Patent Grant
12298513
The present disclosure relates to waveguide devices and more particularly to waveguides having uniform output illumination.
Waveguide optics are currently being considered for a range of display and sensor applications for which the ability of waveguide devices to integrate multiple optical functions into a thin, transparent, lightweight substrate is of key importance. This new approach is stimulating new product developments including near-eye displays for Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), compact Heads Up Display (HUDs) for aviation and road transport and sensors for biometric and laser radar (LIDAR) applications.
Waveguide devices offer many features that are attractive in HMDs and HUDs. They are thin and transparent. Wide fields of views can be obtained by recording multiple holograms and tiling the field of view regions formed by each hologram.
Several embodiments are directed to a waveguide device that includes at least one optical substrate, at least one light source; at least one light coupler, at least one light extractor, a debanding optic. The at least one light coupler is capable of coupling incident light from the light source with an angular bandwidth into a total internal reflection (TIR) within the at least one optical substrate such that a unique TIR angle is defined by each light incidence angle as determined at the input grating. The at least one light extractor extracts the light from the optical substrate. The debanding optic is capable of mitigating banding effects of an illuminated pupil, such that the extracted light is a substantially flat illumination profile having mitigated banding.
In more embodiments, the extracted light has a spatial non-uniformity less than 10%.
In further embodiments, the extracted light has a spatial non-uniformity less than 20%.
In further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an effective input aperture such that when the optical substrate has a thickness D, the input aperture is configured to provide a TIR angle U in the optical substrate, and the angle U is calculated by 2D tan (U).
In even more embodiments, the debanding optic provides spatial variation of the light along the TIR path of at least one of diffraction efficiency, optical transmission, polarization or birefringence.
In even further embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured to have multiple gratings, such that each grating provides a small pupil shift to mitigate banding.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured as a stacked switchable grating that turns on when a voltage is applied, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured as an array of switchable grating elements that can turn on a specific element when a voltage is applied, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects
In even further more embodiments, the selected at least one grating has a plurality of rolled K-vectors.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured to be a plurality of passive grating layers configured to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed within the optical substrate such that the one or more index layers influences the light ray paths within the optical substrate as a function of at least one of ray angle or ray position, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, at least one index layer of the one or more index layers is a gradient index (GRIN) medium.
In even further more embodiments, the waveguide device further includes at least one reflecting surface on at least a part of an edge of the optical substrate. The debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed adjacent to the at least one reflecting surface such that the one or more index layers are configured to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed within the optical substrate such that the one or more index layers are configured to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating having a leading edge able to couple the incident light such that a unique displacement of a ray bundle of the light relative to the leading edge of the input grating is provided by the input grating for any given incident light direction, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating configured to have a variation of diffraction efficiencies such that a plurality of collimated incident ray paths of the incident light is diffracted into different TIR ray paths, as determined by a ray path input angle, such that a projected pupil is capable of forming at a unique location within the optical substrate for each of the plurality of collimated incident ray paths to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the variation of diffraction efficiencies varies along a principal waveguide direction.
In even further more embodiments, the variation of diffraction efficiencies varies in two dimensions over the aperture of the input grating.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a partially reflecting layer disposed within the optical substrate such that the partially reflecting layer separates incident light into transmitted and reflected light, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a polarization modifying layer disposed within the optical substrate such that the polarization modifying layer separates incident light into transmitted and reflected light, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured to provide at least two separate waveguide paths which cancel non-uniformity of light of the extracted light for any incidence light angle, mitigating banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the selected grating has crossed slant gratings used in conjunction with at least one fold grating exit pupil expander.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an optical component within a microdisplay that provides variable effective numerical apertures (NA) capable of being spatially varied along at least one direction to shift pupil shift to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a plurality of grating layers within at least one grating of either at least one input grating or at least one output grating such that the plurality of grating layers is configured to smear out any fixed pattern noise resulting in shift of pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating configured as an array of selectively switchable elements such that configuring the input grating as a switching grating array provides pupil switching in vertical and horizontal directions to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a plurality of refractive index layers that provide spatial variation along each TIR path of at least one of diffraction efficiency, optical transmission, polarization and birefringence to influence ray paths within a waveguide substrate as a function of at least one of ray angle or ray position within the substrate, resulting in shift of pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the plurality of refractive index layers incorporates adhesives of different indices.
In even further more embodiments, the plurality of refractive index layers incorporates layers selected from the group consisting of alignment layers, isotropic refractive layers, GRIN structures, antireflection layers, partially reflecting layer, and birefringent stretched polymer layers.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a microdisplay projecting spatially varied numerical apertures that shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a tilted microdisplay configured to project a tilted, rectangular exit pupil such that the cross section of the exit pupil varies with a field angle, such that banding effects are mitigated.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a tilted microdisplay configured to angle light rays to form various projected pupils at different positions along the optical substrate for each angle of incident light, such that banding effects are mitigated along one expansion axis.
