Patent Grant
10561989
The present disclosure was made by, or on behalf of, one or more parties to a joint research agreement between UT-Battelle, LLC and Tenneco Automotive Operating Company, Inc. The joint research agreement was in effect on or before the effective filing date of the present disclosure. The present disclosure was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the joint research agreement.
Separation of water vapor from a gas mixture, and subsequent condensation of the water vapor into liquid water, may be accomplished by capillary condensation. Capillary condensation may be carried out with the use of a module having a porous substrate coated with a porous membrane. The porous membrane is designed to foster capillary condensation of water vapor from gas flowing along the porous membrane. Specifically, the porous membrane may have pores sized to receive water vapor from gas flowing along the porous membrane. The pores are sized such that, when the water vapor is in one of pores of the porous membrane, the pores confine the water vapor molecules, which increases van der Waals interactions between the water vapor molecules to ultimately result in condensation of the water vapor to liquid water. The liquid water flows into the porous substrate, and may be removed from the porous substrate with application of a vacuum.
The extent to which capillary condensation occurs is dependent on the temperature of the membrane, as identified in the Kelvin equation. Specifically, the extent to which capillary condensation occurs decreases as the temperature of the membrane increases. In applications where an increase in water removal is required, the volume of the substrate may be increased. Such an increase in volume results in an increase in manufacturing cost and an increase in packaging constraints for the module. In addition, if the thermal conductivity of the substrate is too low, then the heat release from water condensation could increase the temperature of the enlarged substrate, and reduce the extent to which capillary condensation occurs, thereby reducing substrate water collection efficiency.
With reference to the Figures, wherein like numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views, a system 10 includes an engine 12 and an exhaust conduit 14 in communication with the engine 12. With reference to
As set forth further below, during operation of the engine 12, the engine 12 emits exhaust gas, directly or indirectly through intermediate components, to the exhaust conduit 14. The exhaust conduit 14 may be directly connected to the water separation device 16, as shown in
The engine 12, for example, may be an internal combustion engine, such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine. The engine 12 may be used in a vehicle. The vehicle may be any suitable type including a ground vehicle, such as a passenger automobile, truck, bus, etc.; a water vehicle, such as a boat, ship, etc., and/or an air vehicle, such as a plane, helicopter, etc. As another example, the engine 12 may be used in a stationary application or any other suitable application. The exhaust gas emitted from the engine 12 may include NON, SOx, CO2, water vapor, etc.
The system 10 includes an intake system 28 for feeding combustion gas to the engine 12, and an exhaust system 28 for exhausting exhaust gases from the engine 12. The intake system 28 draws in intake air from the atmosphere, and mixes fuel with the intake air to form a combustion gas. The fuel may be, for example, gasoline, diesel fuel, alcohol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, dimethylether, biodiesel, renewable diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, bunker fuel, etc. The engine 12 may be naturally aspirated (e.g., as shown in
The turbocharger 30 includes a turbine 34 and a compressor 36 driven by the turbine 34, as is known. The turbine 34 is in communication with the exhaust system 28, e.g., the exhaust conduit 14, and is driven by exhaust gases exiting the engine 12 during operation of the engine 12. The compressor 36 is in communication with the intake system 28, and more specifically, the intake conduit 32, to deliver intake air to the compressor 36. As the turbine 34 is driven by the exhaust gas, the turbine 34 drives the compressor 36 to compress the intake air to feed compressed intake air to the engine 12. In an example where the system 10 includes the turbocharger 30, for example, as shown in
The exhaust system 28 includes the exhaust conduit 14. The exhaust conduit 14 is upstream of the water separation device 16, i.e., between the engine 12 and the water separation device 16. The exhaust system 28 may include the downstream conduit 40 downstream of the water separation device 16. The terms “upstream” and “downstream” are used throughout this document with reference to the flow of exhaust gas from the engine 12 through the exhaust system 28. The exhaust system 28 may have any suitable number of manifolds, conduits, paths, circuits, etc. As one example, as set forth further below, the exhaust system 28 may include an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) circuit 42, as shown in
The system 10 may include a cooling system 46 in fluid communication with the engine 12. The cooling system 46 may deliver coolant to the engine 12 to cool the engine 12, as is known. The cooling system 46 may include a radiator 48 for removing heat from the coolant. The coolant may be, for example, antifreeze, such as a mixture of propylene glycol and water.
