q00888	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 4	PSG4
Q00889	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 6	PSG6
Q01523	HD5(56-94)	DEFA5
Q01524	Defensin-6	DEFA6
Q01955	Collagen alpha-3(IV) chain	COL4A3
Q02297	Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform	NRG1
Q02325	Plasminogen-like protein B	PLGLB1
Q02383	Semenogelin-2	SEMG2
Q02388	Collagen alpha-1(VII) chain	COL7A1
Q02505	Mucin-3A	MUC3A
Q02509	Otoconin-90	OC90
Q02747	Guanylin	GUCA2A
Q02763	Angiopoietin-1 receptor	TEK
Q02817	Mucin-2	MUC2
Q02985	Complement factor H-related protein 3	CFHR3
Q03167	Transforming growth factor beta receptor type 3	TGFBR3
Q03403	Trefoil factor 2	TFF2
Q03405	Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor	PLAUR
Q03591	Complement factor H-related protein 1	CFHR1
Q03692	Collagen alpha-1(X) chain	COL10A1
Q04118	Basic salivary proline-rich protein 3	PRB3
Q04756	Hepatocyte growth factor activator short chain	HGFAC
Q04900	Sialomucin core protein 24	CD164
Q05315	Eosinophil lysophospholipase	CLC
Q05707	Collagen alpha-1 (XIV) chain	COL14A1
Q05996	Processed zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2	ZP2
Q06033	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3	ITIH3
Q06141	Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha	REG3A
Q06828	Fibromodulin	FMOD
Q07092	Collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain	COL16A1
Q07325	C-X-C motif chemokine 9	CXCL9
Q07507	Dermatopontin	DPT
Q075Z2	Binder of sperm protein homolog 1	BSPH1
Q07654	Trefoil factor 3	TFF3
Q07699	Sodium channel subunit beta-1	SCN1B
Q08345	Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1	DDR1
Q08380	Galectin-3-binding protein	LGALS3BP
Q08397	Lysyl oxidase homolog 1	LOXL1
Q08431	Lactadherin	MFGE8
Q08629	Testican-1	SPOCK1
Q08648	Sperm-associated antigen 11B	SPAG11B
Q08830	Fibrinogen-like protein 1	FGL1
Q10471	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	GALNT2
Q10472	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1	GALNT1
Q11201	CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-	ST3GAL1
	alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1
Q11203	CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside	ST3GAL3
	alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase
Q11206	CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-	ST3GAL4
	alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4
Q12794	Hyaluronidase-1	HYAL1
Q12805	EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix	EFEMP1
	protein 1
Q12836	Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4	ZP4
Q12841	Follistatin-related protein 1	FSTL1
Q12904	Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting	AIMP1
	multifunctional protein 1
Q13018	Soluble secretory phospholipase A2 receptor	PLA2R1
Q13072	B melanoma antigen 1	BAGE
Q13093	Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase	PLA2G7
Q13103	Secreted phosphoprotein 24	SPP2
Q13162	Peroxiredoxin-4	PRDX4
Q13201	Platelet glycoprotein Ia*	MMRN1
Q13214	Semaphorin-3B	SEMA3B
Q13219	Pappalysin-1	PAPPA
Q13231	Chitotriosidase-1	CHIT1
Q13253	Noggin	NOG
Q13261	Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha	IL15RA
Q13275	Semaphorin-3F	SEMA3F
Q13291	Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule	SLAMF1
Q13316	Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1	DMP1
Q13361	Microfibrillar-associated protein 5	MFAP5
Q13410	Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1	BTN1A1
Q13421	Mesothelin, cleaved form	MSLN
Q13429	Insulin-like growth factor I	IGF-I
Q13443	Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-	ADAM9
	containing protein 9
Q13519	Neuropeptide 1	PNOC
Q13751	Laminin subunit beta-3	LAMB3
Q13753	Laminin subunit gamma-2	LAMC2
Q13790	Apolipoprotein F	APOF
Q13822	Ectonucleotide	ENPP2
	pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family
	member 2
Q14031	Collagen alpha-6(IV) chain	COL4A6
Q14050	Collagen alpha-3(IX) chain	COL9A3
Q14055	Collagen alpha-2(IX) chain	COL9A2
Q14112	Nidogen-2	NID2
Q14114	Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8	LRP8
Q14118	Dystroglycan	DAG1
Q14314	Fibroleukin	FGL2
Q14393	Growth arrest-specific protein 6	GAS6
Q14406	Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-like 1	CSHL1
Q14507	Epididymal secretory protein E3-alpha	EDDM3A
Q14508	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2	WFDC2
Q14512	Fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 1	FGFBP1
Q14515	SPARC-like protein 1	SPARCL1
Q14520	Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 27 kDa light chain	HABP2
Q14563	Semaphorin-3A	SEMA3A
Q14623	Indian hedgehog protein	IHH
Q14624	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4	ITIH4
Q14667	UPF0378 protein KIAA0100	KIAA0100
Q14703	Membrane-bound transcription factor site-1	MBTPS1
	protease
Q14766	Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding	LTBP1
	protein 1
Q14767	Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding	LTBP2
	protein 2
Q14773	Intercellular adhesion molecule 4	ICAM4
Q14993	Collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain	COL19A1
Q14CN2	Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 4,	CLCA4
	110 kDa form
Q15046	Lysine--tRNA ligase	KARS
Q15063	Periostin	POSTN
Q15109	Advanced glycosylation end product-specific	AGER
	receptor
Q15113	Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1	PCOLCE
Q15166	Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3	PON3
Q15195	Plasminogen-like protein A	PLGLA
Q15198	Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-like protein	PDGFRL
Q15223	Poliovirus receptor-related protein 1	PVRL1
Q15238	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5	PSG5
Q15363	Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 2	TMED2
Q15375	Ephrin type-A receptor 7	EPHA7
Q15389	Angiopoietin-1	ANGPT1
Q15465	Sonic hedgehog protein	SHH
Q15485	Ficolin-2	FCN2
Q15517	Corneodesmosin	CDSN
Q15582	Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein	TGFBI
	ig-h3
Q15661	Tryptase alpha/beta-1	TPSAB1
Q15726	Metastin	KISS1
Q15782	Chitinase-3-like protein 2	CHI3L2
Q15828	Cystatin-M	CST6
Q15846	Clusterin-like protein 1	CLUL1
Q15848	Adiponectin	ADIPOQ
Q16206	Protein disulfide-thiol oxidoreductase	ENOX2
Q16270	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7	IGFBP7
Q16363	Laminin subunit alpha-4	LAMA4
Q16378	Proline-rich protein 4	PRR4
Q16557	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3	PSG3
Q16568	CART(42-89)	CARTPT
Q16610	Extracellular matrix protein 1	ECM1
Q16619	Cardiotrophin-1	CTF1
Q16623	Syntaxin-1A	STX1A
Q16627	HCC-1(9-74)	CCL14
Q16651	Prostasin light chain	PRSS8
Q16661	Guanylate cyclase C-activating peptide 2	GUCA2B
Q16663	CCL15(29-92)	CCL15
Q16674	Melanoma-derived growth regulatory protein	MIA
Q16769	Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase	QPCT
Q16787	Laminin subunit alpha-3	LAMA3
Q16842	CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-	ST3GAL2
	alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2
Q17RR3	Pancreatic lipase-related protein 3	PNLIPRP3
Q17RW2	Collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain	COL24A1
Q17RY6	Lymphocyte antigen 6K	LY6K
Q1L6U9	Prostate-associated microseminoprotein	MSMP
Q1W4C9	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 13	SPINK13
Q1ZYL8	Izumo sperm-egg fusion protein 4	IZUMO4
Q29960	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-16	HLA-C
	alpha chain
Q2I0M5	R-spondin-4	RSPO4
Q2L4Q9	Serine protease 53	PRSS53
Q2MKA7	R-spondin-1	RSPO1
Q2MV58	Tectonic-1	TCTN1
Q2TAL6	Brorin	VWC2
Q2UY09	Collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain	COL28A1
Q2VPA4	Complement component receptor 1-like protein	CR1L
Q2WEN9	Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM16
	molecule 16
Q30KP8	Beta-defensin 136	DEFB136
Q30KP9	Beta-defensin 135	DEFB135
Q30KQ1	Beta-defensin 133	DEFB133
Q30KQ2	Beta-defensin 130	DEFB130
Q30KQ4	Beta-defensin 116	DEFB116
Q30KQ5	Beta-defensin 115	DEFB115
Q30KQ6	Beta-defensin 114	DEFB114
Q30KQ7	Beta-defensin 113	DEFB113
Q30KQ8	Beta-defensin 112	DEFB112
Q30KQ9	Beta-defensin 110	DEFB110
Q30KR1	Beta-defensin 109	DEFB109P1
Q32P28	Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1	LEPRE1
Q3B7J2	Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain-	GFOD2
	containing protein 2
Q3SY79	Protein Wnt	WNT3A
Q3T906	N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase	GNPTAB
	subunits alpha/beta
Q495T6	Membrane metallo-endopeptidase-like 1	MMEL1
Q49AH0	Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor	CDNF
Q4G0G5	Secretoglobin family 2B member 2	SCGB2B2
Q4G0M1	Protein FAM132B	FAM132B
Q4LDE5	Sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF and	SVEP1
	pentraxin domain-containing protein 1
Q4QY38	Beta-defensin 134	DEFB134
Q4VAJ4	Protein Wnt	WNT10B
Q4W5P6	Protein TMEM155	TMEM155
Q4ZHG4	Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 1	FNDC1
Q53H76	Phospholipase A1 member A	PLA1A
Q53RD9	Fibulin-7	FBLN7
Q53S33	BolA-like protein 3	BOLA3
Q5BLP8	Neuropeptide-like protein C4orf48	C4orf48
Q5DT21	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 9	SPINK9
Q5EBL8	PDZ domain-containing protein 11	PDZD11
Q5FYB0	Arylsulfatase J	ARSJ
Q5FYB1	Arylsulfatase I	ARSI
Q5GAN3	Ribonuclease-like protein 13	RNASE13
Q5GAN4	Ribonuclease-like protein 12	RNASE12
Q5GAN6	Ribonuclease-like protein 10	RNASE10
Q5GFL6	von Willebrand factor A domain-containing	VWA2
	protein 2
Q5H8A3	Neuromedin-S	NMS
Q5H8C1	FRAS1-related extracellular matrix protein 1	FREM1
Q5IJ48	Protein crumbs homolog 2	CRB2
Q5J5C9	Beta-defensin 121	DEFB121
Q5JS37	NHL repeat-containing protein 3	NHLRC3
Q5JTB6	Placenta-specific protein 9	PLAC9
Q5JU69	Torsin-2A	TOR2A
Q5JXM2	Methyltransferase-like protein 24	METTL24
Q5JZY3	Ephrin type-A receptor 10	EPHA10
Q5K4E3	Polyserase-2	PRSS36
Q5SRR4	Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus protein G5c	LY6G5C
Q5T1H1	Protein eyes shut homolog	EYS
Q5T4F7	Secreted frizzled-related protein 5	SFRP5
Q5T4W7	Artemin	ARTN
Q5T7M4	Protein FAM132A	FAM132A
Q5TEH8	Protein Wnt	WNT2B
Q5TIE3	von Willebrand factor A domain-containing	VWA5B1
	protein 5B1
Q5UCC4	ER membrane protein complex subunit 10	EMC10
Q5VST6	Abhydrolase domain-containing protein	FAM108B1
	FAM108B1
Q5VTL7	Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 7	FNDC7
Q5VUM1	UPF0369 protein C6orf57	C6orf57
Q5VV43	Dyslexia-associated protein KIAA0319	KIAA0319
Q5VWW1	Complement C1q-like protein 3	C1QL3
Q5VXI9	Lipase member N	LIPN
Q5VXJ0	Lipase member K	LIPK
Q5VXM1	CUB domain-containing protein 2	CDCP2
Q5VYX0	Renalase	RNLS
Q5VYY2	Lipase member M	LIPM
Q5W186	Cystatin-9	CST9
Q5W5W9	Regulated endocrine-specific protein 18	RESP18
Q5XG92	Carboxylesterase 4A	CES4A
Q63HQ2	Pikachurin	EGFLAM
Q641Q3	Meteorin-like protein	METRNL
Q66K79	Carboxypeptidase Z	CPZ
Q685J3	Mucin-17	MUC17
Q68BL7	Olfactomedin-like protein 2A	OLFML2A
Q68BL8	Olfactomedin-like protein 2B	OLFML2B
Q68DV7	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF43	RNF43
Q6B9Z1	Insulin growth factor-like family member 4	IGFL4
Q6BAA4	Fc receptor-like B	FCRLB
Q6E0U4	Dermokine	DMKN
Q6EMK4	Vasorin	VASN
Q6FHJ7	Secreted frizzled-related protein 4	SFRP4
Q6GPI1	Chymotrypsin B2 chain B	CTRB2
Q6GTS8	Probable Carboxypeptidase PM20D1	PM20D1
Q6H9L7	Isthmin-2	ISM2
Q6IE36	Ovostatin homolog 2	OVOS2
Q6IE37	Ovostatin homolog 1	OVOS1
Q6IE38	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 14	SPINK14
Q6ISS4	Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like	LAIR2
	receptor 2
Q6JVE5	Epididymal-specific lipocalin-12	LCN12
Q6JVE6	Epididymal-specific lipocalin-10	LCN10
Q6JVE9	Epididymal-specific lipocalin-8	LCN8
Q6KF10	Growth/differentiation factor 6	GDF6
Q6MZW2	Follistatin-related protein 4	FSTL4
Q6NSX1	Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 70	CCDC70
Q6NT32	Carboxylesterase 5A	CES5A
Q6NT52	Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 2	CGB2
Q6NUI6	Chondroactherin-like protein	CHADL
Q6NUJ1	Saposin A-like	PSAPL1
Q6P093	Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2	AADACL2
Q6P4A8	Phospholipase B-like 1	PLBD1
Q6P5S2	UPF0762 protein C6orf58	C6orf58
Q6P988	Protein notum homolog	NOTUM
Q6PCB0	von Willebrand factor A domain-containing	VWA1
	protein 1
Q6PDA7	Sperm-associated antigen 11A	SPAG11A
Q6PEW0	Inactive serine protease 54	PRSS54
Q6PEZ8	Podocan-like protein 1	PODNL1
Q6PKH6	Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4-	DHRS4L2
	like 2
Q6Q788	Apolipoprotein A-V	APOA5
Q6SPF0	Atherin	SAMD1
Q6UDR6	Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 4	SPINT4
Q6URK8	Testis, prostate and placenta-expressed protein	TEPP
Q6UW01	Cerebellin-3	CBLN3
Q6UW10	Surfactant-associated protein 2	SFTA2
Q6UW15	Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma	REG3G
Q6UW32	Insulin growth factor-like family member 1	IGFL1
Q6UW78	UPF0723 protein C11orf83	C11orf83
Q6UW88	Epigen	EPGN
Q6UWE3	Colipase-like protein 2	CLPSL2
Q6UWF7	NXPE family member 4	NXPE4
Q6UWF9	Protein FAM180A	FAM180A
Q6UWM5	GLIPR1-like protein 1	GLIPR1L1
Q6UWN8	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 6	SPINK6
Q6UWP2	Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11	DHRS11
Q6UWP8	Suprabasin	SBSN
Q6UWQ5	Lysozyme-like protein 1	LYZL1
Q6UWQ7	Insulin growth factor-like family member 2	IGFL2
Q6UWR7	Ectonucleotide	ENPP6
	pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family
	member 6 soluble form
Q6UWT2	Adropin	ENHO
Q6UWU2	Beta-galactosidase-1-like protein	GLB1L
Q6UWW0	Lipocalin-15	LCN15
Q6UWX4	HHIP-like protein 2	HHIPL2
Q6UWY0	Arylsulfatase K	ARSK
Q6UWY2	Serine protease 57	PRSS57
Q6UWY5	Olfactomedin-like protein 1	OLFML1
Q6UX06	Olfactomedin-4	OLFM4
Q6UX07	Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 13	DHRS13
Q6UX39	Amelotin	AMTN
Q6UX46	Protein FAM150B	FAM150B
Q6UX73	UPF0764 protein C16orf89	C16orf89
Q6UXB0	Protein FAM131A	FAM131A
Q6UXB1	Insulin growth factor-like family member 3	IGFL3
Q6UXB2	VEGF co-regulated chemokine 1	CXCL17
Q6UXF7	C-type lectin domain family 18 member B	CLEC18B
Q6UXH0	Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated protein TD26	C19orf80
Q6UXH1	Cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain protein 2	CRELD2
Q6UXH8	Collagen and calcium-binding EGF domain-	CCBE1
	containing protein 1
Q6UXH9	Inactive serine protease PAMR1	PAMR1
Q6UXI7	Vitrin	VIT
Q6UXI9	Nephronectin	NPNT
