Patent Grant
7192602
This application claims priority, under 35 U.S.C. § 371, to PCT Patent Application No. PCT/EP02/09219, filed Aug. 17, 2002, which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 101 41 117.0, filed Aug. 22, 2001.
In this application, the term water-insoluble is understood to mean that a base glass of a glass composition does not dissolve in water, but rather only the surface reacting with the surrounding water exchanges ions. Water-soluble, antimicrobial silicate glass is known from a number of documents.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,544 describes water-soluble glass for use in cosmetic products with very low SiO2 and very high B2O3 or high P2O5 contents. The glass has silver concentrations higher than 0.5 wt. %. This glass has an extremely low hydrolytic resistance and is prone to completely dissolve in water. The hereby released Ag and/or Cu ions have an antibacterial effect. JP-A-92178433 also describes a water-soluble glass powder with SiO2<37 wt. % as a polymer additive with high silver concentrations >1 wt. %.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,318 describes argentiferous phosphate glass that are used as antimicrobial material for the treatment of infection wounds with combinations of Cu, Ag, and Zn. This also includes water-soluble glass that has a low SiO2 concentration and a very high P2O5 content.
Another water-soluble glass that dissolves completely in water is, for example, a glass of the type described in JP-A-08245240. The glass in accordance with JP-A-08245240 has a high phosphor content.
Due to their low hydrolytic stability, these types of glass are very limited in their suitability for refining in aqueous media.
Silicate glass without an antibacterial effect is described, for example, in DE 2346778 C2. DE 2346778 C2 shows a base glass without AgO and CuO as enamel glass. DE 2239307 describes an ion-exchange glass that contains no AgO, ZnO, CuO, and CeO2. Furthermore, GB 1294337 shows ion-exchangeable glass ceramics that also contains no AgO, ZnO, CuO, and CeO2.
Antimicrobial argentiferous borosilicate glass or borophosphate glass is described in documents JP 10218637, JP 08245240, JP 07291654, JP 03146436, JP 2000264674, and JP 2000203876. These types of glass have, for the most part, good hydrolytic stability and can therefore be refined in aqueous media.
Zeolites, which contain silver that is introduced via ion exchange, are also used as an antibacterial substance. This is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,732 and WO 0038552.
Heavy-metal-free glass, in which an antimicrobial effect can be proven, is described in DE 19932238 and DE 19932239.
Glass powders with a bioactive effective are known from WO 97/27148. However, the type of glass known from WO 97/27148 is not allowed to contain any heavy metals.
The disadvantage of the glass described in the state of the art is that many of the substances have undesirable side effects and are not harmless to health. They can be allergenic, irritating to the skin, or otherwise harmful to the human body or the environment.
Another disadvantage is that the glass known from the state of the art can only be produced commercially.
Furthermore, the glass known from the state of the art releases the ions very quickly. A controlled ion release is described in none of the documents known from the state of the art.
The problem of the invention is to specify glass or glass ceramics or glass powder that avoids the disadvantages of the state of the art. In particular, glass in terms of this application should be water-insoluble and have an antimicrobial effect.
This problem is solved by a glass or glass ceramics in accordance with one of claims 1, 3, 5, 8, or 9.
The silicate glass in accordance with the invention can be produced commercially with standard processes.
The glass or glass ceramics in accordance with the invention can be added to products in powder form. Thus, the glass is suitable for milling in different types of milling media, e.g. water; this means that the glass has a sufficient water-insolubility.
The silicate glass or the silicate glass ceramics in accordance with the invention has a biocide or a biostatic effect vis-á-vis bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It is safe on the skin when in contact with humans, is toxicologically harmless, and is especially suitable for consumption.
Based on the requirements of toxicological innocuousness of the silicate glass as well as its suitability for consumption, the glass or the glass ceramics based on the invention is particularly pure. The impact through heavy metals is low. Thus, the maximum concentration in the area of cosmetic products is preferably for Pb<20 ppm, Cd<5 ppm, As<5 ppm, Sb<10 ppm, Hg<1 ppm, and Ni<10 ppm.
With the antimicrobial substances, the products themselves can be preserved or an antimicrobial effect can be attained on the outside. Areas of application are, for example, cosmetic products, deodorant products, foods, paints, lacquers, plasters, paper-hygiene products, medical products, and cleaners.
Skin irritations play an important role in the cosmetic field. Thus, it is advantageous if the antimicrobial addition of glass is particularly gentle on the skin.