The water separation device 16 may be in communication with a cooling device to cool the exhaust gas and/or the water separation device 16. As one example, the cooling device may be in the exhaust system 28 upstream of the water separation device 16 and in communication with the exhaust gas to cool the exhaust gas before the exhaust gas enters the water separation device 16. In other words, the cooling device may be between the engine 12 and the water separation device 16. As one example, in an example where the system 10 includes a turbocharger 30 and an EGR circuit 42, the charge air cooler 38 may be the cooling device. Specifically, the water separation device 16 may be disposed between the charge air cooler 38 and the engine 12, i.e., downstream of the charge air cooler 38 and upstream of the engine 12, as shown in
As another example, the cooling device may be external to the exhaust system 28 and may cool the water separation device 16. For example, the cooling system 46 may be in communication with the water separation device 16 to cool the water separation device 16, as shown in
The system 10 includes an upstream conduit 39 directly upstream of the water separation device 16. The upstream conduit 39 may be a component of the exhaust system 28, e.g., the EGR circuit 42, as shown in
With reference to
The water separation device 16 includes a module 54 that includes the substrate 20 and the membrane 22 coated on at least a portion of the substrate 20. As set forth further below, the water separation device 16 includes a casing 56 that supports the module 54 and that collects water from the module 54. The casing 56 may define the inlet 50 and the outlet 52.
The module 54 may have an axis A extending through the inlet 50 and the outlet 52 of the water separation device 16. Each of the exhaust gas passageways 18 may extend along the axis A, e.g., may be parallel to the axis A. The substrate 20 may be elongated along the axis A.
The substrate 20 includes an outer wall 58 surrounding the exhaust gas passageways 18. The outer wall 58 has an inner surface 60 and an outer surface 62 concentric with the inner surface 60. The membrane 22 covers the inner surface 60, and the outer surface 62 is free of the membrane 22, i.e., the membrane 22 does not extend across the outer surface 62. The outer wall 58 may be elongated along the axis A. The outer wall 58 may be cylindrical, as shown in the figures, or may be of any suitable shape. In an example where the outer wall 58 is cylindrical and the water separate device is used downstream of an internal combustion engine 12, the outer wall 58 may have a diameter of 10-30 cm and may be 5-50 cm long along the axis A.
The substrate 20 may include inner walls 64 surrounding the exhaust gas passageways 18. At least one of the inner walls 64 is common to at least two of the exhaust gas passageways 18. In other words, with reference to
Each inner wall 64 is connected directly, or indirectly, to the outer wall 58 to transfer water from each of the inner walls 64 to the outer wall 58, as set forth further below. Specifically, at least some of the inner walls 64 extend from, i.e., directly from, the inner surface 60 of the outer wall 58. The inner walls 64 may each have a wall thickness WT of 0.02-2.0 mm. For example, the wall thickness WT may be between 0.05-0.5 mm. As another example, the wall thickness WT may be between 0.1-0.2 mm. The wall thickness WT is identified in
With reference to
The material of the substrate 20 may include a metal carbide. The metal carbide may be a mono-metal carbide or a multi-metal carbide. As one example, the substrate 20 may be silicon carbide. The material of the substrate 20 may be doped to achieve the desired thermal conductivity of the substrate 20. The material of the substrate 20 may be a ceramic. The substrate 20 may be porous, i.e., includes pores sized to allow liquid water to flow therethrough. Water flow through the substrate 20 is identified, for example, with arrows along the substrate in
The substrate 20 is monolithic. In other words, the substrate 20 is one piece. For example, the substrate 20 may be formed as, and/or from, a single piece of material without seams or joints. In such an example, the substrate may be formed by extrusion. As another example, of monolithic, the substrate 20 may be formed of several pieces that are separately formed, e.g., separately extruded, and subsequently bonded together in any suitable fashion, e.g., with ceramic cement, to form the substrate. In such an example, the material used to bond, e.g., the ceramic cement, may include a porous interface that does not significantly inhibit flow of water through the substrate 20, in particular, across the interface at the bond. The substrate 20 extends around each of the exhaust gas passageways 18. In other words, each of the exhaust gas passageways 18 extend through the one piece. The substrate 20 and the exhaust gas passageways 18 may have a honeycomb structure.