Q6UXN2	Trem-like transcript 4 protein	TREML4
Q6UXS0	C-type lectin domain family 19 member A	CLEC19A
Q6UXT8	Protein FAM150A	FAM150A
Q6UXT9	Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 15	ABHD15
Q6UXV4	Apolipoprotein O-like	APOOL
Q6UXX5	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H6	ITIH6
Q6UXX9	R-spondin-2	RSPO2
Q6UY14	ADAMTS-like protein 4	ADAMTSL4
Q6UY27	Prostate and testis expressed protein 2	PATE2
Q6W4X9	Mucin-6	MUC6
Q6WN34	Chordin-like protein 2	CHRDL2
Q6WRI0	Immunoglobulin superfamily member 10	IGSF10
Q6X4U4	Sclerostin domain-containing protein 1	SOSTDC1
Q6X784	Zona pellucida-binding protein 2	ZPBP2
Q6XE38	Secretoglobin family 1D member 4	SCGB1D4
Q6XPR3	Repetin	RPTN
Q6XZB0	Lipase member I	LIPI
Q6ZMM2	ADAMTS-like protein 5	ADAMTSL5
Q6ZMP0	Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing	THSD4
	protein 4
Q6ZNF0	Iron/zinc purple acid phosphatase-like protein	PAPL
Q6ZRI0	Otogelin	OTOG
Q6ZRP7	Sulfhydryl oxidase 2	QSOX2
Q6ZWJ8	Kielin/chordin-like protein	KCP
Q75N90	Fibrillin-3	FBN3
Q765I0	Urotensin-2B	UTS2D
Q76B58	Protein FAM5C	FAM5C
Q76LX8	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS13
	thrombospondin motifs 13
Q76M96	Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 80	CCDC80
Q7L1S5	Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 9	CHST9
Q7L513	Fc receptor-like A	FCRLA
Q7L8A9	Vasohibin-1	VASH1
Q7RTM1	Otopetrin-1	OTOP1
Q7RTW8	Otoancorin	OTOA
Q7RTY5	Serine protease 48	PRSS48
Q7RTY7	Ovochymase-1	OVCH1
Q7RTZ1	Ovochymase-2	OVCH2
Q7Z304	MAM domain-containing protein 2	MAMDC2
Q7Z3S9	Notch homolog 2 N-terminal-like protein	NOTCH2NL
Q7Z4H4	Intermedin-short	ADM2
Q7Z4P5	Growth/differentiation factor 7	GDF7
Q7Z4R8	UPF0669 protein C6orf120	C6orf120
Q7Z4W2	Lysozyme-like protein 2	LYZL2
Q7Z5A4	Serine protease 42	PRSS42
Q7Z5A7	Protein FAM19A5	FAM19A5
Q7Z5A8	Protein FAM19A3	FAM19A3
Q7Z5A9	Protein FAM19A1	FAM19A1
Q7Z5J1	Hydroxysteroid 1-beta-dehydrogenase 1-like	HSD11B1L
	protein
Q7Z5L0	Vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 homolog	VMO1
Q7Z5L3	Complement C1q-like protein 2	C1QL2
Q7Z5L7	Podocan	PODN
Q7Z5P4	17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13	HSD17B13
Q7Z5P9	Mucin-19	MUC19
Q7Z5Y6	Bone morphogenetic protein 8A	BMP8A
Q7Z7B7	Beta-defensin 132	DEFB132
Q7Z7B8	Beta-defensin 128	DEFB128
Q7Z7C8	Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 8	TAF8
Q7Z7H5	Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 4	TMED4
Q86SG7	Lysozyme g-like protein 2	LYG2
Q86SI9	Protein CEI	C5orf38
Q86TE4	Leucine zipper protein 2	LUZP2
Q86TH1	ADAMTS-like protein 2	ADAMTSL2
Q86U17	Serpin A11	SERPINA11
Q86UU9	Endokinin-A	TAC4
Q86UW8	Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 4	HAPLN4
Q86UX2	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H5	ITIH5
Q86V24	Adiponectin receptor protein 2	ADIPOR2
Q86VB7	Soluble CD 163	CD163
Q86VR8	Four-jointed box protein 1	FJX1
Q86WD7	Serpin A9	SERPINA9
Q86WN2	Interferon epsilon	IFNE
Q86WS3	Placenta-specific 1-like protein	PLAC1L
Q86X52	Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1	CHSY1
Q86XP6	Gastrokine-2	GKN2
Q86XS5	Angiopoietin-related protein 5	ANGPTL5
Q86Y27	B melanoma antigen 5	BAGE5
Q86Y28	B melanoma antigen 4	BAGE4
Q86Y29	B melanoma antigen 3	BAGE3
Q86Y30	B melanoma antigen 2	BAGE2
Q86Y38	Xylosyltransferase 1	XYLT1
Q86Y78	Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 6	LYPD6
Q86YD3	Transmembrane protein 25	TMEM25
Q86YJ6	Threonine synthase-like 2	THNSL2
Q86YW7	Glycoprotein hormone beta-5	GPHB5
Q86Z23	Complement C1q-like protein 4	C1QL4
Q8IU57	Interleukin-28 receptor subunit alpha	IL28RA
Q8IUA0	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 8	WFDC8
Q8IUB2	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 3	WFDC3
Q8IUB3	Protein WFDC10B	WFDC10B
Q8IUB5	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 13	WFDC13
Q8IUH2	Protein CREG2	CREG2
Q8IUK5	Plexin domain-containing protein 1	PLXDC1
Q8IUL8	Cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 C2	CILP2
Q8IUX7	Adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1	AEBP1
Q8IUX8	Epidermal growth factor-like protein 6	EGFL6
Q8IVL8	Carboxypeptidase O	CPO
Q8IVN8	Somatomedin-B and thrombospondin type-1	SBSPON
	domain-containing protein
Q8IVW8	Protein spinster homolog 2	SPNS2
Q8IW75	Serpin A12	SERPINA12
Q8IW92	Beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2	GLB1L2
Q8IWL1	Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A2	SFTPA2
Q8IWL2	Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1	SFTPA1
Q8IWV2	Contactin-4	CNTN4
Q8IWY4	Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-	SCUBE1
	containing protein 1
Q8IX30	Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-	SCUBE3
	containing protein 3
Q8IXA5	Sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 3,	SPACA3
	membrane form
Q8IXB1	DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 10	DNAJC10
Q8IXL6	Extracellular serine/threonine protein kinase	FAM20C
	Fam20C
Q8IYD9	Lung adenoma susceptibility protein 2	LAS2
Q8IYP2	Serine protease 58	PRSS58
Q8IYS5	Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like	OSCAR
	receptor
Q8IZC6	Collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain	COL27A1
Q8IZJ3	C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-	CPAMD8
	containing protein 8
Q8IZN7	Beta-defensin 107	DEFB107B
Q8N0V4	Leucine-rich repeat LGI family member 2	LGI2
Q8N104	Beta-defensin 106	DEFB106B
Q8N119	Matrix metalloproteinase-21	MMP21
Q8N129	Protein canopy homolog 4	CNPY4
Q8N135	Leucine-rich repeat LGI family member 4	LGI4
Q8N145	Leucine-rich repeat LGI family member 3	LGI3
Q8N158	Glypican-2	GPC2
Q8N1E2	Lysozyme g-like protein 1	LYG1
Q8N2E2	von Willebrand factor D and EGF domain-	VWDE
	containing protein
Q8N2E6	Prosalusin	TOR2A
Q8N2S1	Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding	LTBP4
	protein 4
Q8N302	Angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1	AGGF1
Q8N307	Mucin-20	MUC20
Q8N323	NXPE family member 1	NXPE1
Q8N387	Mucin-15	MUC15
Q8N3Z0	Inactive serine protease 35	PRSS35
Q8N436	Inactive carboxypeptidase-like protein X2	CPXM2
Q8N474	Secreted frizzled-related protein 1	SFRP1
Q8N475	Follistatin-related protein 5	FSTL5
Q8N4F0	BPI fold-containing family B member 2	BPIFB2
Q8N4T0	Carboxypeptidase A6	CPA6
Q8N5W8	Protein FAM24B	FAM24B
Q8N687	Beta-defensin 125	DEFB125
Q8N688	Beta-defensin 123	DEFB123
Q8N690	Beta-defensin 119	DEFB119
Q8N6C5	Immunoglobulin superfamily member 1	IGSF1
Q8N6C8	Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor	LILRA3
	subfamily A member 3
Q8N6G6	ADAMTS-like protein 1	ADAMTSL1
Q8N6Y2	Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 17	LRRC17
Q8N729	Neuropeptide W-23	NPW
Q8N8U9	BMP-binding endothelial regulator protein	BMPER
Q8N907	DAN domain family member 5	DAND5
Q8NAT1	Glycosyltransferase-like domain-containing	GTDC2
	protein 2
Q8NAU1	Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5	FNDC5
Q8NB37	Parkinson disease 7 domain-containing protein 1	PDDC1
Q8NBI3	Draxin	DRAXIN
Q8NBM8	Prenylcysteine oxidase-like	PCYOX1L
Q8NBP7	Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9	PCSK9
Q8NBQ5	Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 11	HSD17B11
Q8NBV8	Synaptotagmin-8	SYT8
Q8NCC3	Group XV phospholipase A2	PLA2G15
Q8NCF0	C-type lectin domain family 18 member C	CLEC18C
Q8NCW5	NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase	APOA1BP
Q8NDA2	Hemicentin-2	HMCN2
Q8NDX9	Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus protein G5b	LY6G5B
Q8NDZ4	Deleted in autism protein 1	C3orf58
Q8NEB7	Acrosin-binding protein	ACRBP
Q8NES8	Beta-defensin 124	DEFB124
Q8NET1	Beta-defensin 108B	DEFB108B
Q8NEX5	Protein WFDC9	WFDC9
Q8NEX6	Protein WFDC11	WFDC11
Q8NF86	Serine protease 33	PRSS33
Q8NFM7	Interleukin-17 receptor D	IL17RD
Q8NFQ5	BPI fold-containing family B member 6	BPIFB6
Q8NFQ6	BPI fold-containing family C protein	BPIFC
Q8NFU4	Follicular dendritic cell secreted peptide	FDCSP
Q8NFW1	Collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain	COL22A1
Q8NG35	Beta-defensin 105	DEFB105B
Q8NG41	Neuropeptide B-23	NPB
Q8NHW6	Otospiralin	OTOS
Q8NI99	Angiopoietin-related protein 6	ANGPTL6
Q8TAA1	Probable ribonuclease 11	RNASE11
Q8TAG5	V-set and transmembrane domain-containing	VSTM2A
	protein 2A
Q8TAL6	Fin bud initiation factor homolog	FIBIN
Q8TAT2	Fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 3	FGFBP3
Q8TAX7	Mucin-7	MUC7
Q8TB22	Spermatogenesis-associated protein 20	SPATA20
Q8TB73	Protein NDNF	NDNF
Q8TB96	T-cell immunomodulatory protein	ITFG1
Q8TC92	Protein disulfide-thiol oxidoreductase	ENOX1
Q8TCV5	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 5	WFDC5
Q8TD06	Anterior gradient protein 3 homolog	AGR3
Q8TD33	Secretoglobin family 1C member 1	SCGB1C1
Q8TD46	Cell surface glycoprotein CD200 receptor 1	CD200R1
Q8TDE3	Ribonuclease 8	RNASE8
Q8TDF5	Neuropilin and tolloid-like protein 1	NETO1
Q8TDL5	BPI fold-containing family B member 1	BPIFB1
Q8TE56	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS17
	thrombospondin motifs 17
Q8TE57	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS16
	thrombospondin motifs 16
Q8TE58	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS15
	thrombospondin motifs 15
Q8TE59	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS19
	thrombospondin motifs 19
Q8TE60	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS18
	thrombospondin motifs 18
Q8TE99	Acid phosphatase-like protein 2	ACPL2
Q8TER0	Sushi, nidogen and EGF-like domain-containing	SNED1
	protein 1
Q8TEU8	WAP, kazal, immunoglobulin, kunitz and NTR	WFIKKN2
	domain-containing protein 2
Q8WTQ1	Beta-defensin 104	DEFB104B
Q8WTR8	Netrin-5	NTN5
Q8WTU2	Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-	SRCRB4D
	containing group B protein
Q8WU66	Protein TSPEAR	TSPEAR
Q8WUA8	Tsukushin	TSKU
Q8WUF8	Protein FAM172A	FAM172A
Q8WUJ1	Neuferricin	CYB5D2
Q8WUY1	UPF0670 protein THEM6	THEM6
Q8WVN6	Secreted and transmembrane protein 1	SECTM1
Q8WVQ1	Soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1	CANT1
Q8WWA0	Intelectin-1	ITLN1
Q8WWG1	Neuregulin-4	NRG4
Q8WWQ2	Inactive heparanase-2	HPSE2
Q8WWU7	Intelectin-2	ITLN2
Q8WWY7	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 12	WFDC12
Q8WWY8	Lipase member H	LIPH
Q8WWZ8	Oncoprotein-induced transcript 3 protein	OIT3
Q8WX39	Epididymal-specific lipocalin-9	LCN9
Q8WXA2	Prostate and testis expressed protein 1	PATE1
Q8WXD2	Secretogranin-3	SCG3
Q8WXF3	Relaxin-3 A chain	RLN3
Q8WXI7	Mucin-16	MUC16
Q8WXQ8	Carboxypeptidase A5	CPA5
Q8WXS8	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS14
	thrombospondin motifs 14
Q92484	Acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3a	SMPDL3A
Q92485	Acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3b	SMPDL3B
Q92496	Complement factor H-related protein 4	CFHR4
Q92520	Protein FAM3C	FAM3C
Q92563	Testican-2	SPOCK2
Q92583	C-C motif chemokine 17	CCL17
Q92626	Peroxidasin homolog	PXDN
Q92743	Serine protease HTRA1	HTRA1
Q92752	Tenascin-R	TNR
Q92765	Secreted frizzled-related protein 3	FRZB
Q92819	Hyaluronan synthase 2	HAS2
Q92820	Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase	GGH
Q92824	Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5	PCSK5
Q92832	Protein kinase C-binding protein NELL1	NELL1
Q92838	Ectodysplasin-A, membrane form	EDA
Q92874	Deoxyribonuclease-1-like 2	DNASE1L2
Q92876	Kallikrein-6	KLK6
Q92913	Fibroblast growth factor 13	FGF13
Q92954	Proteoglycan 4 C-terminal part	PRG4
Q93038	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	TNFRSF25
	member 25
Q93091	Ribonuclease K6	RNASE6
Q93097	Protein Wnt-2b	WNT2B
Q93098	Protein Wnt-8b	WNT8B
Q95460	Major histocompatibility complex class I-related	MR1
	gene protein
Q969D9	Thymic stromal lymphopoietin	TSLP
Q969E1	Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2	LEAP2
Q969H8	UPF0556 protein C19orf10	C19orf10
Q969Y0	NXPE family member 3	NXPE3
Q96A54	Adiponectin receptor protein 1	ADIPOR1
Q96A83	Collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain	EMID2
Q96A84	EMI domain-containing protein 1	EMID1
Q96A98	Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues	PTH2
Q96A99	Pentraxin-4	PTX4
Q96BH3	Epididymal sperm-binding protein 1	ELSPBP1
Q96BQ1	Protein FAM3D	FAM3D
Q96CG8	Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1	CTHRC1
Q96DA0	Zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B	ZG16B
Q96DN2	von Willebrand factor C and EGF domain-	VWCE
	containing protein
Q96DR5	BPI fold-containing family A member 2	BPIFA2
Q96DR8	Mucin-like protein 1	MUCL1
Q96DX4	RING finger and SPRY domain-containing protein 1	RSPRY1
Q96EE4	Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 126	CCDC126
Q96GS6	Abhydrolase domain-containing protein	FAM108A1
	FAM108A1
Q96GW7	Brevican core protein	BCAN
Q96HF1	Secreted frizzled-related protein 2	SFRP2
Q96I82	Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor domain-	KAZALD1
	containing protein 1
Q96ID5	Immunoglobulin superfamily member 21	IGSF21
Q96II8	Leucine-rich repeat and calponin homology	LRCH3
	domain-containing protein 3
Q96IY4	Carboxypeptidase B2	CPB2
Q96JB6	Lysyl oxidase homolog 4	LOXL4
Q96JK4	HHIP-like protein 1	HHIPL1
Q96KN2	Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase	CNDP1
Q96KW9	Protein SPACA7	SPACA7
Q96KX0	Lysozyme-like protein 4	LYZL4
Q96L15	Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5	ART5
Q96LB8	Peptidoglycan recognition protein 4	PGLYRP4
Q96LB9	Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3	PGLYRP3
Q96LC7	Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 10	SIGLEC10
Q96LR4	Protein FAM19A4	FAM19A4
Q96MK3	Protein FAM20A	FAM20A
Q96MS3	Glycosyltransferase 1 domain-containing protein 1	GLT1D1
Q96NY8	Processed poliovirus receptor-related protein 4	PVRL4
Q96NZ8	WAP, kazal, immunoglobulin, kunitz and NTR	WFIKKN1
	domain-containing protein 1
Q96NZ9	Proline-rich acidic protein 1	PRAP1
Q96P44	Collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain	COL21A1
Q96PB7	Noelin-3	OLFM3
Q96PC5	Melanoma inhibitory activity protein 2	MIA2
Q96PD5	N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase	PGLYRP2
Q96PH6	Beta-defensin 118	DEFB118
Q96PL1	Secretoglobin family 3A member 2	SCGB3A2
Q96PL2	Beta-tectorin	TECTB
Q96QH8	Sperm acrosome-associated protein 5	SPACA5
Q96QR1	Secretoglobin family 3A member 1	SCGB3A1
