Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to managing water in and around fenestration products. Specifically, embodiments relate to fenestration flashing and seals between fenestration components to reduce water entry into a building.
Buildings and other structures are often constructed with fenestration products, such as windows, skylights, doors, louvers, and vents. The fenestration products may include devices, such as flashing and seals to prevent water entry into the building, for example, during a rainstorm or during a power washing of the building exterior. Pressure differentials between the exterior of the building and the interior of the building can drive water past the flashing or seals, and into the building.
In some cases, a flashing, such as a sill flashing or sill pan, may end up inadvertently slanted toward the interior if the building, causing water to flow to the interior. In other cases, a seal, such as a seal between adjacent fenestration product components may fail as the components shift over time, allowing water to flow to the interior of the building.
Embodiments of the present invention relate to managing or discouraging water from penetrating into building product, such as a fenestration product, or into a building structure by, for example, penetrating past a fenestration product.
In some embodiments, a flashing includes a first edge, a second edge opposite from the first edge, a first surface, and a second surface on an opposite side of the flashing from the first surface. The first surface and the second surface extend between the first edge and the second edge. The first surface includes a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region.
In some embodiments, method for making a flashing includes providing a flashing substrate having a first surface, the first surface including a first region and a second region adjacent to the first region, and changing a contact angle of the first region. The contact angle of the first region is increased to greater than 90 degrees if the flashing substrate has a contact angle less than or equal to 90 degrees. The contact angle of the first region is decreased to less than or equal to 90 degrees if the flashing substrate has a contact angle greater than 90 degrees.
In some embodiments, hydrophobic seal between adjacent product components includes a first surface on a first component and a second surface on a second component. The first surface is characterized by a first contact angle that is greater than 90 degrees. The first component and the second component are adjacent to each other at the first surface and the second surface. The first surface and second surface face each other. At least a portion of the first surface is not in physical contact with the second surface.
While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.
Various embodiments described below manage a flow of water for a fenestration product to discourage water from flowing into the fenestration product, or past the fenestration product and into a building structure. Some embodiments employ adjacent hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to manage the flow of water. The surfaces may be on a fenestration flashing, for example, a sill flashing or a flashing tape. Some embodiments employ adjacent hydrophobic surfaces to form a hydrophobic seal to manage the flow of water. The surfaces may be on adjacent fenestration product components. Various additional or alternative features or advantages should be understood with reference to the following description.
Hydrophilic (water loving) surfaces are generally easily wetted, that is, a drop of water deposited on the surface tends to flow out from the drop and along the surface. In contrast, hydrophobic (water fearing) surfaces are generally not wetted, and a drop of water deposited on the surface tends to stay together and not flow across the surface. The degree to which a surface is characterized as hydrophobic or hydrophilic may be indicated by a contact angle between a drop of water on the surface and the surface itself. Contact angle measurements may be performed by a contact angle goniometer, as is known in the art. As defined herein, hydrophilic means a surface exhibiting a contact angle less than or equal to 90 degrees, and decreasing contact angle measurements indicate greater hydrophilicity. Super-hydrophilic means a surface exhibiting a contact angle of about 0 degrees. Hydrophobic means a surface exhibiting a contact angle of greater than 90 degrees, and increasing contact angle measurements indicate greater hydrophobicity. Super-hydrophobic means a surface exhibiting a contact angle greater than 150 degrees.
Framing members 16 may be assembled to form a mechanical support for building structure 12. Sill 24, head 26, first jamb 28 and second jamb 30 may be attached to framing members 16, and to each other by, for example nails, screws, and/or other mechanical fastening means, to form rough opening 22. Sheathing layer 18 may be attached to a side of framing members 16, sill 24, head 26, first jamb 28, and second jamb 30 facing exterior E by, for example, nails, screws and/or other mechanical fastening means. Water barrier layer 20 may cover a side of sheathing layer 18 that faces exterior E by, for example, nails, staples, brads, screws, and/or an adhesive. Building structure 12 may optionally include additional water barrier layers (not shown) and/or sheathing layers (not shown) attached to a side of framing members 16, sill 24, head 26, first jamb 28, and second jamb 30 facing interior I.
