Patent Application
20180273756
The present disclosure relates to a water-disintegrable resin composition and a material set for producing a three-dimensional object using the same, and a three-dimensional object producing method.
Hitherto, in the fields of, for example, medical care, construction, or production, three-dimensional object producing techniques have been used in order to obtain products and parts having desired shapes. As an example, in a three-dimensional object producing technique by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, a filament-shaped resin composition called model material is conveyed by a conveying gear to a heating head through a conveying tube, fused, and discharged to form a layer having a predetermined shape, and this operation is repeated to laminate layers of the model material, to obtain an object having an intended three-dimensional shape. In this case, another shape is also produced with another filament-shaped resin composition called support material in the same manner as the model material to support the model material. This makes it possible to obtain a shape blooming in the layer laminating direction like a cup or an object having a torus shape like a handle.
In consideration of, for example, shapability and the function for supporting the model material during production, the support material needs to have heat fusibility and heat resistance. Further, in consideration of removal of the support material from the model material after production, the support material also needs to have easy removability.
As a support material for producing a three-dimensional object having these properties, water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments are commercially available. Because of the water-solubility, the filaments can be removed from the model material after production by contact with water.
However, filaments using such a water-soluble resin tend to form a shape commonly called lump. If a lump occurs, it is difficult to dissolve the whole of the filaments in water. Hence, the materials used in the support material end up adhering to the three-dimensional object, and a lot of efforts have been taken to detach the adherent matter. Many filaments per se can dissolve in water by immersion in water all night. However, once filaments have formed an object having a thickness or have formed the lump mentioned above, it takes a period amounting to a few days or longer for the support material to dissolve. This has been a serious problem.
As an alkali-soluble material for producing a three-dimensional object, a composition containing a plasticizer and a carboxylic acid-containing base polymer (specifically, a copolymer resin of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate) has been disclosed (for example, see Japanese Translation of PCT International Application Publication No. JP-T-2008-144773). A support material formed of this composition is removed by dissolution in an alkaline solution. However, the alkaline solution needs to have pH of 11 or higher, and this has been a problem in terms of safety.
Furthermore, because methacrylic acid is hard, brittle, and extremely poorly flexible, the material may tear by folding during conveyance in production or may have troubles during conveyance through a conveying tube having a high curvature unless the material contains the plasticizer in a large amount. Moreover, when the plasticizer is mixed in a large amount, there may be a case where dischargeability of a fused liquid of the resin is degraded, particularly in a high-humidity environment.
According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a water-disintegrable resin composition includes at least a water-soluble resin (A) and an acidic substance (B).
The present disclosure has an object to provide a water-disintegrable resin composition having an excellent water-disintegrability, an excellent removability as a support material, and an excellent conveyability attributable to a good flexibility.
The present disclosure can provide a water-disintegrable resin composition having an excellent water-disintegrability, an excellent removability as a support material, and an excellent conveyability attributable to a good flexibility.
An embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. However, the present disclosure should not be construed as being limited to the embodiment described below.
A water-disintegrable resin composition of the present disclosure contains at least a water-soluble resin (A) and an acidic substance (B), preferably contains one or both of an easily water-soluble substance (C) and a water-swellable substance (D), and further contains other components as needed.
The water-soluble resin (A) is not particularly limited so long as the water-soluble resin (A) is a resin that is soluble in water. The water-soluble resin (A) is preferably a resin that is soluble in water in a temperature range of from room temperature through the boiling point or the below-described aqueous solution (hereinafter may be referred to as support material dissolving liquid) for dissolving the composition of the present disclosure. Particularly preferable examples of the water-soluble resin (A) include polyvinyl alcohol (PVC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), maleic acid-based copolymers, and chitosans such as low-molecular-weight chitosans and chitosan salts. The resins mentioned above may be copolymers so long as the copolymers have water-solubility. To take polyvinyl alcohol for example, substances in which the amount of hydroxyl group called saponification degree is adjusted or substances enhanced in solubility in the form of copolymers with, for example, butanediol may be used.
For example, the acidic substance (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of inorganic acidic substances and organic acidic substances.
Examples of the inorganic acidic substances include phosphoric acids. Examples of the organic acidic substances include carboxylic acids such as carboxylic acid and carboxylic anhydrides, or metal salts of carboxylic acid and carboxylic anhydrides.