Q96QU1	Protocadherin-15	PCDH15
Q96QV1	Hedgehog-interacting protein	HHIP
Q96RW7	Hemicentin-1	HMCN1
Q96S42	Nodal homolog	NODAL
Q96S86	Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 3	HAPLN3
Q96SL4	Glutathione peroxidase 7	GPX7
Q96SM3	Probable carboxypeptidase X1	CPXM1
Q96T91	Glycoprotein hormone alpha-2	GPHA2
Q99062	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor	CSF3R
Q99102	Mucin-4 alpha chain	MUC4
Q99217	Amelogenin, X isoform	AMELX
Q99218	Amelogenin, Y isoform	AMELY
Q99435	Protein kinase C-binding protein NELL2	NELL2
Q99470	Stromal cell-derived factor 2	SDF2
Q99542	Matrix metalloproteinase-19	MMP19
Q99574	Neuroserpin	SERPINI1
Q99584	Protein S100-A13	S100A13
Q99616	C-C motif chemokine 13	CCL13
Q99645	Epiphycan	EPYC
Q99674	Cell growth regulator with EF hand domain	CGREF1
	protein 1
Q99715	Collagen alpha-1(XII) chain	COL12A1
Q99727	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4	TIMP4
Q99731	C-C motif chemokine 19	CCL19
Q99748	Neurturin	NRTN
Q99935	Proline-rich protein 1	PROL1
Q99942	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF5	RNF5
Q99944	Epidermal growth factor-like protein 8	EGFL8
Q99954	Submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3A	SMR3A
Q99969	Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2	RARRES2
Q99972	Myocilin	MYOC
Q99983	Osteomodulin	OMD
Q99985	Semaphorin-3C	SEMA3C
Q99988	Growth/differentiation factor 15	GDF15
Q9BPW4	Apolipoprotein L4	APOL4
Q9BQ08	Resistin-like beta	RETNLB
Q9BQ16	Testican-3	SPOCK3
Q9BQ51	Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2	PDCD1LG2
Q9BQB4	Sclerostin	SOST
Q9BQI4	Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3	CCDC3
Q9BQP9	BPI fold-containing family A member 3	BPIFA3
Q9BQR3	Serine protease 27	PRSS27
Q9BQY6	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 6	WFDC6
Q9BRR6	ADP-dependent glucokinase	ADPGK
Q9BS86	Zona pellucida-binding protein 1	ZPBP
Q9BSG0	Protease-associated domain-containing protein 1	PRADC1
Q9BSG5	Retbindin	RTBDN
Q9BT30	Probable alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent	ALKBH7
	dioxygenase ABH7
Q9BT56	Spexin	C12orG9
Q9BT67	NEDD4 family-interacting protein 1	NDFIP1
Q9BTY2	Plasma alpha-L-fucosidase	FUCA2
Q9BU40	Chordin-like protein 1	CHRDL1
Q9BUD6	Spondin-2	SPON2
Q9BUN1	Protein MENT	MENT
Q9BUR5	Apolipoprotein O	APOO
Q9BV94	ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 2	EDEM2
Q9BWP8	Collectin-11	COLEC11
Q9BWS9	Chitinase domain-containing protein 1	CHID1
Q9BX67	Junctional adhesion molecule C	JAM3
Q9BX93	Group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like	PLA2G12B
	protein
Q9BXI9	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF6
	protein 6
Q9BXJ0	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF5
	protein 5
Q9BXJ1	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF1
	protein 1
Q9BXJ2	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF7
	protein 7
Q9BXJ3	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF4
	protein 4
Q9BXJ4	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF3
	protein 3
Q9BXJ5	Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related	C1QTNF2
	protein 2
Q9BXN1	Asporin	ASPN
Q9BXP8	Pappalysin-2	PAPPA2
Q9BXR6	Complement factor H-related protein 5	CFHR5
Q9BXS0	Collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain	COL25A1
Q9BXX0	EMILIN-2	EMILIN2
Q9BXY4	R-spondin-3	RSPO3
Q9BY15	EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone	EMR3
	receptor-like 3 subunit beta
Q9BY50	Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit	SEC11C
	SEC11C
Q9BY76	Angiopoietin-related protein 4	ANGPTL4
Q9BYF1	Processed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2	ACE2
Q9BYJ0	Fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 2	FGFBP2
Q9BYW3	Beta-defensin 126	DEFB126
Q9BYX4	Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing	IFIH1
	protein 1
Q9BYZ8	Regenerating islet-derived protein 4	REG4
Q9BZ76	Contactin-associated protein-like 3	CNTNAP3
Q9BZG9	Ly-6/neurotoxin-like protein 1	LYNX1
Q9BZJ3	Tryptase delta	TPSD1
Q9BZM1	Group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2	PLA2G12A
Q9BZM2	Group IIF secretory phospholipase A2	PLA2G2F
Q9BZM5	NKG2D ligand 2	ULBP2
Q9BZP6	Acidic mammalian chitinase	CHIA
Q9BZZ2	Sialoadhesin	SIGLEC1
Q9C0B6	Protein FAM5B	FAM5B
Q9GZM7	Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like	TINAGL1
Q9GZN4	Brain-specific serine protease 4	PRSS22
Q9GZP0	Platelet-derived growth factor D, receptor-binding	PDGFD
	form
Q9GZT5	Protein Wnt-10a	WNT10A
Q9GZU5	Nyctalopin	NYX
Q9GZV7	Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 2	HAPLN2
Q9GZV9	Fibroblast growth factor 23	FGF23
Q9GZX9	Twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1	TWSG1
Q9GZZ7	GDNF family receptor alpha-4	GFRA4
Q9GZZ8	Extracellular glycoprotein lacritin	LACRT
Q9H0B8	Cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain-	CRISPLD2
	containing 2
Q9H106	Signal-regulatory protein delta	SIRPD
Q9H114	Cystatin-like 1	CSTL1
Q9H173	Nucleotide exchange factor SIL1	SIL1
Q9H1E1	Ribonuclease 7	RNASE7
Q9H1F0	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 10A	WFDC10A
Q9H1J5	Protein Wnt-8a	WNT8A
Q9H1J7	Protein Wnt-5b	WNT5B
Q9H1M3	Beta-defensin 129	DEFB129
Q9H1M4	Beta-defensin 127	DEFB127
Q9H1Z8	Augurin	C2orf40
Q9H239	Matrix metalloproteinase-28	MMP28
Q9H2A7	C-X-C motif chemokine 16	CXCL16
Q9H2A9	Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 8	CHST8
Q9H2R5	Kallikrein-15	KLK15
Q9H2X0	Chordin	CHRD
Q9H2X3	C-type lectin domain family 4 member M	CLEC4M
Q9H306	Matrix metalloproteinase-27	MMP27
Q9H324	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS10
	thrombospondin motifs 10
Q9H336	Cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain-	CRISPLD1
	containing 1
Q9H3E2	Sorting nexin-25	SNX25
Q9H3R2	Mucin-13	MUC13
Q9H3U7	SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein 2	SMOC2
Q9H3Y0	Peptidase inhibitor R3HDML	R3HDML
Q9H4A4	Aminopeptidase B	RNPEP
Q9H4F8	SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein 1	SMOC1
Q9H4G1	Cystatin-9-like	CST9L
Q9H5V8	CUB domain-containing protein 1	CDCP1
Q9H6B9	Epoxide hydrolase 3	EPHX3
Q9H6E4	Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 134	CCDC134
Q9H741	UPF0454 protein C12orf49	C12orf49
Q9H772	Gremlin-2	GREM2
Q9H7Y0	Deleted in autism-related protein 1	CXorf36
Q9H8L6	Multimerin-2	MMRN2
Q9H9S5	Fukutin-related protein	FKRP
Q9HAT2	Sialate O-acetylesterase	SIAE
Q9HB40	Retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase	SCPEP1
Q9HB63	Netrin-4	NTN4
Q9HBJ0	Placenta-specific protein 1	PLAC1
Q9HC23	Prokineticin-2	PROK2
Q9HC57	WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 1	WFDC1
Q9HC73	Cytokine receptor-like factor 2	CRLF2
Q9HC84	Mucin-5B	MUC5B
Q9HCB6	Spondin-1	SPON1
Q9HCQ7	Neuropeptide NPSF	NPVF
Q9HCT0	Fibroblast growth factor 22	FGF22
Q9HD89	Resistin	RETN
Q9NNX1	Tuftelin	TUFT1
Q9NNX6	CD209 antigen	CD209
Q9NP55	BPI fold-containing family A member 1	BPIFA1
Q9NP70	Ameloblastin	AMBN
Q9NP95	Fibroblast growth factor 20	FGF20
Q9NP99	Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1	TREM1
Q9NPA2	Matrix metalloproteinase-25	MMP25
Q9NPE2	Neugrin	NGRN
Q9NPH0	Lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6	ACP6
Q9NPH6	Odorant-binding protein 2b	OBP2B
Q9NQ30	Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1	ESM1
Q9NQ36	Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-	SCUBE2
	containing protein 2
Q9NQ38	Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5	SPINK5
Q9NQ76	Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein	MEPE
Q9NQ79	Cartilage acidic protein 1	CRTAC1
Q9NR16	Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein	CD163L1
	M160
Q9NR23	Growth/differentiation factor 3	GDF3
Q9NR71	Neutral ceramidase	ASAH2
Q9NR99	Matrix-remodeling-associated protein 5	MXRA5
Q9NRA1	Platelet-derived growth factor C	PDGFC
Q9NRC9	Otoraplin	OTOR
Q9NRE1	Matrix metalloproteinase-26	MMP26
Q9NRJ3	C-C motif chemokine 28	CCL28
Q9NRM1	Enamelin	ENAM
Q9NRN5	Olfactomedin-like protein 3	OLFML3
Q9NRR1	Cytokine-like protein 1	CYTL1
Q9NS15	Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding	LTBP3
	protein 3
Q9NS62	Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing	THSD1
	protein 1
Q9NS71	Gastrokine-1	GKN1
Q9NS98	Semaphorin-3G	SEMA3G
Q9NSA1	Fibroblast growth factor 21	FGF21
Q9NT22	EMILIN-3	EMILIN3
Q9NTU7	Cerebellin-4	CBLN4
Q9NVR0	Kelch-like protein 11	KLHL11
Q9NWH7	Spermatogenesis-associated protein 6	SPATA6
Q9NXC2	Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain-	GFOD1
	containing protein 1
Q9NY56	Odorant-binding protein 2a	OBP2A
Q9NY84	Vascular non-inflammatory molecule 3	VNN3
Q9NZ20	Group 3 secretory phospholipase A2	PLA2G3
Q9NZC2	Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2	TREM2
Q9NZK5	Adenosine deaminase CECR1	CECR1
Q9NZK7	Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2	PLA2G2E
Q9NZP8	Complement C1r subcomponent-like protein	C1RL
Q9NZV1	Cysteine-rich motor neuron 1 protein	CRIM1
Q9NZW4	Dentin sialoprotein	DSPP
Q9P0G3	Kallikrein-14	KLK14
Q9P0W0	Interferon kappa	IFNK
Q9P218	Collagen alpha-1(XX) chain	COL20A1
Q9P2C4	Transmembrane protein 181	TMEM181
Q9P2K2	Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 16	TXNDC16
Q9P2N4	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS9
	thrombospondin motifs 9
Q9UBC7	Galanin-like peptide	GALP
Q9UBD3	Cytokine SCM-1 beta	XCL2
Q9UBD9	Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1	CLCF1
Q9UBM4	Opticin	OPTC
Q9UBP4	Dickkopf-related protein 3	DKK3
Q9UBQ6	Exostosin-like 2	EXTL2
Q9UBR5	Chemokine-like factor	CKLF
Q9UBS5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit	GABBR1
	1
Q9UBT3	Dickkopf-related protein 4 short form	DKK4
Q9UBU2	Dickkopf-related protein 2	DKK2
Q9UBU3	Ghrelin-28	GHRL
Q9UBV4	Protein Wnt-16	WNT16
Q9UBX5	Fibulin-5	FBLN5
Q9UBX7	Kallikrein-11	KLK11
Q9UEF7	Klotho	KL
Q9UFP1	Protein FAM198A	FAM198A
Q9UGM3	Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein	DMBT1
Q9UGM5	Fetuin-B	FETUB
Q9UGP8	Translocation protein SEC63 homolog	SEC63
Q9UHF0	Neurokinin-B	TAC3
Q9UHF1	Epidermal growth factor-like protein 7	EGFL7
Q9UHG2	ProSAAS	PCSK1N
Q9UHI8	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS1
	thrombospondin motifs 1
Q9UHL4	Dipeptidyl peptidase 2	DPP7
Q9UI42	Carboxypeptidase A4	CPA4
Q9UIG4	Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate gene 2 protein	PSORS1C2
Q9UIK5	Tomoregulin-2	TMEFF2
Q9UIQ6	Leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase, pregnancy serum	LNPEP
	form
Q9UJA9	Ectonucleotide	ENPP5
	pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family
	member 5
Q9UJH8	Meteorin	METRN
Q9UJJ9	N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase	GNPTG
	subunit gamma
Q9UJW2	Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen	TINAG
Q9UK05	Growth/differentiation factor 2	GDF2
Q9UK55	Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor	SERPINA10
Q9UK85	Dickkopf-like protein 1	DKKL1
Q9UKJ1	Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha	PILRA
Q9UKP4	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS7
	thrombospondin motifs 7
Q9UKP5	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS6
	thrombospondin motifs 6
Q9UKQ2	Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-	ADAM28
	containing protein 28
Q9UKQ9	Kallikrein-9	KLK9
Q9UKR0	Kallikrein-12	KLK12
Q9UKR3	Kallikrein-13	KLK13
Q9UKU9	Angiopoietin-related protein 2	ANGPTL2
Q9UKZ9	Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2	PCOLCE2
Q9UL52	Transmembrane protease serine 11E non-catalytic	TMPRSS11E
	chain
Q9ULC0	Endomucin	EMCN
Q9ULI3	Protein HEG homolog 1	HEG1
Q9ULZ1	Apelin-13	APLN
Q9ULZ9	Matrix metalloproteinase-17	MMP17
Q9UM21	Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-	MGAT4A
	acetylglucosaminyltransferase A soluble form
Q9UM22	Mammalian ependymin-related protein 1	EPDR1
Q9UM73	ALK tyrosine kinase receptor	ALK
Q9UMD9	97 kDa linear IgA disease antigen	COL17A1
Q9UMX5	Neudesin	NENF
Q9UN73	Protocadherin alpha-6	PCDHA6
Q9UNA0	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS5
	thrombospondin motifs 5
Q9UNI1	Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 1	CELA1
Q9UNK4	Group IID secretory phospholipase A2	PLA2G2D
Q9UP79	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with	ADAMTS8
	thrombospondin motifs 8
Q9UPZ6	Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing	THSD7A
	protein 7A
Q9UQ72	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 11	PSG11
Q9UQ74	Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 8	PSG8
Q9UQC9	Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 2	CLCA2
Q9UQE7	Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3	SMC3
Q9UQP3	Tenascin-N	TNN
Q9Y223	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase	GNE
Q9Y240	C-type lectin domain family 11 member A	CLEC11A
Q9Y251	Heparanase 8 kDa subunit	HPSE
Q9Y258	C-C motif chemokine 26	CCL26
Q9Y264	Angiopoietin-4	ANGPT4
Q9Y275	Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member	TNFSF13B
	13b, membrane form
Q9Y287	BRI2 intracellular domain	ITM2B
Q9Y2E5	Epididymis-specific alpha-mannosidase	MAN2B2
Q9Y334	von Willebrand factor A domain-containing	VWA7
	protein 7
Q9Y337	Kallikrein-5	KLK5
Q9Y3B3	Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 7	TMED7
Q9Y3E2	BolA-like protein 1	BOLA1
Q9Y426	C2 domain-containing protein 2	C2CD2
Q9Y4K0	Lysyl oxidase homolog 2	LOXL2
Q9Y4X3	C-C motif chemokine 27	CCL27
Q9Y5C1	Angiopoietin-related protein 3	ANGPTL3
Q9Y5I2	Protocadherin alpha-10	PCDHA10
Q9Y5I3	Protocadherin alpha-1	PCDHA1
Q9Y5K2	Kallikrein-4	KLK4
Q9Y5L2	Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein	HILPDA
Q9Y5Q5	Atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme	CORIN
Q9Y5R2	Matrix metalloproteinase-24	MMP24
Q9Y5U5	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily	TNFRSF18
	member 18
Q9Y5W5	Wnt inhibitory factor 1	WIF1
Q9Y5X9	Endothelial lipase	LIPG
Q9Y625	Secreted glypican-6	GPC6
Q9Y646	Carboxypeptidase Q	CPQ
Q9Y6C2	EMILIN-1	EMILIN1
Q9Y6F9	Protein Wnt-6	WNT6
Q9Y6I9	Testis-expressed sequence 264 protein	TEX264
Q9Y6L7	Tolloid-like protein 2	TLL2
Q9Y6N3	Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator	CLCA3P
	family member 3
Q9Y6N6	Laminin subunit gamma-3	LAMC3
Q9Y6R7	IgGFc-binding protein	FCGBP
Q9Y6Y9	Lymphocyte antigen 96	LY96
Q9Y6Z7	Collectin-10	COLEC10