With reference to
The exhaust gas passageways 18 may each be straight, as shown in
With reference to
With reference to
The membrane 22 may also be referred to as a condensation layer. With reference to
The membrane 22 may have a thickness MT of 0.01-1000 μm. The thickness MT of the membrane 22 is identified in
With continued reference to
The capillary condensation pores 24 are designed for capillary condensation of water vapor, i.e., the capillary condensation pores 24 are sized, shaped, positioned, etc., for capillary condensation of water vapor from the exhaust gases flowing through the exhaust gas passageways 18. The capillary condensation pores 24 may also be designed to allow the remaining components of the exhaust gas, e.g., NON, SOx, CO2, to remain in the exhaust gas passageways 18 and out of the capillary condensation pores 24. Specifically, the capillary condensation pores 24 are sized to allow for capillary condensation, and when capillary condensation occurs, condensed water in the capillary condensation pores 24 fills the capillary condensation pores and prevents exhaust gas from flowing through the capillary condensation pores 24. The capillary condensation pores 24 may have a pore size of less than 20 nm. For example, the capillary condensation pores 24 may have a pore size of less than 10 nm. Specifically, for example, the capillary condensation pores 24 may have a pore size of 2-4 nm. It should be appreciated that not all of the capillary condensation pores 24 have an identical size and shape. The term “pore size” with reference to the capillary condensation pores 24 refers to an average diameter of the capillary condensation pores 24. More specifically, there will be a pore size distribution, and the term “pore size” may refer to the mean or median of the distribution.
The material of the membrane 22 may be a ceramic. The material of the membrane 22 may include a metal oxide. Specifically, the material of the membrane 22 may be a porous metal oxide. For example, the material of the membrane 22 may include alumina, silica, titania, and/or silicon carbide.
During operation of the engine 12, the engine 12 exhausts exhaust gas to the exhaust conduit 14. This exhaust gas enters the inlet 50 of the water separation device 16 from the exhaust conduit 14, and the exhaust gas flows through the exhaust gas passageways 18 to the outlet 52 of the water separation device 16 and the downstream conduit 40. Specifically, while the exhaust gas flows through the exhaust gas passageways 18, water vapor from the exhaust gas enters the capillary condensation pores 24 of the membrane 22, as schematically shown in
The module 54, i.e., the substrate 20 and the membrane 22, has a surface area to volume ratio of greater than 5 cm−1. For example, the surface area to volume ratio may be greater than 10 cm−1. As another example, the surface area to volume ratio may be greater than 20 cm1.
The material of at least one of the substrate 20 and the membrane 22 has a thermal conductivity greater than 60 W/m-K between 0° C. and 100° C. As one example, the material of the module 54, i.e., both the substrate 20 and the membrane 22, may have a thermal conductivity greater than 60 W/m-K between 0° C. and 100° C. This high thermal conductivity results in less material being required to maintain the substrate 20 at a sufficiently low temperature appropriate for capillary condensation in high-temperature locations of the exhaust conduit 14 downstream of the engine 12. Specifically, this thermal conductivity allows heat transfer throughout the volume of the substrate 20, which enables a more uniform temperature, i.e., a smaller temperature gradient, and more efficient cooling. This, in turn, allows an increase in surface area to volume ratio of the module 54. For example, this allows for the module 54 to have a surface area to volume ratio greater than 5 cm−1 (and in other examples, greater than 10 cm−1 or greater than 20 cm−1) and effectively conduct capillary condensation in high-temperature locations of the exhaust conduit 14 downstream of the engine 12. This increase in surface area to volume ratio reduces the overall size of the module 54, which reduces packaging restraints and reduces manufacturing costs.