In even further more embodiments, the optical substrate has a thickness D and the debanding optic is a prism coupled to the optical substrate, such that a linear relationship between the angles of an exit pupil from the light source and the TIR angles in the optical substrate result in no gaps between successive light extractions along the TIR ray path, which occurs when the TIR path angle is U as defined by 2D tan (U).
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a light-absorbing film adjacent to the edges of the optical substrate such that portions of the incident light, that would otherwise give rise to banding, are removed, mitigating banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the optical substrate has a thickness D and the debanding optic is a first light-absorbing film disposed adjacent to the edges an input substrate containing an input grating and disposed adjacent to the optical substrate, and a second light-absorbing film disposed adjacent to the edges a second substrate, attached adjacent to the optical substrate opposite the input substrate, such that incident light results in no gaps between successive light extractions along the TIR ray path, which occurs when the TIR path angle is U as defined by 2D tan (U).
In even further more embodiments, the thickness of the optical substrate is 3.4 mm, the thickness of the second is substrate 0.5 mm, and the input substrate contains two 0.5 mm thick glass substrates sandwiching the input grating.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating configured such that the light has a unique displacement relative to an edge of the input grating at any given incident light direction to shift pupil, eliminating or mitigating a banding effect.
In even further more embodiments, the device is integrated into a display selected from the group of head mounted display (HMD) and a head up display (HUD).
In even further more embodiments, a human eye is positioned with an exit pupil of the display.
In even further more embodiments, the device incorporates an eye tracker.
In even further more embodiments, the waveguide device further includes an input image generator that further includes the light source, a microdisplay panel, and optics for collimating the light.
In even further more embodiments, the light source is at least one laser.
In even further more embodiments, the light source is at least one light emitting diode (LED).
In even further more embodiments, the light coupler is an input grating.
In even further more embodiments, the light coupler is a prism.
In even further more embodiments, the light extractor is an input grating.
Several embodiments are directed to a color waveguide device that includes at least two optical substrates, at least one light source, at least one light coupler, at least one light extractor, and at least two input stops. The at least two optical substrates are stacked upon each other. The at least one light coupler is capable of coupling incident light from the light source with an angular bandwidth into a total internal reflection (TIR) within the at least one optical substrate such that a unique TIR angle is defined by each light incidence angle as determined at the input grating. The at least one light extractor extracts the light from the optical substrate. The at least two input stops are each within a different optical substrate, each in a different plane, and each input stop includes an outer dichroic portion to shift pupil and mitigate color banding.
In more embodiments, each input stop also includes an inner phase compensation coating to compensate for a phase shift.
In further embodiments, the compensation coating includes SiO2.
Several embodiments are directed to a method to mitigate banding in an output illumination of a waveguide device. The method produces incident light from a light source. The method passes the incident light through a light coupler to couple the incident light into an optical substrate such that the coupled light undergoes total internal reflection (TIR) within the optical substrate. The method also extracts the TIR light from the optical substrate via a light extractor to produce the output illumination. The light passes through a debanding optic of the waveguide device such that the debanding optic mitigates a banding effect of the output illumination.
In more embodiments, the output illumination has a spatial non-uniformity less than 10%.
In further embodiments, the output illumination has a spatial non-uniformity less than 20%.
In further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an effective input aperture such that when the optical substrate has a thickness D, the input aperture is configured to provide a TIR angle U in the optical substrate, and the angle U is calculated by 2D tan (U).
In even more embodiments, the debanding optic provides spatial variation of the light along the TIR path of at least one of diffraction efficiency, optical transmission, polarization or birefringence.
In even further embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured to have multiple gratings, such that each grating provides a small pupil shift to mitigate banding.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured as a stacked switchable grating that turns on when a voltage is applied, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured as an array of switchable grating elements that can turn on a specific element when a voltage is applied, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects
In even further more embodiments, the selected at least one grating has a plurality of rolled K-vectors.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating. The selected at least one grating is configured to be a plurality of passive grating layers configured to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed within the optical substrate such that the one or more index layers influences the light ray paths within the optical substrate as a function of at least one of ray angle or ray position, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, at least one index layer of the one or more index layers is a gradient index (GRIN) medium.
In even further more embodiments, the waveguide device further includes at least one reflecting surface on at least a part of an edge of the optical substrate. The debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed adjacent to the at least one reflecting surface such that the one or more index layers are configured to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed within the optical substrate such that the one or more index layers are configured to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating having a leading edge able to couple the incident light such that a unique displacement of a ray bundle of the light relative to the leading edge of the input grating is provided by the input grating for any given incident light direction, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating configured to have a variation of diffraction efficiencies such that a plurality of collimated incident ray paths of the incident light is diffracted into different TIR ray paths, as determined by a ray path input angle, such that a projected pupil is capable of forming at a unique location within the optical substrate for each of the plurality of collimated incident ray paths to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the variation of diffraction efficiencies varies along a principal waveguide direction.