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for the delivery of one or more mRNAs encoding one or more additional exemplary proteins listed in Table 2; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 2 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein, and methods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from the proteins listed in Table 2 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein.

TABLE 2
Additional Exemplary Proteins
Uniprot ID	Protein Name	Gene Name
A6NGW2	Putative stereocilin-like protein	STRCP1
A6NIE9	Putative serine protease 29	PRSS29P
A6NJ16	Putative V-set and immunoglobulin	IGHV4OR15-8
	domain-containing-like protein
	IGHV4OR15-8
A6NJS3	Putative V-set and immunoglobulin	IGHV1OR21-1
	domain-containing-like protein
	IGHV1OR21-1
A6NMY6	Putative annexin A2-like protein	ANXA2P2
A8MT79	Putative zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein-like 1
A8MWS1	Putative killer cell immunoglobulin-like	KIR3DP1
	receptor like protein KIR3DP1
A8MXU0	Putative beta-defensin 108A	DEFB108P1
C9JUS6	Putative adrenomedullin-5-like protein	ADM5
P0C7V7	Putative signal peptidase complex	SEC11B
	catalytic subunit SEC11B
P0C854	Putative cat eye syndrome critical region	CECR9
	protein 9
Q13046	Putative pregnancy-specific beta-1-	PSG7
	glycoprotein 7
Q16609	Putative apolipoprotein(a)-like protein 2	LPAL2
Q2TV78	Putative macrophage-stimulating protein	MST1P9
	MSTP9
Q5JQD4	Putative peptide YY-3	PYY3
Q5R387	Putative inactive group IIC secretory	PLA2G2C
	phospholipase A2
Q5VSP4	Putative lipocalin 1-like protein 1	LCN1P1
Q5W188	Putative cystatin-9-like protein CST9LP1	CST9LP1
Q6UXR4	Putative serpin A13	SERPINA13P
Q86SH4	Putative testis-specific prion protein	PRNT
Q86YQ2	Putative latherin	LATH
Q8IVG9	Putative humanin peptide	MT-RNR2
Q8NHM4	Putative trypsin-6	TRY6
Q8NHW4	C-C motif chemokine 4-like	CCL4L2
Q9H7L2	Putative killer cell immunoglobulin-like	KIR3DX1
	receptor-like protein KIR3DX1
Q9NRI6	Putative peptide YY-2	PYY2
Q9UF72	Putative TP73 antisense gene protein 1	TP73-AS1
Q9UKY3	Putative inactive carboxylesterase 4	CES1P1