With reference to
The casing 56 includes a bore 72 that receives the module 54. The bore 72 may match the shape of the module 54, or may have any other suitable shape. For example, as shown in
The casing 56 extends circumferentially around the module 54, and specifically, circumferentially around the substrate 20. In other words, the module 54, e.g., the substrate 20 of the module 54, includes a circumference, and the casing 56 from and extends completely around the circumference of the module 54. For example, in the example shown in the figures, the outer surface 62 of the outer wall 58 of the substrate 20 defines the circumference of the module 54.
The water separation device 16 may include a heat conductive element 120 in the water collection space 70. The heat conductive element 120 transmits heat, e.g., conductively, from the substrate 20 to the casing 56 to reduce the temperature of the substrate 20 to increase the efficiency of capillary condensation. Specifically, the heat conductive element 120 is designed to transmit heat from the substrate 20 to the casing 56. For example, as described further below, the heat conductive element 120 is formed of a material and/or has a shape, configuration, and/or size to encourage heat transfer from the substrate 20 to the casing 56. As described further below, the heat conductive element 120 allows water to flow from the substrate 20 to the water outlet 134, e.g., through the tube 82, as identified with arrows in 3 and 9. The water may flow across the heat conductive element 120 to further conduction of heat from the substrate 20 to the casing 56. For illustrative purposes, the heat conductive element 120 is shown as fibers in
The heat conductive element 120 is between the substrate 20 and the casing 56. The heat conductive element 120 may extend from the substrate 20 to the casing 56, i.e., may contact the substrate 20 and the casing 56. As another example, the heat conductive element 120 may be spaced from the substrate 20 and/or the casing 56.
The heat conductive element 120 may extend circumferentially about the substrate 20, i.e., partially around or around the substrate 20. The heat conductive element 120 extends outwardly relative to the substrate 20, i.e., toward the casing 56. The heat conductive element 120 may extend from the substrate 20 to the casing 56, or may be spaced from the substrate 20 and/or the casing 56. As one example, the water collection space 70 may be annular. In such an example, the heat conductive element 120 may extend radially from the substrate 20 and circumferentially about the substrate 20. For example, the heat conductive element 120 may extend circumferentially around the substrate 20, i.e., 360 degrees around the substrate 20. In such an example, the heat conductive element 20 may extend radially from the substrate 20 to the casing 56.
The heat conductive element 120 may substantially fill the water collection space 70. For example, the water collection space 70 may be elongated from a first end to a second end, and the heat conductive element 120 may extend from the first end to the second end. As set forth above, the water collection space 70 may be annular around the substrate 20, and in such an example, the heat conductive element 120 may extend circumferentially around the substrate 20, i.e., 360 degrees around the substrate 20, from the first end to the second end of the water collection space 70. The first end and the second end of the water collection space 70 may be at a first end cap 124 and a second end cap 126, respectively.
The heat conductive element 120 may define water flow paths 122 between the substrate 20 and the casing, 30 as identified with arrows in
The heat conductive element 120 may be metal and may be shaped to include the water flow paths 122, i.e., shaped to allow water to flow through the metal. As one example, the heat conductive element 120 may be a metal sponge. The example the metal sponge may be metal wool, i.e., metal fibers intertwined, matted, etc. As another example, the metal sponge may be metal gauze, i.e., metal fibers that are woven, meshed, etc. In such examples, the water flow paths 122 are defined between the metal fibers. The metal fibers are spaced sufficiently to allow the flow of water therebetween consistent with the water collection described herein. In the examples of the metal sponge, e.g., the metal wool and the metal gauze, the metal fibers may be of any suitable thickness and length.