In even further more embodiments, the variation of diffraction efficiencies varies in two dimensions over the aperture of the input grating.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a partially reflecting layer disposed within the optical substrate such that the partially reflecting layer separates incident light into transmitted and reflected light, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a polarization modifying layer disposed within the optical substrate such that the polarization modifying layer separates incident light into transmitted and reflected light, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is at least one grating selected from at least one input grating and at least one output grating, and wherein the selected at least one grating is configured to provide at least two separate waveguide paths which cancel non-uniformity of light of the extracted light for any incidence light angle, mitigating banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the selected grating has crossed slant gratings used in conjunction with at least one fold grating exit pupil expander.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an optical component within a microdisplay that provides variable effective numerical apertures (NA) capable of being spatially varied along at least one direction to shift pupil shift to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a plurality of grating layers within at least one grating of either at least one input grating or at least one output grating such that the plurality of grating layers is configured to smear out any fixed pattern noise resulting in shift of pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating configured as an array of selectively switchable elements such that configuring the input grating as a switching grating array provides pupil switching in vertical and horizontal directions to shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a plurality of refractive index layers that provide spatial variation along each TIR path of at least one of diffraction efficiency, optical transmission, polarization and birefringence to influence ray paths within a waveguide substrate as a function of at least one of ray angle or ray position within the substrate, resulting in shift of pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the plurality of refractive index layers incorporates adhesives of different indices.
In even further more embodiments, the plurality of refractive index layers incorporate layers selected from the group consisting of alignment layers, isotropic refractive layers, GRIN structures, antireflection layers, partially reflecting layer, and birefringent stretched polymer layers.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a microdisplay projecting spatially varied numerical apertures that shift pupil to mitigate banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a tilted microdisplay configured to project a tilted, rectangular exit pupil such that the cross section of the exit pupil varies with a field angle, such that banding effects are mitigated.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a tilted microdisplay configured to angle light rays to form various projected pupils at different positions along the optical substrate for each angle of incident light, such that banding effects are mitigated along one expansion axis.
In even further more embodiments, the optical substrate has a thickness D and the debanding optic is a prism coupled to the optical substrate, such that a linear relationship between the angles of an exit pupil from the light source and the TIR angles in the optical substrate result in no gaps between successive light extractions along the TIR ray path, which occurs when the TIR path angle is U as defined by 2D tan (U).
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is a light-absorbing film adjacent to the edges of the optical substrate such that portions of the incident light, that would otherwise give rise to banding, are removed, mitigating banding effects.
In even further more embodiments, the optical substrate has a thickness D and the debanding optic is a first light-absorbing film disposed adjacent to the edges of an input substrate containing an input grating and disposed adjacent to the optical substrate, and a second light-absorbing film disposed adjacent to the edges a second substrate, attached adjacent to the optical substrate opposite the input substrate, such that incident light results in no gaps between successive light extractions along the TIR ray path, which occurs when the TIR path angle is U as defined by 2D tan (U).
In even further more embodiments, the thickness of the optical substrate is 3.4 mm, the thickness of the second is substrate 0.5 mm, and the input substrate contains two 0.5 mm thick glass substrates sandwiching the input grating.
In even further more embodiments, the debanding optic is an input grating configured such that the light has a unique displacement relative to an edge of the input grating at any given incident light direction to shift pupil, eliminating or mitigating a banding effect.
In even further more embodiments, the method is performed by a display selected from the group of head mounted display (HMD) and a head up display (HUD).
In even further more embodiments, a human eye is positioned with an exit pupil of the display.
In even further more embodiments, the display incorporates an eye tracker.
In even further more embodiments, the waveguide device further includes an input image generator that further comprises the light source, a microdisplay panel, and optics for collimating the light.
In even further more embodiments, the light source is at least one laser.
In even further more embodiments, the light source is at least one light emitting diode (LED).
In even further more embodiments, the light coupler is an input grating.
In even further more embodiments, the light coupler is a prism.
In even further more embodiments, the light extractor is an input grating.
The following related issued patents and patent applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties: U.S. Pat. No. 9,075,184 entitled COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED DIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY; U.S. Pat. No. 8,233,204 entitled OPTICAL DISPLAYS; PCT Application No. US2006/043938 entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY; PCT Application No. GB2012/000677 entitled WEARABLE DATA DISPLAY; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/317,468 entitled COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/844,456 entitled TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/620,969 entitled WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/176,572 entitled ELECTRICALLY FOCUS TUNABLE LENS, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/177,494 entitled WAVEGUIDE DEVICE INCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/071,277 entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/123,282 entitled NEAR EYE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/124,550 entitled WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/125,064 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/125,066 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/125,089 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS; U.S. Pat. No. 8,224,133 entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 8,565,560 entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 6,115,152 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEM; PCT Application No. PCT/GB2013/000005 entitled CONTACT IMAGE SENSOR USING SWITCHABLE BRAGG GRATINGS; PCT Application No. PCT/GB2012/000680 entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES; PCT Application No. PCT/GB2014/000197 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER; PCT/GB2013/000210 entitled APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING; PCT Application No. GB2013/000210 entitled APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING; PCT/GB2015/000274 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE OPTICAL TRACKER; U.S. Pat. No. 8,903,207 entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD OF EXTENDING VERTICAL FIELD OF VIEW IN HEAD UP DISPLAY USING A WAVEGUIDE COMBINER; U.S. Pat. No. 8,639,072 entitled COMPACT WEARABLE DISPLAY; U.S. Pat. No. 8,885,112 entitled COMPACT HOLOGRAPHIC EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/390,271 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DEVICES FOR USE WITH UNPOLARIZED LIGHT; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/391,333 entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A POLARIZATION SELECTIVE HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DEVICE; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/493,578 entitled WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY APPARATUS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/497,781 entitled APPARATUS FOR HOMOGENIZING THE OUTPUT FROM A WAVEGUIDE DEVICE; PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2016000181 entitled WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY; and PCT/GB2016/00005 entitled ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY.