The Uniprot IDs set forth in Table 1 and Table 2 refer to the human versions the listed proteins and the sequences of each are available from the Uniprot database. Sequences of the listed proteins are also generally available for various animals, including various mammals and animals of veterinary or industrial interest. Accordingly, in some embodiments, compositions and methods of the invention provide for the delivery of one or more mRNAs encoding one or more proteins chosen from mammalian homologs or homologs from an animal of veterinary or industrial interest of the secreted proteins listed in Table 1 and Table 2; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from mammalian homologs or homologs from an animal of veterinary or industrial interest of a protein listed in Table 1 and Table 2 along with other components set out herein, and methods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from mammalian homologs or homologs from an animal of veterinary or industrial interest of a protein listed in Table 1 and Table 2 along with other components set out herein. In some embodiments, mammalian homologs are chosen from mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, horse, pig, cow, llama, alpaca, mink, dog, cat, ferret, sheep, goat, or camel homologs. In some embodiments, the animal of veterinary or industrial interest is chosen from the mammals listed above and/or chicken, duck, turkey, salmon, catfish, or tilapia.

In embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for the delivery of mRNA encoding a lysosomal protein chosen from Table 3. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for the delivery of one or more mRNAs encoding one or more lysosomal and/or related proteins listed in Table 3; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a protein listed in Table 3 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein, and methods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein chosen from the proteins listed in Table 3 (or a homolog thereof) along with other components set out herein.

TABLE 3
Lysosomal and Related Proteins
α-fucosidase
α-galactosidase
α-glucosidase
α-Iduronidase
α-mannosidase
α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-galactosidase B)
β-galactosidase
β-glucuronidase
β-hexosaminidase
β-mannosidase
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) lyase
3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
3-O-sulfogalactosyl cerebroside sulfatase (arylsulfatase A)
acetyl-CoA transferase
acid alpha-glucosidase
acid ceramidase
acid lipase
acid phosphatase
acid sphingomyelinase
alpha-galactosidase A
arylsulfatase A
beta-galactosidase
beta-glucocerebrosidase
beta-hexosaminidase
Biotinidase
cathepsin A
cathepsin K
CLN3
CLN5
CLN6
CLN8
CLN9
cystine transporter (cystinosin)
cytosolic protein beta3A subunit of the adaptor protein-3 complex, AP3
formyl-Glycine generating enzyme (FGE)
Galactocerebrosidase
galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT)
galactose 6-sulfate sulfatase
(also known as N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase)
Glucocerebrosidase
glucuronate sulfatase
glucuronidase
glycoprotein cleaving enzymes
glycosaminoglycan cleaving enzymes
glycosylasparaginase (aspartylglucosaminidase)
GM2-AP
Heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT, TMEM76)
Heparan sulfatase
hexosaminidase A lysosomal proteases methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
Hyaluronidase
Iduronate sulfatase
LAMP-2
lysosomal α-mannosidase
Lysosomal p40 (C2orf18)
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 protein
(MFSD8 or CLN7)
N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase
N-acetyl glucosamine 6-sulfatase
N-acetyl glucosaminidase
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase
NPC1
NPC2
palmitoyl-protein thioesterase
palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (CLN1)
Saposin A (Sphingolipid activator protein A)
Saposin B (Sphingolipid activator protein B)
Saposin C (Sphingolipid activator protein C)
Saposin D (Sphingolipid activator protein D)
sialic acid transporter (sialin)
Sialidase
Sialin
Sulfatase
Transmembrane protein 74 (TMEM74)
tripeptidyl-peptidase
tripeptidyl-peptidase I (CLN2)
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-phosphotransferase

Information regarding lysosomal proteins is available from Lubke et al., “Proteomics of the Lysosome,” Biochim Biophys Acta. (2009) 1793: 625-635. In some embodiments, the protein listed in Table 3 and encoded by mRNA in the compositions and methods of the invention is a human protein. Sequences of the listed proteins are also available for various animals, including various mammals and animals of veterinary or industrial interest as described above.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for the delivery of mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein (e.g., cytosolic, transmembrane or secreted) such as those listed in Table 4. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for the delivery of an mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein useful in treating a disease or disorder (i.e., indication) listed in Table 4; thus, compositions of the invention may comprise an mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein listed or not listed in Table 4 (or a homolog thereof, as discussed below) along with other components set out herein for treating a disease or disorder (i.e., indication) listed in Table 4, and methods of the invention may comprise preparing and/or administering a composition comprising an mRNA encoding a such a protein (or a homolog thereof, as discussed below) along with other components set out herein for treatment of a disease or disorder listed in Table 4.