The carboxylic acids have pH levels close to the neutral level and are preferable because the carboxylic acids have a mild reactivity with the support material dissolving liquid when, for example, the support material dissolving liquid is alkaline. Among the carboxylic acids, at least one selected from the group consisting of citric acid, maleic acid or maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, pyruvic acid, and amino acid is/are preferable. As the amino acid, for example, aspartic acid and glycine are preferable in terms of availability, cost performance, and safety.
The content of the acidic substance (B) in the composition of the present disclosure is preferably 1% by mass or greater and more preferably 1% by mass or greater but 50% by mass or less relative to the water-soluble resin (A) in terms of disintegrability of the composition.
The composition of the present disclosure can contain one or both of the easily water-soluble substance (C) and the water-swellable substance (D) in order to be further enhanced in water-disintegrability.
Easy water-solubility of the easily water-soluble substance (C) refers to a property that allows the mixture liquid to maintain a uniform appearance even after the mixture liquid has ceased to flow after gently stirred with the same volume of pure water at 1 atm at a temperature of 20 degrees C., as provided by Fire Service Act. In the present disclosure, the easily water-soluble substance (C) may be a substance that does not completely dissolve in water but quickly disperses in water in the form of particles. Such a substance can also be used as the easily water-soluble substance (C).
As the easily water-soluble substance (C), at least one selected from the group consisting of sucrose, potassium citrate, acetate, and potassium carbonate is preferable in terms of availability and safety.
The content of the easily water-soluble substance (C) in the composition of the present disclosure is 5% by mass or greater and more preferably 5% by mass or greater but 90% by mass or less relative to the water-soluble resin (A) in terms of disintegrability of the composition.
The water-swellable substance (D) is a substance that has a three-dimensional structure and takes in water molecules into the gaps in the structure upon contact with water to undergo volume increase. The amount of water taken into the water-swellable substance (D) is preferably 0.5% by mass or greater relative to the water-swellable substance (D). The water-swellable substance (D) used in the present disclosure is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of cross-linked polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP), sodium polyacrylate, cellulose, and starch in terms of availability and safety.
The content of the water-swellable substance (D) is preferably 1% by mass or greater and more preferably 1% by mass or greater but 50% by mass or less relative to the water-soluble resin (A) in terms of disintegrability of the composition.
Polylactic acid can also be used because polylactic acid also has water-swellability. As the method for using polylactic acid, for example, there is a method of introducing polylactic acid having a high crystallinity into the center of the water-soluble resin (A) while spinning and weaving the polylactic acid and making the yarns of the polylactic acid loosen upon contact with water to additionally increase disintegrability.
The other components are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples of the other components include a colorant, a dispersant, and a plasticizer.
The water-disintegrable resin composition of the present disclosure is particularly preferable for use as a material for producing a three-dimensional object.
A three-dimensional object of the present disclosure can be produced by, after producing an object with a model material, bringing the water-disintegrable resin composition of the present disclosure used as a support material for the model material into contact with water to disintegrate the support material.
As a method for producing an object, it is possible to employ, for example, a binder jet method, a directed energy deposition method, and a material jet method specified in ASTM in addition to the method of molding the composition of the present disclosure into a filament shape (for example, with a diameter of 1.75 mm or 3 mm) and applying the FDM.
Examples of the support material dissolving liquid, which is an aqueous solution for dissolving the support material formed of the composition of the present disclosure, include water and preferably a carbonate-containing aqueous solution. Examples of the carbonate-containing aqueous solution include an aqueous solution containing a metal carbonate. Examples of the metal carbonate include sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. These metal carbonates are excellent in safety and environmentally advantageous. For example, sodium bicarbonate is used as a food additive and particularly excellent in safety. The concentration of the metal carbonate in the support material dissolving liquid is, for example, preferably 1% by mass or greater and more preferably 1% by mass or greater but 50% by mass or less.
The water-disintegrable resin composition of the present disclosure and the support material dissolving liquid may be used as a material set for producing a three-dimensional object, and after an object is produced with a model material, the support material may be brought into contact with the support material dissolving liquid in order to be disintegrated by a bubbling property. This is preferable because the support material can be quickly removed (the time needed for removal can be reduced to from ½ through 1/10 of the time needed in existing techniques) and a three-dimensional object can be produced easily.
A model material for a three-dimensional object of the present disclosure is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, a known water-insoluble resin may be used. The specific shape of the three-dimensional object is not particularly limited and may be a desired shape.
Next, a method for producing a three-dimensional object using the support material will be described with reference to
In the case of using the support material, there is a need for using at least 2 head nozzles for the model material and the support material.