The description will be more fully understood with reference to the following figures, which are presented as exemplary embodiments of the invention and should not be construed as a complete recitation of the scope of the invention, wherein:
Turning now to the drawings, systems and methods relating to near-eye display or head up display systems are shown according to various embodiments. A number of embodiments are directed to waveguide devices for use in near-eye display or head up display systems. A common complication existing in many waveguide devices is banding in the output illumination that affects its uniformity. Accordingly, various embodiments of waveguide devices having uniform output illumination are provided. In numerous embodiments of waveguide devices, a debanding optic is incorporated to eliminate or mitigate banding effects.
Many embodiments are also directed to holographic waveguide technology that can be advantageously utilized in waveguide devices. In some embodiments, the holographic waveguide technology is used for helmet mounted displays or head mounted displays (HMDs) and head up displays (HUDs). In several embodiments, holographic waveguide technology is used in many applications, including avionics applications and consumer applications (e.g., augmented reality glasses, etc.). In a number of embodiments, an eye is positioned within an exit pupil or an eye box of a display.
In many embodiments, waveguide devices provide pupil expansion in two orthogonal directions using a single waveguide layer. Uniformity of output is achieved, in accordance with various embodiments, by designing an output grating to have diffraction efficiency varying from a low value near an input end of the waveguide substrate to a high value at the furthest extremity of an output grating. In a number of embodiments, input image data is provided by a microdisplay external to a waveguide optical substrate and coupled to the substrate by means of an input grating. A microdisplay, in accordance with multiple embodiments, is a reflective array and illuminated via a beamsplitter. A reflected image light is collimated such that each pixel of the image provides a parallel beam in a unique direction.
In accordance with a number of embodiments, a waveguide device is coupling image content into a waveguide efficiently and in such a way that a waveguide image is free from chromatic dispersion and brightness non-uniformity. One way to prevent chromatic dispersion and to achieve better collimation is to use lasers. The use of lasers, however, suffer from pupil banding artifacts which manifest themselves in the output illumination causing disruption of the uniformity of the image. Banding artifacts are able to form when a collimated pupil is replicated (expanded) in a total internal reflection (TIR) waveguide. Banding occurs when some light beams diffracted out of the waveguide each time the beam interacts with the grating exhibit gaps or overlaps, leading to an illumination ripple. The degree of ripple is a function of field angle, waveguide thickness, and aperture thickness. As portrayed in the various embodiments described herein, it was found by experimentation and simulation that the effect of banding can be smoothed by dispersion with broadband sources such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED illumination, however, is not entirely free from the banding problem, particularly for higher waveguide thickness to waveguide input-aperture ratios. Moreover, LED illumination tends to result in bulky input optics and an increase in the thickness of the waveguide device. Accordingly, a number of embodiments of waveguide devices described herein have a compact and efficient debanding optic for homogenizing the light output from holographs to prevent banding distortion.
Banding effects contribute to non-uniformity of an output illumination. As discovered in several prototype tests, a practical illumination from a waveguide device should achieve less than 20% and preferably not more than 10% non-uniformity to provide an acceptable viewable image. Achieving low non-uniformity requires tradeoffs against other system requirements, particularly image brightness. The tradeoffs are difficult to define in precise terms and are very much dependent on application. Since many optical techniques for reducing non-uniformity generally incur some light loss, output image brightness might be reduced. As the sensitivity of the human visual system to non-uniformity increases with light level, the problem of non-uniformity becomes more acute for displays, such as car HUDs, which require a high luminous flux to achieve high display to background scene contrasts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, extracted light has a spatial non-uniformity less than 10%. In a number of embodiments, extracted light has a spatial non-uniformity less than 20%.
Several embodiments of the invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings. For the purposes of explaining the various embodiments of the invention, well-known features of optical technology known to those skilled in the art of optical design and visual displays may have been omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the basic principles of the various embodiments. Description of the various embodiments will be presented using terminology commonly employed by those skilled in the art of optical design. Unless otherwise stated the term “on-axis” in relation to a ray or a beam direction refers to propagation parallel to an axis normal to the surfaces of the optical components described in relation to various devices. In the following description, the terms light, ray, beam and direction may be used interchangeably and in association with each other to indicate the direction of propagation of electromagnetic radiation along rectilinear trajectories. The term light and illumination may be used in relation to the visible and infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. As used herein, the term grating may encompass a grating comprised of a set of gratings in some embodiments.