As another example, the heat conductive element 120 may be a metal foam. In the metal foam, metal may account for 5-25% of the volume of the metal foam, and pores define the remaining volume. In such an example, the pores define the water flow paths 122. The pores are sized sufficiently to allow the flow of water therebetween consistent with the water collection described herein.
In examples where the heat conductive element 120 is metal, the metal may be of any suitable type. As examples, the metal may be aluminum, stainless steel, etc. The material type and the construction of the heat conductive element 120 may be such that the heat conductive element 120 is flexible relative to the substrate 20 and may be wound around the substrate 20 prior to assembly of the module 54 into the casing 56.
The module 54 includes at least one end cap 124, 126 that connects the substrate 20 to the casing 56. The end cap 124, 126 seals the outer surface 62 of the outer wall 58 of the substrate 20 to the bore 72 of the casing 56. As shown in
The end cap 124, 126 is formed of a material having relatively high conductivity. As examples, the end cap 124, 126 may be steel, ceramic, etc.
A heat conductive seal 128 may seal between the end cap 124, 126 to the substrate 20. Similarly, a heat conductive seal 130 may seal between the end cap 124, 126 and the casing 56. Specifically, at least one heat conductive seal 128 seals the first end cap 124 to the inlet end 66 of the substrate 20, and at least one heat conductive seal 128 seals the second end cap 126 to the outlet and 68 of the substrate 20. At least one heat conductive seal 130 seals between the first end cap 124 and the casing 20, and at least one heat conductive seal 130 seals between the second end cap 126 and the casing 20. The heat conductive seals 128, 130 are a material that conducts heat from the substrate 20 to the end cap 124, 126, and from the end cap 124, 126 to the casing 56 to reduce the temperature of the substrate 20 to increase efficiency of capillary condensation. The heat conductive seals 128 and the heat conductive seals 130 may have a relatively high thermal conductivity. For example, the heat conductive seals 128 and the heat conductive seals 130 may have a thermal conductivity above 60 W/m-K. As described further below, the heat conductive seals 128 and the heat conductive seals 130 may be the same type of material, or may be different types of material.
The heat conductive seals 128 seal the end caps 124, 126 to the substrate 20 to prevent gas and liquid flow therebetween. Similarly, the heat conductive seals 130 seal the end caps 124, 126 to the casing 56. Specifically, the heat conductive seals 128, 130 prevents water collected in the water collection space 70 from escaping at the end cap 124, 126, and prevents exhaust gas from entering the water collection space 70. The heat conductive seals 128 and the heat conductive seals 130 are each formed of materials suitable to prevent the gas and liquid flow.
The heat conductive seal 128 may fix the end cap 124, 126 to the substrate. The heat conductive seal 128 may entirely fix the end cap 124, 126 to the substrate, or an adhesive may fix the end cap 124, 126 to the substrate 20 in addition to or in the alternative to adhesion by the heat conductive seal 128. Similarly, the heat conductive seal may seal 130 the end cap 124, 126 to the casing 56. The heat conductive seal may entirely fix the end cap 124, 126 to the casing 56, or an adhesive, weld, braze, press-fit may fix the end cap 124, 126 to the casing 56 in addition to or in the alternative to adhesion by the heat conductive seal 130.
The heat conductive seal 128 may be a carbon material such as a graphite composite. For example, the graphite composite may be graphoil, graphite ferrules, graphite o-rings, etc. The heat conductive seal 128 may be compressible relative to the end cap 124, 126 and the substrate 20 to take shape and seal between the end cap 124, 126 and the substrate 20.
The heat conductive seal 130 may be a metal composite. Examples of the metal composite include metal matrix composites such as, for example, aluminum, copper, iron, tungsten or silver, etc., reinforced with boron, carbon, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite, etc. For example, the aluminum, copper, iron, tungsten, or silver, etc., may be integrated with particles, fibers, hollow micro-balloons, flakes, powder, etc. made of boron, carbon, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite, etc. Another example, is aluminum-fly ash composite. The heat conductive seal 130 may be compressible relative to the end cap 124, 126 and the casing 20 to take shape between and heat conductive seal 130 between the end cap 124, 126 and the casing 56.