TABLE 4
Exemplary Indications and Related Proteins
Indication                       Therapeutic Protein
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria      Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
Actinic keratosis
Acute intermittent porphyria     Porphobilinogen deaminase
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Addison's disease
Adenosine deaminase deficiency   Adenosine deaminase
Adrenoleukodystrophy             ABCD1
Adrenomyeloneuropathy
AIDS/HIV
Alcohol use disorders
Alkaptonuria                     Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Allergic asthma                  Anti-IgE mAb
Allergies (dermatitis, rhinitis)
Alopecia areata
Alpers' disease                  POLG
Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency   Alpha 1 protease inhibitor
Alpha-mannosidosis               Alpha-D-mannosidase
Alport syndrome
Alzheimer's disease
Amyloid light-chain amyloidosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Anemia                           Erythropoietin
Aortic valve stenosis
Argininemia                      Arginase
Argininosuccinic acidemia        Argininosuccinate lyase
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Autism
Autosomal dominant and recessive progressive
external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA
deletions
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ARPKD
Bacterial infections
Basal cell carcinoma
Batten disease                   Battenin + others
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Becker muscular dystrophy        Dystrophin
Beta-thalassemia                 Beta globin
Binge eating disorder
Bipolar disorder
Bladder cancer
Blepharospasm, Cervical dystonia, Chronic migraine, Botulinum toxin
more
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Brugada syndrome
Buerger's disease
CACNA1A
CACNB4-related Episodic Ataxia Type 2
Cancer and depression
Cancer and sexual dysfunction
Cancer in pregnancy
Carbamylphosphate synthetase deficiency Carbamylphosphate synthetase
Carcinoma of the gallbladder
Cardiomyopathy (diabetic)
Cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic)
Carnitine uptake defect          SLC22A5
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular
tachycardia
CDKL5-related Atypical Rett Syndrome
Celiac disease
Cellulitis
Cerebrovascular disease
Cervix uteri cancer
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic graft versus host disease
Chronic idiopathic urticaria
Chronic immune thrombocytopenia  Thrombopoietin
Chronic kidney kisease
Chronic liver disease
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Chronic pancreatitis
Cirrhosis of the liver
Citrullinemia, type I            Argininosuccinate synthase
Classic Rett Syndrome
Classical galactosemia           Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
Clotting disorders
COAD/COPD
Cocaine addiction
COL4A5-related disorders
Cold contact urticaria
Contraception, female
Coronary artery diseases
Corpus uteri cancer
Corticobasal degeneration
Crigler-Najjar syndrome          UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
Critical limb ischemia
CTNS-related cystinosis
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma (Merkel Cell)
Cystic fibrosis                  CFTR
Cystic fibrosis                  Deoxyribonuclease I
Cystinosis                       Cystinosin
Cystinuria                       SLC7A9
Dementia (Lewy body)
Depression
Diabetic foot infections
Diabetic foot ulcer
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Diabetic ulcers
Diarrhoeal diseases
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
DiGeorge syndrome
Diverticulitis
Drug use disorders
Duchenne muscular dystrophy      Dystrophin
Dysarthria
Dyskinesia (levodopa-induced)
Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease
Eczema
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type 1
EIF2B1
EIF2B2
EIF2B3
EIF2B4
EIF2B5-related childhood ataxia with central nervous
system hypomyelination/vanishing white matter
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Epilepsy
Erectile dysfunction
Erythropoietic protoporphyria    Ferrochelatase
Esophageal carcinoma
Essential tremor
Fabry disease                    Alpha galactosidase
Familial adenomatous polyposis   APC
Familial chylomicronemia         Lipoprotein lipase
Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia  Apolipoprotein E
Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy
Familial mediterranean fever     Pyrin (MEFV)
Familial melanoma
Female infertility               Follicle stimulating hormone
Female sexual dysfunction
Fibromyalgia
FMR1-related disorders
Fracture healing
Fragile X Premature Ovarian Failure Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome               FMRP
Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome
Friedreich's ataxia
Frontotemporal dementia
Fryns syndrome
Galactocerebrosidase deficiencies
GALE deficiency                  Galactose epimerase
GALK deficiency                  Galactokinase
GALT-related galactosemia
Gastric cancer
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gaucher disease                  Glucocerebrosidase
Gilbert syndrome                 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
Glioblastoma multiforme
Glomerulonephritis
Glutaric acidemia, type I        Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
GM2 gangliosidosis               HEXA, HEXB
Gout                             Urate oxidase
Graft versus host disease
Growth hormone deficiency        Growth hormone 1/Growth hormone 2
Head and neck cancer, Metastatic colorectal cancer Anti-EGFr mAb
Hearing loss, adult onset
Heart failure
Hemachromatosis                  HFE protein
Hemifacial spasm
Hemolytic uremic syndrome        Anti-complement factor C5 mAb
Hemophilia A                     Factor VIII
Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B       Factor VII
Hemophilia B                     Factor IX
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C         Interferon alpha
HER2+ breast cancer, gastric cancer Anti-HER2 mAb
Hereditary angioedema            C1 esterase inhibitor
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (AT)
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Homocystinuria                   Cystathionine beta-synthase
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia LDL receptor
Hunter syndrome (MPS II)         Iduronate-2-sulfatase
Huntington disease               Huntingtin
Hurler syndrome (MPS I)          Alpha-L iduronidase
Hydrolethalus
Hyperalgesia
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hyperhidrosis
Hyperlipidemia
Hypermethioninemia               Methionine adenosyltransferase
Hyperoxaluria, type I            Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase
Hypertension
Hyperuricemia
Hyponatremia
Hypoparathyroidism               Parathyroid hormone
Hypophosphatasia                 TNSALP
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Iminoglycinuria
Immunoglobulin deficiency        Immunoglobulin
Infection (adenovirus)
Infection (anthrax prophylaxis)
Infection (BK virus)
Infection (Clostridium difficile prophylaxis)
Infection (Dengue fever prophylaxis)
Infection (Epstein-Barr virus)
Infection (Hepatitis-D)
Infection (Lyme disease prophylaxis)
Infection (Smallpox virus)
Infectious diseases vaccines     Infectious antigen
Inflammatory heart diseases
Insomnia
Interstitial cystitis
Iron-deficiency anaemia
Irritable bowel disease
Ischaemic heart disease
Isovaleric aciduria              Isovaleric acid CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Jansky-Bielschowsky disease
Juvenile Batten disease
Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL)
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis    TNF-alpha inhibitors
Kennedy's disease (SBMA)
Keratoconus
Krabbe disease                   Galactocerebrosidase
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy NADH dehydrogenase
Leiomyosarcoma
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome             Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
Leukaemia
Li-Fraumeni syndrome             TP53
Lipoma
Liposarcoma
Liver cancer
Long-chain 3-OH acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Lower respiratory infections
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency Lysosomal acid lipase
Macular degeneration
Major depressive disorder
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Mantle cell lymphoma
Maple syrup urine disease        3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase
Marfan syndrome                  FBN1
Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase
Mastocytosis
McArdle disease                  Muscle glycogen phosphorylase
MECP2-related disorders
MECP2-related Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Melanoma                         Anti-CTLA4 mAb
Metachromatic leukodystrophy     Arylsulfatase A
Metastatic colorectal cancer, NSCLC, others Anti-VEGF mAb
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
Migraine
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorders
Morquio syndrome, type A (MPS IVA) Galactose 6-sulfate sulfatase
Morquio syndrome, type B (MPS IVB) Beta-galactosidase
Mouth and oropharynx cancers
Multiple carboxylase deficiency  Biotin-methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase ligase
Multiple myeloma
Multiple sclerosis               Anti-VLA-4 mAb
Multiple sclerosis               Interferon beta
Multiple system atrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Myelofibrosis
Narcolepsy
Neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Neonatal infections
Nephritis and nephrosis
Neurofibromatosis, type 1        NF-1
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses-related diseases
Neutropenia                      G-CSF
Niemann Pick disease, type A/B   SMPD1
Niemann Pick disease, type C     NPC1
Niemann-Pick disease Type C1
Nocturia
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma             Anti-CD20 mAb
Non-small cell lung cancer
Notch-3 related cerebral autosomal dominant
arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and
leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Obesity
Ophthalmoparesis
Opioid induced constipation
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency Ornithine transcarbamylase
Osteoarthritis
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis                     Anti-RANKL mAb
Ovarian cancer
Paget disease of bone            Sequestosome 1
Pain
Pancreatic carcinoma
Panic disorder
Parkinson disease
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Anti-complement factor C5 Mab
Pediculosis capitis (head lice)
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
Pemphigus vulgaris
Peptic ulcer disease
Peripheral neuropathy
Peyronie's disease
Phenylketonuria                  Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Pneumococcal infection prophylaxis
POLG-related sensory ataxic neuropathy
Polycystic kidney disease
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycythaemia vera
Polymerase G-related disorders
Polymorphous light eruption
Pompe disease                    Alpha glucosidase
Porphyria cutanea tarda          Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Post herpetic neuralgia
Post-organ transplant
Pouchitis
PPM-X Syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Preeclampsia
Premature ejaculation
Prematurity and low birth weight
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Primary glomerular diseases
Primary humoral immune deficiencies (e.g., CVID) Immunoglobulin
Proctitis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Propionic acidemia               Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
Prostate cancer
Psoriasis                        Anti-IL-12 & IL-23 mAb
Psoriatic arthritis              TNF-alpha inhibitors
PTT-1
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Raynaud's phenomenon
Refractive errors
Renal cell carcinoma
Restless leg syndrome
Retinitis pigmentosa
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatoid arthritis             Anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) mAb
Rheumatoid arthritis             T-cell costimulation blocker
Rheumatoid arthritis             TNF-alpha inhibitor
Romano-Ward syndrome
Rosacea
Sanfilippo syndrome, type A (MPS IIIA) Heparan N-sulfatase
Sanfilippo syndrome, type B (MPS IIIB) N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase
Santavuori-Haltia disease
Schizophrenia
Schnitzler syndrome
Scleroderma
SCN1A
SCN1B-related seizure disorders
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Sickle cell disease              Hemoglobin
SLC3A1-related disorders
Small cell lung cancer
SMN-1-related spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
Spinal muscular atrophy          Survival motor neuron protein
Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck
Stickler syndrome
Stomach cancer
Stroke prophylaxis
Synovial sarcoma
Systemic lupus erythematosus     Anti-BAFF
Systemic sclerosis
Tetrahydrobiopterin-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia Tetrahydrobiopterin
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Thrombotic disorders
Thyroid cancer
TPP1 deficiencies
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
Tricuspid atresia
TSC1
TSC2-related tuberous sclerosis
Type 2 diabetes mellitus         Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist
Type 2 diabetes mellitus         Insulin
Tyrosinemia, type I              Fumarylacetoacetase
Ulcerative colitis
Uterine fibroids
Varicose veins
Venous thromboembolism
Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
von Gierke's disease             Glucose-6-phosphatase
Von Hippel-Lindau disease        pVHL
Wegener granulomatosis
Wilson disease                   Wilson disease protein
X-Linked adrenal hypoplasia
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
X-linked agammaglobulinemia      Bruton's tyrosine kinase

In some embodiments, the present invention is used to prevent, treat and/or cure a subject affected with a disease or disorder listed or associated with the proteins listed in Tables 1,2,3, or 4. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes one or more of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1), Factor IX, survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1), or phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).

EXEMPLIFICATION

Example 1: Synthesis of Compound (A3)

To a solution of Vitamin A or Retinol (0.7 g, 2.44 mmol) and 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.50 g, 2.93 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.49 g, 3.66 mmol), HBTU (1.40 g, 3.66 mmol), and DMAP (0.45 g, 3.66 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.13 mL, 12.2 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain Compound (3) as a dark brown oil (1.3 g), which was purified by column chromatography.

Example 2: Synthesis of Compound (A4)

To a solution of Vitamin A or Retinol (0.25 g, 0.87 mmol) and 4-(Dimethylamino)butyric acid hydrochloride (0.17 g, 1.05 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.18 g, 1.31 mmol), HBTU (0.49 g, 1.31 mmol), and DMAP (0.16 g, 1.31 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (0.76 mL, 4.36 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain Compound (4) as a dark brown oil (0.5 g).

Example 3: Synthesis of Compound (D5)

To a solution of Vitamin-D3 (1.0 g, 2.60 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)butyric acid hydrochloride (0.52 g, 3.12 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.53 g, 3.90 mmol), HBTU (1.5 g, 3.90 mmol), and DMAP (0.48 g, 3.90 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.3 mL, 13.0 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (5) as a sticky brown solid (0.78 g, 60%).

Example 4: Synthesis of Compound (D6)

To a solution of Vitamin-D3 (1.0 g, 2.60 mmol) and 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.54 g, 3.12 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.53 g, 3.90 mmol), HBTU (1.5 g, 3.90 mmol), and DMAP (0.5 g, 3.90 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.3 mL, 12.9 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (6) as a sticky yellow solid (0.56 g, 40%).

Example 5: Synthesis of Compound (D7)

To a solution of Vitamin D3 (1.0 g, 2.60 mmol) and 3-(bis(3-((8-methylnonyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)amino)propanoic acid (1.5 g, 2.86 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.53 g, 3.90 mmol), HBTU (1.48 g, 3.90 mmol), and DMAP (0.48 g, 3.90 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.3 mL, 13.0 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring for another 24 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (7) as a sticky yellow solid (0.80 g, 35%).

Example 6: Synthesis of Compound (E3)

To a solution of Vitamin E or DL-α-tocopherol (1.0 g, 2.32 mmol) and 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.48 g, 2.79 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.47 g, 3.50 mmol), HBTU (1.32 g, 3.50 mmol), and DMAP (0.42 g, 3.50 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.0 mL, 11.6 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (3) as a sticky yellow solid (0.45 g, 33%).

Example 7: Synthesis of Compound (E4)

Step I

Beta alanine (10.0 g, 112.2 mmol) was dissolved into DMSO/H₂O (100 mL, 1:1 v/v ratio). Isodecyl acrylate (68.1 mL, 280.6 mmol) was added into it and the reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 3 days. The reaction was stopped after 3 days and cooled to room temperature. The organic layer was then separated, diluted with ethyl acetate (300 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 1.0-3.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain 3-(bis(3-((8-methylnonyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)amino) propanoic acid as a colorless oil (12.0 g, 21%).

Step 2

To a solution of Vitamin E or DL-α-tocopherol (0.6 g, 1.40 mmol) and 3-(bis(3-((8-methylnonyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)amino)propanoic acid (0.60 g, 1.17 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) were added HOBt (0.24 g, 1.75 mmol), HBTU (0.66 g, 1.75 mmol), and DMAP (0.19 g, 1.52 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (1.02 mL, 5.85 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring for another 24 h at room temperature. Reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (4) as a light brown oil (0.50 g, 46%).

Example 8: Synthesis of Compound (E5)

To a solution of Vitamin E or DL-α-tocopherol (1.0 g, 2.32 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)butyric acid hydrochloride (0.47 g, 2.78 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added HOBt (0.47 g, 3.48 mmol), HBTU (1.32 g, 3.48 mmol), and DMAP (0.42 g, 3.48 mmol) followed by slow addition of DIPEA (2.0 mL, 11.6 mmol). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour and continued stirring overnight at room temperature. Reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3×100 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 0.5-1.0% MeOH in DCM) to obtain Compound (5) as a sticky brown solid (0.78 g, 60%).

Example 9: Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation Using Vitamin Cationic Lipids and In Vivo Expression of FFLuc in CD1 Mice

Cationic lipids described herein can be used in the preparation of lipid nanoparticles according to methods known in the art. For example, suitable methods include methods described in International Publication No. WO 2018/089801, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

One exemplary process for lipid nanoparticle formulation is Process A of WO 2018/089801 (see, e.g., Example 1 and FIG. 1 of WO 2018/089801). Process A (“A”) relates to a conventional method of encapsulating mRNA by mixing mRNA with a mixture of lipids, without first pre-forming the lipids into lipid nanoparticles. In an exemplary process, an ethanol lipid solution and an aqueous buffered solution of mRNA were prepared separately. A solution of mixture of lipids (cationic lipid, helper lipids, zwitterionic lipids, PEG lipids etc.) was prepared by dissolving lipids in ethanol. The mRNA solution was prepared by dissolving the mRNA in citrate buffer, resulting in mRNA at a concentration of 0.0833 mg/ml in citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5. The mixtures were then both heated to 65° C. prior to mixing. Then, these two solutions were mixed using a pump system. In some instances, the two solutions were mixed using a gear pump system. In certain embodiments, the two solutions were mixing using a ‘T’ junction (or “Y” junction). The mixture was then purified by diafiltration with a TFF process. The resultant formulation concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. until further use.