Waveguide Devices
In accordance with a number of embodiments, a waveguide device includes at least one optical substrate, at least one light source, at least one light coupler to couple the light from the source into the optical substrate, and at least one light extractor to extract the light from the optical substrate to form an output illumination. Depicted in
In a number of embodiments, a waveguide device includes an input image generator, which further includes an input image generator having a light source, a microdisplay panel, and optics for collimating the light. In the description of some embodiments, an input generator is referred to as a picture generation unit (PGU). In some embodiments, a source may be configured to provide general illumination that is not modulated with image information. In many embodiments, an input image generator projects the image displayed on the microdisplay panel such that each display pixel is converted into a unique angular direction within the substrate waveguide. In various embodiments, collimation optics include at least a lens and mirrors. In many embodiments, lens and mirrors are diffractive. In some embodiments, a light source is at least one laser. In numerous embodiments, a light source is at least one LED. In many embodiments, various combinations of different light sources are used within an input image generator.
It should be understood that a number of input image generators may be used in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, such as, for example, those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/844,456 entitled TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY. In many embodiments, an input image generator contains a beamsplitter for directing light onto the microdisplay and transmitting the reflected light towards the waveguide. In several embodiments, a beamsplitter is a grating recorded in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC). In numerous embodiments, a beam splitter is a polarizing beam splitter cube. In some embodiments, an input image generator incorporates a despeckler. Any appropriate despeckler can be used in various embodiments, such as those, for example, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,565,560 entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE.
In a number of embodiments, a light source further incorporates one or more lenses for modifying an illumination beam's angular characteristics. In many embodiments, an image source is a microdisplay or laser-based display. Several embodiments of light sources utilize LEDs, which may provide better uniformity than laser. If laser illumination is used, the risk of illumination banding effects are higher, but may still be eliminated or mitigated in accordance with various embodiments as described herein. In numerous embodiments, light from a light source is polarized. In multiple embodiments, an image source is a liquid crystal display (LCD) microdisplay or liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) microdisplay.
In some embodiments, an input image generator optics includes a polarizing beam splitter cube. In many embodiments, an input image generator optics includes an inclined plate to which a beam splitter coating has been applied. In a number of embodiments, an input image generator optics incorporates a switchable Bragg grating (SBG), which acts as a polarization selective beam splitter. Examples of input image generator optics incorporating a SBG are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/844,456 entitled TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY. In many embodiments, an input image generator optics contains at least one of a refractive component and curved reflecting surfaces or a diffractive optical element for controlling the numerical aperture of the illumination light. In multiple embodiments, an input image generator contains spectral filters for controlling the wavelength characteristics of the illumination light. In several embodiments, an input image generator optics contains apertures, masks, filter, and coatings for controlling stray light. In some embodiments, a microdisplay incorporates birdbath optics.
Returning to an embodiment depicted in
In a multitude of embodiments, a waveguide device incorporates a debanding optic capable of shifting a pupil to configure the light coupled into the waveguide such that the input grating has an effective input aperture which is a function of the TIR angle. The effect of the debanding optic is that successive light extractions from the waveguide by the output grating integrate to provide a substantially flat illumination profile for any light incidence angle at the input grating. In some embodiments, a debanding optic is implemented by combining various types of optical beam-modifying layers, including (but not limited to) gratings, partially reflecting films, liquid crystal alignment layers, isotropic refractive layers and gradient index (GRIN) structures. It should be understood, that the term “beam-modifying” refers to the variation of amplitude, polarization, phase, and wavefront displacement in 3D space as a function of incidence light angle. In each case, beam-modifying layers, in accordance with several embodiments, provide an effective aperture that gives uniform extraction across the output grating for any light incidence angle at the input grating. In many embodiments, beam-modifying layers are used in conjunction with a means for controlling the numerical aperture of the input light as a function of input angle. In some embodiments, beam-modifying layers are used in conjunction with techniques for providing wavelength diversity.
Input Couplers and Extractors Utilized in Waveguide Devices
Waveguide devices are currently of interest in a range of display and sensor applications. Although much of the earlier work on devices has been directed at reflection holograms, transmission, devices are proving to be much more versatile as optical system building blocks. Accordingly, a number of embodiments are directed to the use of gratings in waveguide devices, which may be used for input or output of pupil. In many embodiments, an input grating is a type of input coupler of light to couple light from a source into a waveguide. In numerous embodiments, an output grating is a type of light extractor of light to extract light from a waveguide to form an output illumination. In several embodiments, waveguide devices utilize a Bragg grating (also referred to as a volume grating). Bragg gratings have high efficiency with little light being diffracted into higher orders. The relative amount of light in the diffracted and zero order can be varied by controlling the refractive index modulation of the grating, a property that is used to make lossy waveguide gratings for extracting light over a large pupil.