As also shown in
First jamb flashing tape 36, second jamb flashing tape 38, and head flashing tape 40 may be me made of any sturdy, flexible material, such as paper, polymer, polymer-coated paper, or composite materials containing embedded fibers. First jamb flashing tape 36, second jamb flashing tape 38, and head flashing tape 40 may be selectively coated, as described below, to create adjacent hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, as described above.
Sill flashing 34 may be installed into rough opening 22 on top of sill 24. Sill flashing 34 may be secured to sill 24 by, for example, nails, screws, adhesives and/or other mechanical means. Frame 42 may fit within rough opening 22 and over at least a portion of sill flashing 34 such that at least a portion of nailing fin 44 may be disposed on a side of sheathing layer 18 facing exterior side E, or on a side of water barrier layer 20 facing exterior side E if water barrier layer 20 is employed. Nailing fin 44 may be connected to sill 24, head 26, first jamb 28, and second jamb 30 through sheathing layer 18 by, for example, nails, screws, and/or other mechanical means, to secure fenestration unit 32 to building structure 12.
First jamb flashing tape 36 may cover at least a portion of nailing fin 44 connected to first jamb 28, and cover a portion of sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20) adjacent to, but not covered by, nailing fin 44. First jamb flashing tape 36 may extend beyond the upper and lower edges of nailing fin 44. First jamb flashing tape 36 may be disposed such that second surface 56 faces nailing fin 44 and sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20), and at least a portion of second edge 52 contacts nailing fin 44. In a similar fashion, second jamb flashing tape 38 may cover at least a portion of nailing fin 44 connected to second jamb 30, and cover a portion of sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20) adjacent to, but not covered by, nailing fin 44. Second jamb flashing tape 38 may extend beyond the upper and lower edges of nailing fin 44. Second jamb flashing tape 38 may be disposed such that second surface 68 faces nailing fin 44 and sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20), and at least a portion of second edge 64 contacts nailing fin 44. Head flashing tape 40 may cover at least a portion of nailing fin 44 connected to head 26, and covers a portion of sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20) adjacent to, but not covered by, nailing fin 44. Head flashing tape 40 may also extend to cover at least portions of first jamb flashing tape 36 and second jamb flashing tape 38 that extend beyond the upper edges of nailing fin 44. Head flashing tape 40 may be disposed such that second surface 80 faces nailing fin 44 and sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20), and at least a portion of second edge 84 contacts nailing fin 44. Together, first jamb flashing tape 36, second jamb flashing tape 38, and head flashing tape 40 may seal gaps between nailing fin 44 and sheathing layer 18 (or optionally, water barrier layer 20) to discourage water from flowing around and/or through fenestration product 10 and into building structure 12. In some embodiments, should water penetrate through fenestration unit 32, first jamb flashing tape 36, second jamb flashing tape 38, or head flashing tape 40 of fenestration product 10 and into building structure 12, the water drains into sill flashing 34, and flows out between sill flashing 34 and nailing fin 44.
Together, hydrophilic regions 60, 72, and 84 may form a continuous hydrophilic path to encourage a flow of water around fenestration unit 32, and hydrophobic regions 58, 70, and 82 may form a continuous hydrophobic barrier between hydrophilic regions 60, 72, and 84 and fenestration unit 32 to discourage water from flowing toward fenestration unit 32. As shown in
First jamb flashing tape 96 may include first edge 104, second edge 106, first surface 108, and second surface 110. Second edge 106 may be opposite from first edge 104. Second surface 110 may be on an opposite side of first jamb flashing tape 96 from first surface 108. First surface 108 and second surface 110 extend between first edge 104 and second edge 106. First surface 108 may include hydrophobic region 112 and hydrophilic region 114. In some embodiments, second surface 110 is at least partially covered by an adhesive to facilitate its installation. Second jamb flashing tape 98 may include first edge 116, second edge 118, first surface 120, and second surface 122. Second edge 118 may be opposite from first edge 116. Second surface 122 may be on an opposite side of second jamb flashing tape 98 from first surface 120. First surface 120 and second surface 122 extend between first edge 116 and second edge 118. First surface 110 may include hydrophobic region 124 and hydrophilic region 126. In some embodiments, second surface 122 is at least partially covered by an adhesive to facilitate its installation. Head flashing tape 100 may include first edge 128, second edge 130, first surface 132, and second surface 134. Second edge 130 may be opposite from first edge 128. Head flashing tape 100 may be arched such that first edge 128 and second edge 130 are generally concentric. Second surface 134 may be on an opposite side of head flashing tape 100 from first surface 132. First surface 132 and second surface 134 extend between first edge 128 and second edge 130. First surface 132 may include hydrophobic region 136 and hydrophilic region 138. In some embodiments, second surface 134 is at least partially covered by an adhesive to facilitate its installation.