A second exemplary process for lipid nanoparticle formulation is Process B of WO 2018/089801 (see, e.g., Example 2 and FIG. 2 of WO 2018/089801). Process B (“B”) refers to a process of encapsulating messenger RNA (mRNA) by mixing pre-formed lipid nanoparticles with mRNA. A range of different conditions, such as varying temperatures (i.e., heating or not heating the mixture), buffers, and concentrations, may be employed in Process B. In an exemplary process, lipids dissolved in ethanol and citrate buffer were mixed using a pump system. The instantaneous mixing of the two streams resulted in the formation of empty lipid nanoparticles, which was a self-assembly process. The resultant formulation mixture was empty lipid nanoparticles in citrate buffer containing alcohol. The formulation was then subjected to a TFF purification process wherein buffer exchange occurred. The resulting suspension of pre-formed empty lipid nanoparticles was then mixed with mRNA using a pump system. For certain cationic lipids, heating the solution post-mixing resulted in a higher percentage of lipid nanoparticles containing mRNA and a higher total yield of mRNA.

The nanoparticle formulations of Table 5 were prepared by Process A as described above for intratracheal administration via MicroSprayer®. All of the formulations comprised mRNA encoding firefly luciferase (FFLuc) protein and other components in the following mol % ratio: Cationic Lipid:DMG-PEG2000; Cholesterol:DOPE=40:5:25:30.

TABLE 5
Exemplary Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations
mRNA	Formulation Composition	Process	N/P	Size	PDI	Encapsulation %
FFLuc	(D5):	A	4	73.46	0.228	63.08
	DMG-PEG2000:Cholesterol:DOPE
FFLuc	(D6):	A	4	65.34	0.247	98.47
	DMG-PEG2000:Cholesterol:DOPE

Example 10: In Vivo Expression of mRNA Encoding Firefly Luciferase (FFLuc) Protein

Intratracheal administration of lipid nanoparticle formulations comprising exemplary vitamin cationic lipids and mRNA encoding FFLuc protein (Table 1) was undertaken in order to study mRNA delivery and resultant protein expression. Male CD1 mice at 6-8 weeks old were dosed by a single intratracheal aerosol administration (50 ul/animal) while anesthetized with isoflurane (1% to 4%) via nose cone. The mice were sacrificed 24 hours post-dose and both lungs harvested for ex vivo IVIS imaging following perfusion. FFLuc protein was detected in the lungs of animals dosed with the formulations of Table 5. These studies demonstrate that the vitamin cationic lipids described herein are effective at delivering mRNA in vivo and result in expression of the protein or polypeptide encoded by the delivered mRNA.

While certain compounds, compositions and methods of the present invention have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds of the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

First Set of Embodiments

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (A-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

2. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

3. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.4. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.5. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 3, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.6. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 4, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.7. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 5, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.8. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 6, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.9. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 5, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.10. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.11. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.12. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 12, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.13. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.14. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.15. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 14, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.16. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 15, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.17. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 14, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.18. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 17, wherein X¹ is

wherein

R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

19. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 18, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.20. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 19, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.21. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 20, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.22. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 18, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.23. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 22, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.24. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.25. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

26. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

27. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

28. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

29. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

30. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

31. A composition comprising the liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiment 1-30.32. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.33. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.34. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (A-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

35. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

36. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.37. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.38. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 36, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.39. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 37, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.40. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is selected from —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.41. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 39, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.42. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.43. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.44. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.45. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 43, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.46. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.47. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.48. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.49. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 48, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.50. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47, wherein X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.51. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 50, wherein X¹ is

wherein

R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and

each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

52. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.53. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 52, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.54. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 53, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.55. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.56. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.57. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.58. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

59. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

60. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

61. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

64. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-63.65. The composition of embodiment 64, further comprising one more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.66. The composition of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.67. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.68. The composition of embodiment 67, wherein the mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.69. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.70. The composition of embodiment 69, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.71. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.72. The composition of embodiment 71, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.

Second Set of Embodiments

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (D-A):

wherein

represents a single or double bond;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is O or S;

Z is O or a covalent bond;

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and

R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

2. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-I):

3. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-III):

4. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Ia):

5. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIIa):

6. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Ib):

7. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIIb):

8. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Ic):

9. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIIc):

10. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Id):

11. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIId):

12. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein X² is O.13. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.14. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.15. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 13, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.16. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 14, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.17. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 15, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.18. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 16, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.19. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 14, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.20. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.21. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.22. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 21, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.23. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.24. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.25. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 24, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.26. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 25, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.27. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 24, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.28. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 27, wherein X¹ is

wherein

R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and

each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.

29. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 28, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.30. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 29, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.31. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 30, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁ 32. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 28, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.33. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 32, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.34. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.35. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is

36. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is

37. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein X¹ is

38. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

39. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

40. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

41. A composition comprising the liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiment 1-40.42. The composition of embodiment 41, comprising an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.43. The composition of embodiment 41, comprising an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.44. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (D-A):

wherein

represents a single or double bond;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is O or S;

Z is O or a covalent bond;

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene; and

R² is H or C₁-C₄-alkyl.

45. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-I):

46. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 44, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-III):

47. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Ia):

48. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIIa):

49. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Ib):

50. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIIb):

51. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Ic):

52. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIIc):

53. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 45, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-Id):

54. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44 or 46, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (D-IIId):

55. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-54, wherein X² is O.56. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.57. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.58. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 56, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.59. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 57, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.60. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 58, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.61. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 59, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₇—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, and —C₂₅H₅₀—.62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 57, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.64. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.65. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 64, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.66. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.67. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.68. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 67, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.69. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 68, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.70. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 67, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.71. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 70, wherein X¹ is

• • wherein
  • R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.72. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 69, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.73. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 72, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.74. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 73, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₈, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.75. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 69, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.76. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 75, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.77. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 75 or 76, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.78. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is

79. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is

80. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-55, wherein X¹ is

81. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

82. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

83. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

84. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 44-83.85. The composition of embodiment 84, further comprising one more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.86. The composition of embodiment 84 or 85, wherein the nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.87. The composition of any one of embodiments 82-83, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.88. The composition of embodiment 87, wherein the mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.89. The composition of any one of embodiments 84-86, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.90. The composition of embodiment 89, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.91. The composition of any one of embodiments 84-86, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.92. The composition of embodiment 91, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.

Third Set of Embodiments

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, optionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (E-I):

wherein

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

2. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (E-Ia):

3. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.4. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.5. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 3, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.6. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 4, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.7. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 5, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.8. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 6, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.9. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 5, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.10. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.11. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.12. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 12, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.13. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.14. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.15. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 14, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.16. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 15, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.17. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 14, wherein X¹ is dialkylamine.18. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 17, wherein X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.19. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 18, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.20. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 19, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.21. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 20, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.22. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 18, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.23. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 22, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.24. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.25. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

26. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

27. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein X¹ is

28. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

29. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

30. The liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of embodiment 1, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

31. A composition comprising the liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a protein of any one of embodiments 1-30.32. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.33. The composition of embodiment 31, comprising an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.34. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (E-I):

R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.

35. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (E-Ia):

36. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.37. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₅-alkylene.38. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 36, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.39. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 37, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅-alkylene.40. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, and —C₂₅H₅₀—.41. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 39, wherein R¹ is —C₂H₄—, —C₃H₆—, or C₄H₈—.42. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.43. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.44. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.45. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 44, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.46. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.47. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.48. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47, wherein X¹ is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.49. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 48, wherein X¹ is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.50. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 47, wherein X¹ is substituted dialkylamine.51. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 50, wherein X¹ is

whereinR^3a and R^3b are each independently C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkynyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenyl, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynyl, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₅-C₆-aryl, or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl; and each n is independently an integer having a value between about 1 and about 6.52. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.53. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 52, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkyl.54. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 53, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently selected from —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, —C₂₀H₄₁, —C₂₁H₄₃, —C₂₂H₄₅, —C₂₃H₄₇, —C₂₄H₄₉, or —C₂₅H₅₁.55. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 51, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is C₆-C₃₀-alkenyl or C₈-C₂₀-alkenyl.56. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from C₈-alkenyl, C₉-alkenyl, C₁₀-alkenyl, C₁₁-alkenyl, C₁₂-alkenyl, C₁₃-alkenyl, C₁₄-alkenyl, C₁₅-alkenyl, C₁₆-alkenyl, C₁₇-alkenyl, C₁₈-alkenyl, C₁₉-alkenyl, and C₂₀-alkenyl.57. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein R^3a and R^3b are each independently is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH₂, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃ CH₃—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅ CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄ CH₃, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇ CH₃, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂ CH₃.58. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

59. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

60. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-46, wherein X¹ is

61. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of embodiment 34, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

64. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of embodiments 34-63.65. The composition of embodiment 64, further comprising one more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.66. The composition of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.67. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.68. The composition of embodiment 67, wherein the mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.69. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.70. The composition of embodiment 69, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.71. The composition of any one of embodiments 64-66, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.72. The composition of embodiment 71, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.

Fourth Set of Embodiments

1. A cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (K-I):

wherein

• • R¹ is C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkenylene, C₂-C₃₀-alkynylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkenylene, hetero-C₁-C₃₀-alkynylene, a polymer, C₅-C₆-cycloalkylene, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkylene, C₅-C₆-arylene, or 5- to 6-membered heteroarylene;

X¹ is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group;

X² is S, C═O, or C═S;

X³ is S, O, CR^aR^b, or NR^c;

• • R^a and R^b are each independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl; or

R^a and R^b, together with the carbon atom through which they are connected, form a saturated or unsaturated C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and

• • R^c is independently H, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, or C₂-C₆-alkynyl.2. The cationic lipid having a structure according to embodiment 1, having a structure according to Formula (K-Ia):

3. The cationic lipid having a structure according to embodiment 1, having a structure according to Formula (K-Ib):

4. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.5. The cationic lipid of embodiment 4, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene.6. The cationic lipid of embodiment 5, wherein R¹ is —C₆H₁₂—, —C₇H₁₄—, —C₈H₁₆—, —C₉H₁₈—, —C₁₀H₂₀—, —C₁₁H₂₂—, —C₁₂H₂₄—, —C₁₃H₂₆—, —C₁₄H₂₈—, —C₁₅H₃₀—, —C₁₆H₃₂—, —C₁₇H₃₄—, —C₁₈H₃₆—, —C₁₉H₃₈—, —C₂₀H₄₀—, —C₂₁H₄₂—, —C₂₂H₄₄—, —C₂₃H₄₆—, —C₂₄H₄₈—, or —C₂₅H₅₀—.7. The cationic lipid of embodiment 4, wherein R¹ is substituted C₆-C₃₀-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.8. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ is C₆-C₃₀-alkenylene or C₈-C₂₀-alkenylene.9. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ is selected from C₈-alkenylene, C₉-alkenylene, C₁₀-alkenylene, C₁₁-alkenylene, C₁₂-alkenylene, C₁₃-alkenylene, C₁₄-alkenylene, C₁₅-alkenylene, C₁₆-alkenylene, C₁₇-alkenylene, C₁₈-alkenylene, C₁₉-alkenylene, and C₂₀-alkenylene.10. The cationic lipid of embodiment 9, wherein R¹ is selected from unsubstituted C₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₉-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₀-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₁-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₂-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₃-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₄-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₅-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₆-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₇-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₈-alkenylene, unsubstituted C₁₉-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C₂₀-alkenylene.11. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein R¹ is selected from —(CH₂)₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₉CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₀CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₂CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₃CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₄CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₅CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₆CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₇CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₁₈CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, —(CH₂)₆CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₂—, and —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₂—.12. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein X¹ is NH₂, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.13. The cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 12, wherein X¹ is

14. The cationic lipid of embodiment 1, having the structure of:

15. A composition comprising an mRNA encoding a protein, encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is of any one of embodiments 1-14.16. The composition of embodiment 15, comprising an mRNA encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.17. The composition of embodiment 15, comprising an mRNA encoding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.18. A composition comprising a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid of any one of embodiments 1-14.19. The composition of embodiment 18, further comprising one more lipids selected from the group consisting of one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids.20. The composition of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide.21. The composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.22. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the mRNA encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.23. The composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.24. The composition of embodiment 23, wherein the mRNA encodes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.25. The composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in vaccine.26. The composition of embodiment 25, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.