As used herein, the term grating may encompass a grating comprised of a set of gratings in some embodiments. For example, in some embodiments an input grating and/or output grating separately comprise two or more gratings multiplexed into a single layer. It is well established in the literature of holography that more than one holographic prescription can be recorded into a single holographic layer. Methods for recording such multiplexed holograms are well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, an input grating and/or output grating separately comprise two overlapping gratings layers that are in contact or vertically separated by one or more thin optical substrate. In many embodiments, grating layers are sandwiched between flanking glass or plastic substrates. In several embodiments, two or more gratings layers may form a stack within which total internal reflection occurs at the outer substrate and air interfaces. In a number of embodiments, a waveguide device may comprise just one grating layer. In some embodiments, electrodes are applied to faces of substrates to switch gratings between diffracting and clear states. A stack, in accordance with numerous embodiments, further includes additional layers such as beam splitting coatings and environmental protection layers.
In numerous embodiments, a grating layer is broken up into separate layers. A number of layers are laminated together into a single waveguide substrate, in accordance with various embodiments. In some embodiments, a grating layer is made of several pieces including an input coupler, a fold grating, and an output grating (or portions thereof) that are laminated together to form a single substrate waveguide. In many embodiments, pieces of waveguide devices are separated by optical glue or other transparent material of refractive index matching that of the pieces. In a multitude of embodiments, a grating layer is formed via a cell making process by creating cells of the desired grating thickness and vacuum filling each cell with Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG) material for each of an input coupler, a fold grating, and an output grating. In a number of embodiments, a cell is formed by positioning multiple plates of glass with gaps between the plates of glass that define the desired grating thickness for an input coupler, a fold grating, and an output grating. In many embodiments, one cell may be made with multiple apertures such that the separate apertures are filled with different pockets of SBG material. Any intervening spaces, according to various embodiments, are separated by a separating material (e.g., glue, oil, etc.) to define separate areas. In multiple embodiments, SBG material is spin-coated onto a substrate and then covered by a second substrate after curing of the material. By using a fold grating, a waveguide display advantageously requires fewer layers than previous systems and methods of displaying information according to some embodiments. In addition, by using a fold grating, light can travel by total internal refection within the waveguide in a single rectangular prism defined by the waveguide outer surfaces while achieving dual pupil expansion. In many embodiments, an input coupler and gratings can be created by interfering two waves of light at an angle within the substrate to create a holographic wave front, thereby creating light and dark fringes that are set in the waveguide substrate at a desired angle. In numerous embodiments, a grating in a given layer is recorded in stepwise fashion by scanning or stepping the recording laser beams across the grating area. In some embodiments, gratings are recorded using mastering and contact copying process currently used in the holographic printing industry.
Input and output gratings, in accordance with many embodiments, are designed to have common surface grating pitch. In some embodiments, an input grating combines a plurality of gratings orientated such that each grating diffracts a polarization of the incident unpolarized light into a waveguide path. In many embodiments, an output grating combines a plurality of gratings orientated such that the light from the waveguide paths is combined and coupled out of the waveguide as unpolarized light. Each grating is characterized by at least one grating vector (or K-vector) in 3D space, which in the case of a Bragg grating is defined as the vector normal to the Bragg fringes. A grating vector determines an optical efficiency for a given range of input and diffracted angles.
One important class of gratings is known as Switchable Bragg Gratings (SBG), which are utilized in various waveguide devices in accordance with many embodiments. Typically, a holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) is used in SBGs. In many embodiments, HPDLC includes a mixture liquid crystal (LC), monomers, photoinitiator dyes, and coinitiators. Often, a mixture also includes a surfactant. The patent and scientific literature contains many examples of material systems and processes that may be used to fabricate SBGs. Two fundamental patents are: U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,157 by Sutherland, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,452 by Tanaka et al. Both filings describe monomer and liquid crystal material combinations suitable for fabricating SBG devices. One of the known attributes of transmission SBGs is that the LC molecules tend to align normal to the grating fringe planes. The effect of the LC molecule alignment is that transmission SBGs efficiently diffract P polarized light (i.e., light with the polarization vector in the plane of incidence) but have nearly zero diffraction efficiency for S polarized light (i.e., light with the polarization vector normal to the plane of incidence). Transmission SBGs may not be used at near-grazing incidence as the diffraction efficiency of any grating for P polarization falls to zero when the included angle between the incident and reflected light is small.