A particular advantage of the glass or glass ceramics in accordance with the invention is that the glass or the glass ceramics is suitable, based on the melting or hot shaping behavior, for being produced in appropriate commercial factories.
Besides production via a melting process, there are also alternative production processes via the sol-gel or reaction-sinter routes.
Surprisingly, there is an extremely strong antimicrobial effect of the glass in the glass composition based on the invention due to a synergistic effect between the antimicrobial effect of the Ag, Cu, Zn, and Ce heavy metal ions and the effect of the ion exchange of the glass. Through reactions on the surface of the glass, alkalis of the glass are exchanged for H+ ions of the aqueous medium. The antimicrobial effect of the ion exchange is, among other things, based on an increase in the pH value and the osmotic effect on microorganisms.
Ion-exchangeable glass in accordance with the invention has an antimicrobial effect in aqueous media through pH-value increase through ion exchange between Na or Ca and the H+ ions of the aqueous solution as well as through ion-conditional damage to cell growth (osmotic pressure, disruption of metabolic processes in the cells). Depending on the particle size, concentration, and the composition of the powder, pH values of up to 13 are reached.
The glass contains SiO2 as a network former, preferably between 35 to 70 wt. %. At low concentrations, the hydrolytic stability decreases greatly so that milling in aqueous media is no longer ensured without significant dissolving of the glass. The crystallization stability can decrease at higher values and the processing temperature is clearly increased so that the melting and hot shaping properties deteriorate.
Na2O is used as the melter for the melting of the glass. At concentrations smaller than 5%, the melting behavior is negatively influenced. Moreover, the necessary mechanism of the ion exchange is no longer sufficient enough to attain an antibacterial effect. At Na2O concentrations higher than 30%, a deterioration of the chemical resistance or hydrolytic stability, in particular in connection with a decrease in the SiO2 content, is observed.
P2O5 is a network former and can increase the crystallization stability. The concentrations should not be above 15 wt. %, since otherwise the chemical stability of the silicate glass decreases too much. P2O5 improves the surface reactivity of the glass.
CaO improves the chemical stability, in particular in the slightly alkaline range and is thus necessary in order to prevent the glass from dissolving in aqueous media.
Additions of K2O promote the exchangeability of the sodium, or rather the potassium can be exchanged for H+ ions.
The amount of Al2O3 can be increased up to a maximum of 8 wt. % in order to increase the chemical stability of the crystallization stability. ZnO is an important component for the hot shaping properties of the glass. It improves the crystallization stability and increases the surface tension. Moreover, it can support the antimicrobial effect. It increases the crystallization stability at low contents of SiO2. Up 8 wt. % ZnO can be contained in order to obtain an antimicrobial effect. A preferred embodiment contains <4 wt. % ZnO or <2 wt. %. Embodiments with <1 wt. % or 0.5 wt. % or rather <0.1 wt. % are especially preferred.
AgO, CuO, CeO2 are antimicrobial additives that synergistically strengthen the intrinsic antimicrobial effect of the base glass so that relatively low concentrations need to be added.
In order to obtain the desired antimicrobial effect, the glass preferably contains <2 wt. % or 1 wt. % AgO, CuO, CeO2. A preferred embodiment contains <0.5 wt. % or 0.2 wt. % AgO, CuO, CeO2. A particularly preferred embodiment contains contents of <0.1 or 0.01 AgO, CuO, CeO2 whereby the lower active amount is 0.001 wt. % AgO, CuO, CeO2.
The sum of the contents of AgO, ZnO, CuO, and CeO2 lies <8 wt. % or 5 wt. %. In a preferred embodiment, the amount is <2 wt. % or 1 wt. %. A preferred embodiment contains amounts of <0.5 or 2 wt. %. A particularly preferred embodiment has contents of <0.1, 0.05, or 0.01 wt. %, whereby 0.001 wt. % is preferably used as the lower effective amount.
The sum of the contents of AgO, CuO, ZnO and CeO2 in glass that contains more than one of these components lies below the added amounts in glass that only contains one of these oxide components due to synergistic effects.
The glass based on the invention has no skin-irritating effects. In fact, some anti-inflammatory effects are even observed.
Through a combination of the pH effect and the Ag release, a considerable increase can be achieved in the antimicrobial effect that goes beyond the sum of the individual effects. The concentration of Ag ions released in the product can thus lie clearly below 1 ppm.