In addition to, or in the alternative to the heat conductive seal 130, a heat conductive grease 132 may seal between the end cap 124, 126 and the casing 20. The heat conductive grease 132 may have a relatively high thermal conductivity. For example, the heat conductive grease 132 may have a thermal conductivity above 1 W/m-K. The heat conductive grease 132 may have low mobility, i.e., stable viscosity, at operating temperatures of the water separation device 16, e.g., up to 70° C. The heat conductive grease 132 may have a low vapor pressure, i.e., exhibits little or no outgas sing during operation of the water separation device 16. The heat conductive grease 132, for example, may be a copper-filled, silicone grease. Alternatively, the heat conductive grease 132 may be a non-silicone based grease.
The casing 56 may include any suitable number of components. For example, as shown in
The water separation device 16 includes a tube 82 in communication with the water collection space 70. Water may be drawn from the water collection space 70 through the tube 82, as set forth further below. The tube 82 may be of any suitable size, shape, and material.
The water may be drawn from the water collection space 70 for, for example, potable uses. In such an example, the system 10 may include a reservoir 84 in communication with the water separation device 16. In particular, the reservoir 84 may be in communication with the water collection space 70 for storing the water drawn from the water collection space 70. The system 10 may include a filter 86 between the water separation device 16 and the reservoir 84. The filter 86 may filter contaminants from the water that may be present from the exhaust gas. The filter 86 may be a bed of adsorbent material to adsorb, for example, aqueous ions in solution to adjust the pH of the water. An example of the reservoir 84 is shown in
As another example, the water from the water separation device 16 may be injected into the intake system 28 upstream of the engine 12 to modify the combustion process of the engine 12 and improve performance, e.g., knock suppression and reduction of NOx emissions. In this example, the water may be directly withdrawn from the water collection space 70 to be injected into the intake system 28, or the water may be stored in a reservoir 84 for subsequent injection into the intake system 28 on an as-needed basis. In such examples, the system 10 may include a water injection circuit 88 in communication with the intake system 28. Examples of the water injection circuit 88 are shown in
The system 10 may include a vacuum source 92 in communication with the outer wall 58 of the substrate 20. For example, the vacuum source 92 may be in communication with the water collection space 70. The vacuum source 92 draws water from the water collection space 70. The vacuum source 92 also draws water from the inner walls 64 and the outer wall 58 of the substrate 20, and draws water vapor from the exhaust gas passageways 18 into the capillary condensation pores 24 of the membrane 22.
The vacuum source 92 may be, for example, a tube, i.e., a vacuum line, extending from the water collection space 70 to the intake system 28, which has a negative pressure during operation of the engine 12. Examples of this configuration are shown in
The system 10 may include a pressure source 94 in communication with the outer wall 58 of the substrate 20. For example, the pressure source 94 may be in communication with the water collection space 70. The pressure source 94 may be selectively operated to apply positive pressure the outer wall 58 of the substrate 20 to introduce pressure spikes back through the inner walls 64 and the membrane 22 into the exhaust gas passageways 18. This positive pressure may dislodge adsorbed particulates or other foreign material in contact with the membrane 22.
The positive pressure source 94 may be, for example, a pump. The positive pressure source 94 may be operated on a periodic basis as a preventative maintenance process to maintain maximum performance of the membrane 22.
An example of the pressure source 94, i.e., a positive pressure source, is shown in
The system 10 may include an intake filter 98 at, or upstream of, the inlet 50 of the water separation device 16. An example, of the intake filter 98 is shown in
In addition to, or in the alternative to, the heating element incorporated into the intake filter 98, the system 10 may include a heating element that directly heats the substrate 20 to oxidize soot accumulated on the substrate 20 without affecting the heat conductive seals 128, 130 and/or the heat conductive grease 132. In such an example, the heating element, for example, may be an electric heating jacket between the casing 56 and the substrate 20, e.g., in the water collection space 70. In the example where the heating element directly heats the substrate 20 and the substrate 20 is externally cooled, e.g., with a cooling circuit 112 as described below, the heating element and the cooling may be alternately operated.