In a number of embodiments, SBGs are fabricated by first placing a thin film of a mixture of photopolymerizable monomers and liquid crystal material between parallel glass plates. One or both glass plates support electrodes for applying an electric field across the film. In numerous embodiments, electrodes are made at least in part by transparent indium tin oxide films. A volume phase grating can then be recorded by illuminating liquid crystal material (often referred to as the syrup) with two mutually coherent laser beams, which interfere to form a slanted fringe grating structure, in accordance with multiple embodiments. During a recording process, monomers polymerize and the mixture undergoes a phase separation, creating regions densely populated by liquid crystal micro-droplets, interspersed with regions of clear polymer, resulting in a HPDLC. In accordance with several embodiments, alternating liquid crystal-rich and liquid crystal-depleted regions of an HPDLC device form fringe planes of a grating. A resulting volume phase grating can exhibit very high diffraction efficiency, which may be controlled, in accordance with various embodiments, by the magnitude of the electric field applied across the film. When an electric field is applied to a grating via transparent electrodes, a natural orientation of the LC droplets is changed, reducing the refractive index modulation of the fringes and dropping a hologram diffraction efficiency to very low levels. Typically, SBG Elements are switched clear in 30 μs, with a longer relaxation time to switch ON. Note that the diffraction efficiency of a device can be adjusted, in accordance with many embodiments, by means of applied voltage over a continuous range. A device exhibits near 100% efficiency when no voltage is applied and near-zero efficiency when a sufficiently high voltage is applied. In certain embodiments, of HPDLC devices, magnetic fields may be used to control the LC orientation. In certain embodiments of HPDLC devices, phase separation of LC material from polymer may be accomplished to such a degree that no discernible droplet structure results. In a number of embodiments, a SBG is also used as a passive grating, which may provide a benefit of a uniquely high refractive index modulation.
According to numerous embodiments, SBGs are used to provide transmission or reflection gratings for free space applications. Various embodiments of SBGs are implemented as waveguide devices in which the HPDLC forms either the waveguide core or an evanescently coupled layer in proximity to the waveguide. In many embodiments, parallel glass plates used to form the HPDLC cell provide a total internal reflection (TIR) light guiding structure. Light is coupled out of a SBG, in accordance with several embodiments, when a switchable grating diffracts light at an angle beyond the TIR condition.
In many embodiments of waveguide devices based on SBGs, gratings are formed in a single layer sandwiched by transparent substrates. In a number of embodiments, a waveguide is just one grating layer. In various embodiments that incorporate switchable gratings, transparent electrodes are applied to opposing surfaces of the substrate layers sandwiching the switchable grating. In some embodiments, cell substrates are fabricated from glass. An exemplary glass substrate is standard Corning Willow glass substrate (index 1.51), which is available in thicknesses down to 50 microns. In a number of embodiments, cell substrates are optical plastics.
It should be understood that Bragg gratings could also be recorded in other materials. In several embodiments, SBGs are recorded in a uniform modulation material, such as POLICRYPS or POLIPHEM having a matrix of solid liquid crystals dispersed in a liquid polymer. In multiple embodiments, SBGs are non-switchable (i.e., passive). Non-switchable SBGs may have the advantage over conventional holographic photopolymer materials of being capable of providing high refractive index modulation due to its liquid crystal component. Exemplary uniform modulation liquid crystal-polymer material systems are disclosed in United State Patent Application Publication No. US2007/0019152 by Caputo et al and PCT Application No.: PCT/EP2005/006950 by Stumpe et al. both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Uniform modulation gratings are characterized by high refractive index modulation (and hence high diffraction efficiency) and low scatter. In many embodiments, at least one grating is a surface relief grating. In some embodiments at least one grating is a thin (or Raman-Nath) hologram.
In multiple embodiments, gratings are recorded in a reverse mode HPDLC material. Reverse mode HPDLC differs from conventional HPDLC in that the grating is passive when no electric field is applied and becomes diffractive in the presence of an electric field. Reverse mode HPDLC may be based on any of the recipes and processes disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2012/000680, entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES. A grating may be recorded in any of the above material systems, in accordance of various embodiments, but used in a passive (non-switchable) mode. The fabrication process is identical to that used for switchable gratings, but with an electrode coating stage being omitted. LC polymer material systems are highly desirable in view of their high index modulation. In some embodiments, gratings are recorded in HPDLC but are not switchable.
In some embodiments, a grating encodes optical power for adjusting the collimation of the output. In many embodiments, an output image is at infinity. In numerous embodiments, an output image may be formed at distances of several meters from an eye box.
In several embodiments, an input grating may be replaced by another type of input coupler. In particular embodiments, an input grating is replaced with a prism or reflective surface. In a number of embodiments, an input coupler can be a holographic grating, such as a switchable or non-switchable SBG grating. The input coupler is configured to receive collimated light from a display source and to cause the light to travel within the waveguide via total internal reflection between the first surface and second surfaces.
It is well established in the literature of holography that more than one holographic prescriptions can be recorded into a single holographic layer. Methods for recording such multiplexed holograms are well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, at least one of an input or output grating combines two or more angular diffraction prescriptions to expand the angular bandwidth. In many embodiments, at least one of the input or output gratings combines two or more spectral diffraction prescriptions to expand the spectral bandwidth. In numerous embodiments, a color multiplexed grating is used to diffract two or more primary colors.
Many embodiments, as described herein, are operated in monochrome. A color waveguide, however according to various embodiments of the invention, includes a stack of monochrome waveguides. In a number of embodiments, a waveguide device uses red, green and blue waveguide layers. In several embodiments, a waveguide device uses red and blue/green layers. In some embodiments, gratings are all passive, that is, non-switchable. In multiple embodiments, at least one grating is switchable. In a number of embodiments, input gratings in each layer are switchable to avoid color crosstalk between waveguide layers. In some embodiments, color crosstalk is avoided by disposing dichroic filters between the input grating regions of the red and blue and the blue and green waveguides.