Claims

1. A liposome encapsulating an mRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, andoptionally one or more non-cationic lipids, optionally one or more cholesterol-based lipids and optionally one or more PEG-modified lipids; andwherein the liposome comprises at least one cationic lipid that comprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and also comprises a moiety X1, wherein X1 is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group.

2. The liposome of claim 1, comprising a cationic lipid having a structure according to any one of the following structures:

3. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, comprising a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (A-1):

4. The liposome of claim 3, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

5. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (E-1):

6. The liposome of claim 5, wherein the cationic lipid has a structure according to Formula (E-1a):

7. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1):

8. The liposome of claim 7, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1a):

9. The liposome of claim 7, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1 b):

10. The liposome of claim 1, comprising a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (D-A):

11. The liposome of claim 10, having a structure according to any one of the following formulas:

12. The liposome of claim 11, having a structure according to any one of the following formulas:

13. The liposome of any one of claims 10-12, wherein X2 is O.

14. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R1 is C6-C30-alkylene.

15. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R1 is C1-C5-alkylene.

16. The liposome of claim 14, wherein R1 is unsubstituted C6-C30-alkylene.

17. The liposome of claim 15, wherein R1 is unsubstituted C1-C5-alkylene.

18. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R1 is —C6H12—, —C7H14—, —C8H16—, —C9H18—, —C10H20—, —C11H22—, —C12H24—, —C13H26—, —C14H28—, —C15H30—, —C16H32—, —C17H34—, —C18H36—, —C19H38—, —C20H40—, —C21H42—, —C22H44—, —C23H46—, —C24H48—, or —C25H50—.

19. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R1 is —C2H4—, —C3H6—, or C4H8—.

20. The liposome of claim 14, wherein R1 is substituted C6-C30-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

21. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R1 is C6-C30-alkenylene or C8-C20-alkenylene.

22. The liposome of any one of claims 2-13, wherein R1 is selected from C8-alkenylene, C9-alkenylene, C10-alkenylene, C11-alkenylene, C12-alkenylene, C13-alkenylene, C14-alkenylene, C15-alkenylene, C16-alkenylene, C17-alkenylene, C18-alkenylene, C19-alkenylene, and C20-alkenylene.

23. The liposome of claim 22, wherein R1 is selected from unsubstituted C8-alkenylene, unsubstituted C9-alkenylene, unsubstituted C10-alkenylene, unsubstituted C11-alkenylene, unsubstituted C12-alkenylene, unsubstituted C13-alkenylene, unsubstituted C14-alkenylene, unsubstituted C15-alkenylene, unsubstituted C16-alkenylene, unsubstituted C17-alkenylene, unsubstituted C18-alkenylene, unsubstituted C19-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C20-alkenylene.

24. The liposome of claim 22, wherein R1 is selected from —(CH2)4CH═CH—, —(CH2)5CH═CH—, —(CH2)6CH═CH—, —(CH2)7CH═CH—, —(CH2)8CH═CH—, —(CH2)9CH═CH—, —(CH2)10CH═CH—, —(CH2)11CH═CH—, —(CH2)12CH═CH—, —(CH2)13CH═CH—, —(CH2)14CH═CH—, —(CH2)15CH═CH—, —(CH2)16CH═CH—, —(CH2)17CH═CH—, —(CH2)18CH═CH—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)3CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)5CH2—, —(CH2)4CH═CH(CH2)8CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)7CH2—, —(CH2)6CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH2—, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4CH2—, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH2—, —(CH2)11CH═CH(CH2)7CH2—, and —(CH2)2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH2—.

25. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X1 is NH2, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

26. The liposome of claim 25, wherein X1 is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.

27. The liposome of claim 26, wherein X1 is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

28. The liposome of claim 25, wherein X1 is dialkylamine.

29. The liposome of claim 28, wherein X1 is

30. The liposome of claim 28, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently C6-C30-alkyl.

31. The liposome of claim 30, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently unsubstituted C6-C30-alkyl.

32. The liposome of claim 28, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from C6-C30-alkenyl.

33. The liposome of claim 32, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently C6-C30-alkenyl or C8-C20-alkenyl.

34. The liposome of claim 32, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from C8-alkenyl, C9-alkenyl, C10-alkenyl, C11-alkenyl, C12-alkenyl, C13-alkenyl, C14-alkenyl, C15-alkenyl, C16-alkenyl, C17-alkenyl, C18-alkenyl, C19-alkenyl, and C20-alkenyl.

35. The liposome of any one of claims 33-35, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from —(CH2)4CH═CH2, —(CH2)5CH═CH2, —(CH2)6CH═CH2, —(CH2)7CH═CH2, —(CH2)8CH═CH2, —(CH2)9CH═CH2, —(CH2)10CH═CH2, —(CH2)11CH═CH2, —(CH2)12CH═CH2, —(CH2)13CH═CH2, —(CH2)14CH═CH2, —(CH2)15CH═CH2, —(CH2)16CH═CH2, —(CH2)17CH═CH2, —(CH2)18CH═CH2, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)3 CH3—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)5 CH3, —(CH2)4CH═CH(CH2)8 CH3, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)7 CH3, —(CH2)6CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4 CH3, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4 CH3, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2 CH3, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4 CH3, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2 CH3, —(CH2)11CH═CH(CH2)7 CH3, and —(CH2)2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2 CH3.

36. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X1 is

37. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X1 is

38. The liposome of any one of claims 1-24, wherein X1 is

39. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

40. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

41. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

42. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

43. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

44. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

45. The liposome of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

46. The liposome of claim 1 or 10, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

47. The liposome of claim 1 or 10, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

48. The liposome of claim 1 or 10, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

49. A composition comprising the liposome of any one of claims 1-48.

50. The composition of claim 49, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.

51. The composition of claim 50, wherein the mRNA encodes for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.

52. The composition of claim 49, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.

53. The composition of claim 52, wherein the mRNA encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

54. The composition of claim 49, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in a vaccine.

55. The composition of claim 54, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.

56. The composition of claim 55, wherein the antigen is from an infectious agent.

57. The composition of any one of claims 49-56, formulated for intravenous (IV) administration.

58. The composition of any one of claims 49-56, formulated for intramuscular (IM) administration.

59. The composition of any one of claims 49-56, formulated for administration by inhalation.

60. The composition of claim 59, wherein the composition is formulated for nebulization.

61. A nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid, wherein the cationic lipid comprises the structure of Vitamin A, D, E, or K, and also comprises a moiety X1, wherein X1 is an ionizable nitrogen-containing group.

62. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to any one of the following structures:

63. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein, wherein the liposome comprises a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (A-I):

64. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 63, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

65. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 64, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (A-Ia):

66. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (E-1):

67. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 66, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (E-1a):

68. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1):

69. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 68 wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1a):

70. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 68, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure according to Formula (K-1b):

71. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61, comprising a cationic lipid having a structure according to Formula (D-A):

72. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 71, having a structure according to any one of the following formulas:

73. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 72, having a structure according to any one of the following formulas:

74. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 71-73, wherein X2 is O.

75. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R1 is C6-C30-alkylene.

76. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R1 is C1-C5-alkylene.

77. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 75, wherein R1 is unsubstituted C6-C30-alkylene.

78. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 76, wherein R1 is unsubstituted C1-C5-alkylene.

79. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R1 is —C6H12—, —C7H14—, —C8H16—, —C9H18—, —C10H20—, —C11H22—, —C12H24—, —C13H26—, —C14H28—, —C15H30—, —C16H32—, —C17H34—, —C18H36—, —C19H38—, —C20H40—, —C21H42—, —C22H44—, —C23H46—, —C24H48—, or —C25H50—.

80. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R1 is —C2H4—, —C3H6—, or C4H8—.

81. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 75, wherein R1 is substituted C6-C30-alkylene with one or substituents selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, thiol, ester, and thioester.

82. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R1 is C6-C30-alkenylene or C8-C20-alkenylene.

83. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-74, wherein R1 is selected from C8-alkenylene, C9-alkenylene, C10-alkenylene, C11-alkenylene, C12-alkenylene, C13-alkenylene, C14-alkenylene, C15-alkenylene, C16-alkenylene, C17-alkenylene, C18-alkenylene, C19-alkenylene, and C20-alkenylene.

84. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 83, wherein R1 is selected from unsubstituted C8-alkenylene, unsubstituted C9-alkenylene, unsubstituted C10-alkenylene, unsubstituted C11-alkenylene, unsubstituted C12-alkenylene, unsubstituted C13-alkenylene, unsubstituted C14-alkenylene, unsubstituted C15-alkenylene, unsubstituted C16-alkenylene, unsubstituted C17-alkenylene, unsubstituted C18-alkenylene, unsubstituted C19-alkenylene, and unsubstituted C20-alkenylene.

85. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 83, wherein R1 is selected from —(CH2)4CH═CH—, —(CH2)5CH═CH—, —(CH2)6CH═CH—, —(CH2)7CH═CH—, —(CH2)8CH═CH—, —(CH2)9CH═CH—, —(CH2)10CH═CH—, —(CH2)11CH═CH—, —(CH2)12CH═CH—, —(CH2)13CH═CH—, —(CH2)14CH═CH—, —(CH2)15CH═CH—, —(CH2)16CH═CH—, —(CH2)17CH═CH—, —(CH2)18CH═CH—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)3CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)5CH2—, —(CH2)4CH═CH(CH2)8CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)7CH2—, —(CH2)6CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4CH2—, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH2—, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4CH2—, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH2—, —(CH2)11CH═CH(CH2)7CH2—, and —(CH2)2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH2—.

86. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-85, wherein X1 is NH2, guanidine, amidine, a mono- or dialkylamine, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl.

87. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 86, wherein X1 is a 5- to 6-membered, nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl.

88. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 87, wherein X1 is substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

89. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 86, wherein X1 is dialkylamine.

90. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 89, wherein X1 is

91. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 90, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently C6-C30-alkyl.

92. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 91, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently unsubstituted C6-C30-alkyl.

93. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 90, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from C6-C30-alkenyl.

94. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 93, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently C6-C30-alkenyl or C5-C20-alkenyl.

95. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 93, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from C8-alkenyl, C9-alkenyl, C10-alkenyl, C11-alkenyl, C12-alkenyl, C13-alkenyl, C14-alkenyl, C15-alkenyl, C16-alkenyl, C17-alkenyl, C18-alkenyl, C19-alkenyl, and C20-alkenyl.

96. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 94 or 95, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from —(CH2)4CH═CH2, —(CH2)5CH═CH2, —(CH2)6CH═CH2, —(CH2)7CH═CH2, —(CH2)8CH═CH2, —(CH2)9CH═CH2, —(CH2)10CH═CH2, —(CH2)11CH═CH2, —(CH2)12CH═CH2, —(CH2)13CH═CH2, —(CH2)14CH═CH2, —(CH2)15CH═CH2, —(CH2)16CH═CH2, —(CH2)17CH═CH2, —(CH2)18CH═CH2, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)3 CH3—, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)5 CH3, —(CH2)4CH═CH(CH2)8 CH3, —(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)7 CH3, —(CH2)6CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4 CH3, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4 CH3, —(CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2 CH3, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)4 CH3, —(CH2)3CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2 CH3, —(CH2)11CH═CH(CH2)7 CH3, and —(CH2)2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2 CH3.

97. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-85, wherein X1 is

98. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-85, wherein X1 is

99. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 62-85, wherein X1 is

100. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

101. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

102. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

103. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

104. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

105. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

106. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 62, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

107. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 71, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

108. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 71, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

109. The nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of claim 61 or 71, wherein the cationic lipid has the structure of:

110. A composition comprising the nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome of any one of claims 61-109.

111. The composition of claim 110, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell.

112. The composition of claim 111, wherein the mRNA encodes for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.

113. The composition of claim 110, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell.

114. The composition of claim 113, wherein the mRNA encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein.

115. The composition of claim 110, wherein the mRNA encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in a vaccine.

116. The composition of claim 115, wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen.

117. The composition of claim 116, wherein the antigen is from an infectious agent.

118. The composition of any one of claims 110-117, formulated for intravenous (IV) administration.

119. The composition of any one of claims 110-117, formulated for intramuscular (IM) administration.

120. The composition of any one of claims 110-117, formulated for administration by inhalation.

121. The composition of claim 120, wherein the composition is formulated for nebulization.