First jamb flashing tape 96 may cover at least a portion of nailing fin 100 along a straight, vertical section of nailing fin 100, and a portion of sheathing layer 18 adjacent to, but not covered by, nailing fin 100. First jamb flashing tape 96 may be disposed such that second surface 110 faces nailing fin 100 and sheathing layer 18, and at least a portion of second edge 106 contacts nailing fin 100. In some embodiments, first jamb flashing tape 96 may be adhered to nailing fin 100 and sheathing layer 18 by adhesive on second surface 110. Second jamb flashing tape 98 may cover at least a portion of nailing fin 100 along another straight vertical section of nailing fin 100 on an opposite side of fenestration unit 94 from first jamb flashing tape 96. Second jamb flashing tape 98 may be disposed such that second surface 122 faces nailing fin 100 and sheathing layer 18, and at least a portion of second edge 118 contacts nailing fin 100. In some embodiments, second jamb flashing tape 98 is adhered to nailing fin 100 and sheathing layer 18 by adhesive on second surface 122. Each of first jamb flashing tape 96 and second jamb flashing tape 98 may extend beyond the lower edges of nailing fin 100.
Head flashing tape 100 may cover at least a portion of nailing fin 100 that arches across the top of fenestration unit 94, and cover a portion of sheathing layer 18 adjacent to, but not covered by, nailing fin 100. Head flashing tape 100 may also extend along the straight, vertical sections of nailing fin 100 to cover at least portions of first jamb flashing tape 96 and second jamb flashing tape 98. Head flashing tape 100 may be disposed such that second surface 134 faces nailing fin 100 and sheathing layer 18, and at least a portion of second edge 130 contacts nailing fin 100. Together, first jamb flashing tape 96, second jamb flashing tape 98, and head flashing tape 100 may seal gaps between nailing fin 100 and sheathing layer 18 to discourage water from flowing around and/or through fenestration product 90 and into building structure 92.
As shown in
Sill flashing 34 may be made of metal, such as steel, stainless steel, aluminum, etc., or non-metals, such as polymers or composite materials. In some embodiments, second surface 150 may be at least partially covered by an adhesive to facilitate its installation. Sill flashing 34 may also be referred to as a sill pan.
As noted above in reference to
In some embodiments, sill flashing 34 may be disposed such that first edge 140 is lower than second edge 142. This outward slope may serve to enhance the diversion of water by hydrophobic region 152 toward hydrophilic region 154. In other embodiments, sill flashing 34 may be disposed such that first edge 140 is higher than second edge 142. This inward slope may occur, for example, should building structure 12 shift over time such that sill 24 slopes inward, shifting sill flashing 34 along with it. In such embodiments, sill flashing 34 may resist an inward flow of water where hydrophobic region 152 meets hydrophilic region 154 due to the hydrophobic nature of hydrophobic region 152.
In some embodiments, sill flashing 170 may also include first hydrophilic portion 176 and second hydrophilic portion 178. First hydrophilic portion 176 may be remote from hydrophobic region 152, and second hydrophilic portion 178 may be between first hydrophilic portion 176 and hydrophobic region 152, as also shown in
As shown
Fenestration unit 32 is illustrated in
As also shown in
First jamb flashing tape 236, second jamb flashing tape 238, and head flashing tape 240 are identical in form and function to comparable elements as described above in reference to
Sill flashing tape 234 may be installed into rough opening 222 on top of sill 224, and sill support 235 may be secured to exterior side E of building structure 212 and below rough opening 222, as described below in reference to
First jamb flashing tape 236, second jamb flashing tape 238, and head flashing tape 240 may seal gaps between nailing fin 244 and sheathing layer 218 (or optionally, water barrier layer 220) to discourage water from flowing around and/or through fenestration product 210 and into building structure 212. In addition, because first jamb flashing tape 236, second jamb flashing tape 238, and head flashing tape 240 identical in form and function to comparable elements as described above in reference to
As shown in
As shown in
As shown
In some embodiments, sill 224 may be angled downward toward exterior side E. This outward slope may serve to enhance the diversion of water by hydrophobic region 258 toward hydrophilic region 260. In other embodiments, sill 224 may be angled downward toward interior side I. This inward slope may occur, for example, should building structure 212 shift over time such that sill 224 slopes inward. In such embodiments, sill flashing tape 234 may resist an inward flow of water where hydrophobic region 258 meets hydrophilic region 260 due to the hydrophobic nature of hydrophobic region 258.