The present disclosure will be described below more specifically by way of Examples and Comparative Examples. The present disclosure should not be construed as being limited to these Examples.
The materials mentioned below were used in Examples and Comparative Examples.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (available from Kuraray Co., Ltd., POVAL TC253)
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (available from Daicel Corporation, CMC DAICEL 1120)
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)
—Acidic substance (B)—
Citric acid (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Benzoic acid (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Glycine (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Maleic acid
Oxalic acid
Pyruvic acid
Sucrose (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Potassium citrate (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Potassium carbonate (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Sodium bicarbonate (available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Cross-linked polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) (available from BASF, DAIKABAN F)
Cellulose powder (available from Nippon Paper Group, Inc., KC FLOC W50-GK)
These materials were used in the addition amounts (% by mass) presented in Table 1 and kneaded with a microhanger thermo Hakke minilab biaxial extruder, to produce simple filaments. Subsequently, using the simple filaments and EXTRUDER NOZZLE PRO for 3D filament material production available from Nihon Binary Co., Ltd., filaments that had a diameter of about 1.75 mm and were to be used in FDM for producing a three-dimensional object were produced at a melting temperature of 200 degrees C. at a discharging speed of 0.5 m/minute. In Comparative Example 4, commercially available filaments for producing a three-dimensional object available from Leapfrog (hereinafter referred to as LF) and having a diameter of about 1.75 mm (containing PVA, free of an acidic substance (B)) were used. Subsequently, using these filaments and LEAPFROG CLEATR HS, a circular disk having a diameter of 5 cm and a height of 2 mm was produced by FDM (with discharging conditions: head temperature of 200 degrees C., bed temperature of 45 degrees C., object producing speed of 3,000 mm/minute, and lamination pitch of 0.1 mm).
A test piece of the object was put on a plastic petri dish formed of polyethylene. Into the petri dish, hot water of 80 degrees C. or a sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution having a concentration of 20% by mass was added as the support material dissolving liquid in an amount 5 times as great as the mass of the test piece.
The test piece and the support material dissolving liquid in the petri dish were gently stirred, and a period of time for which the support material dissolving liquid maintained a uniform appearance after the support material dissolving liquid ceased to flow was measured. This period of time is presented in Table 2 as a dissolution time.
A time taken for the test piece to be removed from the bottom surface of the petri dish by the support material dissolving liquid is presented in Table 2 as a removal time. The time at which it is determined that the test piece was removed by the support material dissolving liquid was the time when, after the liquid in the petri dish was removed to another container after a predetermined time passed from when the test piece and the support material dissolving liquid came into contact with each other, the mass of the petri dish became equal to the initial mass of the petri dish before the test piece was put, via wiping of the water content in the petri dish with a paper waste cloth (KIMWIPE).
In Table 2, additionally, a removal time when the sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution having a concentration of 20% by mass was used as the support material dissolving liquid is indicated as A when the removal time was less than 0.5 times as long as the removal time in Comparative Example 1 or 2, as B when the removal time was greater than or equal to 0.5 times but less than 1.0 time as long as the removal time in Comparative Example 1 or 2, and as C when the removal time was greater than or equal to 1.0 time as long as the removal time in Comparative Example 1 or 2. Note that the removal times for removing the test pieces including the same water-soluble resin (A) were compared.
Each of the filaments prepared as above was folded by 90 degrees, retained in the state for 10 seconds, and then unfolded. In Table 2, additionally, any filament that maintained a restoring force without a folding trace when this step was repeated 3 times is indicated as B, and any filament that had a trace or was broken when this step was repeated 3 times was indicated as C as flexibility evaluation. A filament that achieved a flexibility evaluation of B can be judged to be non-constrained in application of FDM, whereas a filament that achieved a flexibility evaluation of C is unstable as a product because such a filament may be the cause of clogging or a conveying failure.
From the results in Table 1 and Table 2, in Examples, evaluations of the removal time and flexibility both achieved good results, whereas in Comparative Example 3, sodium bicarbonate bubbled during preparation of the filaments to make the filaments brittle, and the filaments were broken when introduced into a device and failed to be set in the device, making it impossible to produce a test piece.
In Comparative Example 4, the dissolution time and the removal time were the same as in Comparative Example 1.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-234957 | Dec 2015 | JP | national |
The present application is a continuation application of International Application No. PCT/JP2016/085363, filed Nov. 29, 2016, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-234957, filed Dec. 1, 2015. The contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2016/085363 | Nov 2016 | US |
| Child | 15991595 | US |