Three example embodiments of the system 10 are shown in
With continued reference to
The exhaust gas in the EGR circuit 42 flows through the EGR cooler 44 to cool the exhaust gas. An EGR valve 106 is disposed between the EGR cooler 44 and the Venturi mixer 102 to control flow of exhaust gas through the EGR circuit 42. When the EGR valve 106 is open, exhaust gas is drawn through the EGR circuit 42 by vacuum created in the Venturi mixer 102 to introduce the exhaust gas to the intake system 28. When the EGR valve 106 is open, a mixture of intake air and exhaust gas flows to the compressor 36. This intake air/exhaust gas mixture is compressed by the compressor 36 and fed to the charge air cooler 38 and the water separation device 16. The water separation device 16 separates and condenses water vapor from the intake air/exhaust gas mixture.
In
In
In this example where the water separation device 16 is downstream of the catalytic converter 110, the water separation device 16 may be externally cooled. For example, as shown in
With continued reference to
The disclosure has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation. Many modifications and variations of the present disclosure are possible in light of the above teachings, and the disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded to UT-Battelle, LLC, by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention. The Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Strategy Partnership Projects Agreement No. NFE-16-06427.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3511031 | Ketteringham et al. | May 1970 | A |
| 4725359 | Ray | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4871495 | Helferich et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4976760 | Helferich et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5120576 | Goldsmith et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5221484 | Goldsmith et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5655212 | Sekhar et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 7473465 | Ohno et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 8511072 | Judkins et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 9174143 | Borla et al. | Nov 2015 | B1 |
| 9291083 | Panziera | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9394672 | Judkins et al. | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 20050184009 | Jansen et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20090004431 | Ninomiya | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20140020877 | Suzuki et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20150224487 | Miyahara | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150375169 | Youssef et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20170241317 | Bradford | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170342949 | Kikuchi | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 19918591 | Oct 2000 | DE |
| 202007001447 | Apr 2007 | DE |
| H05146617 | Jun 1993 | JP |
| 2015009212 | Jan 2015 | JP |
| Entry |
|---|
| M. Moses-DeBusk, “Water Recovery form [sp] Gasoline Exhaust,” U.S. Department of Energy, accessed via the World Wide Web on Jun. 24, 2015. |
| R.J. Gorte et al., “Methane Oxidation on Pd@ZrO2/Si—Al2O3 is Enhanced by Surface Reduction of ZrO2,” ACS Catalysis, 4 (2014) 3902-3909. |
| B.C. Gates, J.R. Katzer, and G.C.A. Schuit, “Chemistry of Catalytic Processes,” McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1979, pp. 49-54. |
| Günther et al., “Zeolite Membranes for Hydrogen and Water Separation under Harsh Conditions,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, 32 (2013) 1963-1968. |
| B. Freeman, Y. Yampolskii, and I. Pinnau, “Materials Science of Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separation,” 2006, pp. 6-9, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England. |
| T. Hutsch et al., “Innovative Metal-Graphite Composites as Thermally Conducting Materials,” PM2010 World Congress—PM Functional Materials—Heat Sinks. |
| A. Macke et al., “Metal Matrix Composites Offer the Automotive Industry an Opportunity to Reduce Vehicle Weight, Improve Performance,” Advanced Materials and Processes, 170 (Mar. 2012) 19-23. |
| Tom Barrett, “The Future of Metal Is in Matrix Composites,” www.machinedesign.com/materials/future-metal-matrix-composites, Jun. 1, 2017. |
| Moses DeBusk et al., “Understanding the Effect of Dynamic Feed Conditions on Water Recovery From IC Engine Exhaust by Capillary Condensation With Inorganic Membranes”, Ceramics for Environmental and Energy Applications II: Ceramics Transactions, vol. 246, p. 143, Feb. 2014. |