Fenestration unit 210 is illustrated in
Fenestration unit 332 may be, for example, a casement window. In some embodiments, fenestration unit 332 may be installed as described above for fenestration unit 32 in reference to
As further shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In other embodiments, sash seal 354 may be omitted entirely, such that window pane surface 358 is adjacent to sash pocket surface 360 and cladding edge surface 362. Small gaps between window pane surface 358 and sash pocket surface 360 or cladding edge surface 362 may be effectively sealed due to the formation of a hydrophobic seal by hydrophobic coatings on each of the adjacent surfaces.
In some embodiments, cladding surface 364 may be coated with a hydrophobic material such that cladding surface 364 has a contact angle greater than 90 degrees. Alternatively, cladding surface 364 may be coated with a super-hydrophobic material such that cladding surface 364 has a contact angle greater than 150 degrees. In such embodiments, cladding surface 364 may resist an inward flow of water due to the hydrophobic coating, and reduce or prevent the flow of water from collecting on top of sash 342.
As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In other embodiments, casement seal 350 may be omitted entirely, such that inner casement sill surface 366 is adjacent to interior sash surface 368. Small gaps between inner casement sill surface 366 and interior sash surface 368 may be effectively sealed due to the formation of a hydrophobic seal by hydrophobic coatings on each of the adjacent surfaces.
A flashing, such as any of the sill flashing and flashing tapes described above, may be made by providing a flashing substrate having a first surface, the first surface including a first region and a second region adjacent to the first region. Then, the contact angle of the first region is changed. The contact angle of the first region may be increased to greater than 90 degrees if the flashing substrate has a contact angle less than or equal to 90 degrees. Alternatively, the contact angle of the first region may be decreased to less than or equal to 90 degrees if the flashing substrate has a contact angle greater than 90 degrees. That is, if the flashing substrate is itself hydrophilic, then the first region is changed to be hydrophobic. Alternatively, if the flashing substrate is itself hydrophobic, then the first region is changed to be hydrophilic. Changes to the contact angle can be made by, for example, depositing a hydrophobic coating in the first region if the flashing substrate is hydrophilic, or alternatively, depositing a hydrophilic coating in the first region if the flashing substrate is hydrophobic.
In addition, portions of the first region remote from the second region may be further changed to have an increased surface area, by, for example, etching or mechanically abrading the portion of the surface to roughen the surface. Increasing the surface area of a hydrophobic surface may increase the surface contact angle and make the portion more hydrophobic and, in some embodiments, make the portion super-hydrophobic. Increasing the surface area of a hydrophilic surface may decrease the surface contact angle, making the portion more hydrophilic and, in some embodiments, make the portion more super-hydrophilic.
Embodiments are described above for use with fenestration products. However, it is understood that flashings embodying the present invention may also be employed in non-fenestration building applications. For example, as flashing for shingles, gutters, or siding applications or anywhere flashing may be used in the building construction industry.
Various modifications and additions can be made to the exemplary embodiments discussed without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer to particular features, the scope of this invention also includes embodiments having different combinations of features and embodiments that do not include all of the above described features.
The present application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/558,971, filed on Sep. 3, 2019, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/572,281 filed on Nov. 7, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,400,502, issued Sep. 3, 2019, which is a 371 National Stage Application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/034621, filed May 27, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/167,114, filed May 27, 2015, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
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20210198937 A1 | Jul 2021 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 16558971 | Sep 2019 | US |
Child | 17185548 | US | |
Parent | 15572281 | US | |
Child | 16558971 | US |