The introduction of the Ag can hereby take place either already during the melting through corresponding silver salts or through ion exchange of the glass after the melting.
In order to obtains coloring effects, individual or several coloring components like e.g. Fe2O3, CoO, CuO, V2O5, Cr2O5 can be added to the glass in a total concentration smaller than 4 wt. %, preferably smaller than 1 wt. %.
Glass within the required composition range meets all requirements with respect to use in the areas of paper hygiene, cosmetics, paints, lacquers, plasters, medical products, cosmetic uses, food additives as well as use in deodorant products.
The glass can be used as glass powder, whereby particle sizes <100 μm are obtained through a milling process. Particle sizes <50 μm or <20 μm have proven to be appropriate. Particle sizes <10 μm as well as smaller than 5 μm are particularly suitable. Particle sizes <1 μm have proven to be particularly suitable. The milling process can be performed dry as well as with aqueous and non-aqueous milling media.
An important property, also of the glass powder, is the surprisingly proven safeness on skin, which is also present at high concentrations with high pH values.
The glass can be used in each suitable form including the named powder form. Mixtures of different glass powders from the composition range with different compositions are also possible. The mixture with other glass powders is also possible in order to combine certain effects.
Depending on the area of application, components like fluorine can be added to the glass at total concentrations of up to 5 wt. %.
The total metal ion release of the glass in order to achieve sufficient biocide or preservative effects in a product can be <50 ppm, 10 ppm based on the synergistic effect. A preferred embodiment gives <1 ppm, in particular <100 ppb, for pH values between 9 and 13 pH.
The glass described in this invention is not water-soluble, but rather works mainly through ion exchange or ion release, which is associated with a surface reaction, pH increase, and metal ion release. Through the synergistic, antimicrobial effect of the glass itself as well as the antimicrobial effect of the metal ions, the required amounts of metal ions are lower, in order to achieve an appropriate effect.
The invention is described below using the embodiment examples.
Embodiments
The glass was melted from the raw materials in a platinum crucible at 1600° C. and was processed into a semi-finished product or ribbons. The ribbons were milled in a drum grinder to grain sizes of up to 4 μm. Grain sizes below 4 μm were attained with attritor grindings in an aqueous or non-aqueous medium.
Particularly preferred are thus compositions of glass in accordance with the invention that comprise 32 to 48 wt. % SiO2; 5 to 7 wt. % P2O5; 23 to 32 wt. % CaO; 23 to 32 wt. % Na2O; 0.01 to 2 wt. % Ag. These types of glass compositions have the advantage of a clearly higher reactivity. Furthermore, they have a high water-insolubility. Through the phosphor integrated into the SiO2 network, the network is modified so that Ag is released very slightly. Ca serves as a stabilizer and reduces the solubility of the glass. In the preferred embodiment examples, the ratio of Ca to phosphor content is selected so that a controlled and slow ion release is reached with a high resistance. The particularly preferred Ca/P ratio is 17/6, preferred 25/6, particularly preferred 30/6. If the ratio of Ca/P content thus lies in the 2.0–6.0 range, preferably in the 2.5 to 5.5 range, then a controlled and slow ion release is reached at a high glass resistance.
Embodiment 2 displays the following antimicrobial effect of a 0.01 wt. % aqueous suspension of a powder from a glass in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia (3rd Edition) as per Table 2.
E. coli
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus
C. albicans
A. niger
The powder itself, including a glass in accordance with embodiment 2 in non-suspended form, has the following antimicrobial effect in accordance with European Pharmacopoeia (3rd Edition) as per Table 3.
E. coli
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus
C. albicans
A. niger
Table 4 shows a silver concentration in an aqueous suspension for a powder, including a glass in accordance with embodiment 2, after different periods of time.
In comparison, Table 5 shows the silver concentration in an aqueous suspension of a powder, including a glass in accordance embodiment 3, after different periods of time.
As follows from Tables 1 through 5, the glass based on the invention has an antimicrobial and preservative as well as a strong antimicrobial effect even at low heavy-metal release and a low toxicity.
Thus, the glass is excellent as an antimicrobial additive for a variety of uses.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 101 41 117 | Aug 2001 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP02/09219 | 8/17/2002 | WO | 00 | 3/19/2004 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO03/018495 | 3/6/2003 | WO | A |
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| 20050069592 A1 | Mar 2005 | US |
