Claims
- 1. A water-in-oil emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, the least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.
- 2. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (A) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 2% to about 70% by weight of said emulsion.
- 3. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (B) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 1% to about 98% by weight of said emulsion.
- 4. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 0.05% to about 30% by weight of said emulsion.
- 5. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 0.05% to about 95% by weight of said emulsion.
- 6. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is derived from at least one alpha-beta olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, said acid or anhydride or derivative containing from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms exclusive of the carboxyl-based groups.
- 7. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is a monocarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.
- 8. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.
- 9. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is represented by the formulae ##STR23## wherein hyd is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I).
- 10. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) is an ester or an amide derived from at least one compound represented by the formulae ##STR24## wherein hyd is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I).
- 11. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) has an average of from about 30 to about 500 carbon atoms.
- 12. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) has an average of from about 40 to about 500 carbon atoms.
- 13. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) has an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms.
- 14. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) is an alkyl or an alkenyl group.
- 15. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) is a poly(isobutylene) group.
- 16. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one primary and/or secondary amine.
- 17. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) is derived from ammonia.
- 18. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one monoamine, said monoamine being characterized by the presence within its structure of at least one primary or secondary amino group.
- 19. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from a polyamine containing at least one primary and/or secondary amino group.
- 20. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic primary or secondary monoamine.
- 21. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polyamine containing at least one primary or secondary amino group.
- 22. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR25## wherein n is a number in the range of from 1 to about 10, each R" is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having up to about 30 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.
- 23. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one monohydric alcohol or at least one polyhydric alcohol.
- 24. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one compound represented by the formula
- R.sup.1 --(OH).sub.m
- wherein R.sup.1 is a monovalent or polyvalent organic group joined to the OH groups through carbon-to-oxygen bonds and m is an integer of from 1 to about 10.
- 25. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one monohydroxy aromatic compound and/or at least one polyhydroxy aromatic compound.
- 26. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one hydroxyamine.
- 27. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one hydroxyamine containing at least one primary or secondary amino group.
- 28. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from diethylethanolamine.
- 29. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from said acid or anhydride and at least one alcohol, the ratio of said alcohol to said acid or anhydride being in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.95 equivalent of alcohol per equivalent of said acid or anhydride.
- 30. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from said acid or anhydride and at least one amine, the ratio of said amine to said acid or anhydride being in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.95 equivalent of amine per equivalent of said acid or anhydride.
- 31. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one monoamine and/or at least one polyamine.
- 32. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine.
- 33. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic monoamine.
- 34. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic polyamine.
- 35. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR26## wherein n is a number of from 1 to about 10, each R" is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having up to about 30 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.
- 36. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises (a) at least one N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) at least one hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of (a), or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b).
- 37. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkanol amine containing up to about 40 carbon atoms.
- 38. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) is selected from the group consisting of (a) primary, secondary and tertiary alkanol amines which can be represented correspondingly by the formulae ##STR27## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said alkanol amines represented by the formulae ##STR28## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more thereof.
- 39. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) is diethylethanolamine.
- 40. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) is ammonia.
- 41. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal.
- 42. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises sodium.
- 43. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal.
- 44. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.
- 45. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.
- 46. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one organic or inorganic acid or salt.
- 47. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one borate, molybdate and/or phosphate.
- 48. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one non-oxidizing acid.
- 49. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfamic acid or at least one organic acid containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
- 50. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one oxygen-supplying salt.
- 51. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises ammonium nitrate.
- 52. A hydraulic fluid comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one borate, phosphate and/or molybdate dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 53. A hydraulic fluid comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutylene substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) diethylethanolamine;
- (D) a functional amount of at least one borate, phosphate and/or molybdate dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 54. An acidizing fluid comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one non-oxidizing acid dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 55. The fluid of claim 54 wherein said acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid hydrofluoric acid, sulfamic acid or at least one organic acid containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
- 56. An acidizing fluid comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutylene substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) diethylethanolamine;
- (D) a functional amount of at least one non-oxidizing acid dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 57. An explosive emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least open oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.
- 58. The emulsion of claim 57 wherein component (D) is ammonium nitrate.
- 59. A water-in-oil emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia and/or at least one amine; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in said aqueous phase; said functional additive being one or more oxygen-supplying salt, one or more non-oxidizing acids, or one or more borates, phosphates and/or molybdates; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.
- 60. An explosive emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emuslifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one ester or amide derived from at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 61. An explosive emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C) (II) ammonia; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 62. An explosive emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C) (II) at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 63. An explosive emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emuslifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine other than an alkanol amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.
- 64. An explosive emulsion comprising:
- (A) a continuous oil phase;
- (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;
- (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine other than diethylethanol amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and
- (D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.
Parent Case Info
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 106,483, filed Oct. 6, 1987,now abandoned which in turn is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 947,441, filed Dec. 29, 1986 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,753), which was a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 806,164, filed Dec. 6, 1985 (now abandoned). These prior applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
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