In a number of embodiments, light is characterized by a wavelength bandwidth. In many embodiments, a waveguide device is capable of diversifying the wavelength bandwidth of light. In accordance to various embodiments, Bragg gratings, which are inherently spectral bandwidth limited devices, are most efficiently utilized with narrow band sources such as LEDs and lasers. A Bragg grating, in accordance to many embodiments, diffracts two different wavelength bands with high efficiency when the grating prescription and the incident light ray angles satisfy the Bragg equation. Full color waveguides, in accordance to multiple embodiments, utilize separate specific wavelength layers, such as, red, green and blue diffracting waveguide layers. Two-layer solutions in which one layer diffracts two of the three primary colors are used in numerous embodiments. In many embodiments, a natural spectral bandwidth of a Bragg grating is adequate for minimizing color cross talk. For tighter control of color crosstalk, however, additional components such as dichroic filters and narrow band filters integrated between waveguide layers and, typically, overlapping the input gratings may be used.
Debanding Optics
In numerous embodiments, a debanding optic is an effective input aperture such that when the optical substrate has a thickness D, the input aperture is configured to provide a TIR angle U in the optical substrate, and the angle U is calculated by 2D tan (U). Provided in
In some embodiments, a debanding optic provides spatial variation of the light along a TIR path of at least one of diffraction efficiency, optical transmission, polarization or birefringence. A typical spatial variation (120) is provided in the chart
In some embodiments, a debanding optic is at least one grating configured to have multiple gratings, such that each grating provides a small pupil shift to eliminate or mitigate banding. In many embodiments, a stack of multiple gratings achieves a small pupil shift when separations between the gratings within the stack are designed to provide a pupil shift for each angle. In a number of embodiments, gratings capable of a pupil shift are separated by transparent substrates. In several embodiments, gratings capable of a pupil shift are passive. Alternatively, in some embodiments, gratings are switched on when a voltage is applied. In some embodiments, multiple gratings arranged to have lateral relative displacements provides a pupil shift. In numerous embodiments, multiple gratings are configured in a two-dimensional array with different sub arrays of grating elements being switched in to their diffraction states according to an incidence angle. In some embodiments, gratings are configured as stacks of arrays. In various embodiments, separate gratings are provided for different wavelength bands. In a number of embodiments, a grating is multiplexed.
In many embodiments, gratings have grating parameters that vary across the principal plane of a waveguide. In some embodiments, a diffraction efficiency is varied to control the amount of light diffracted versus the amount of light transmitted down the waveguide as zero order light, thereby enabling the uniformity of light extracted from the waveguide to be fine-tuned. In several embodiments, K-vectors of at least one grating has rolled K-vectors which have directions optimized to fine tune the uniformity of light extracted from the waveguide. In various embodiments, an index modulation of gratings is varied to fine tune the uniformity of light extracted from the waveguide. In numerous embodiments, a thickness of the gratings is varied to fine tune the uniformity of light extracted from the waveguide.
In a number of embodiments, a debanding optic is at least one grating configured as a stacked switchable grating that turns on when a voltage is applied, shifting pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In some embodiments, a debanding optic is at least one grating configured as an array of switchable grating elements that can turn on a specific element when a voltage is applied, shifting pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In various embodiments, a grating has a plurality of rolled K-vectors. A K-vector is a vector aligned normal to the grating planes (or fringes) which determines the optical efficiency for a given range of input and diffracted angles. Rolling K-vectors, in accordance with a number of embodiments, allows an angular bandwidth of a grating to be expanded without the need to increase the waveguide thickness. Depicted in
In numerous embodiments, a debanding optic is at least one grating configured to be a plurality of passive grating layers configured to shift pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. When a waveguide device incorporates multiple passive grating layers, in accordance with various embodiments, the basic architecture is similar to some of the embodiments that incorporate active grating layers (e.g., see
In some embodiments, a waveguide device includes a fold grating for providing exit pupil expansion. It should be understood that various fold gratings may be used in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Examples of various fold gratings that may be used in a multitude of embodiments are disclosed in PCT Application No. PCT/GB2016000181 entitled WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY or as described in other references cited herein. A fold grating, in accordance of several embodiments, incorporates multiple gratings for pupil shifting to eliminate or mitigate banding effects, with each grating providing a small pupil shift.
In many embodiments, a debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed within an optical substrate such that the one or more index layers influences the light ray paths within the optical substrate as a function of at least one of ray angle or ray position, shifting pupil to mitigate banding effects. In some embodiments, at least one index layer is a GRIN medium. It should be understood that various GRIN mediums may be used in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, such as the examples of various GRIN mediums that are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/123,282 entitled NEAR EYE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/124,550 entitled WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS.
In a number of embodiments, a debanding optic is one or more index layers disposed adjacent to at least one reflecting surface of an edge of an optical substrate such that the one or more layers are configured to provide pupil shifting to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In several embodiments, a debanding optic is an input grating having a leading edge able to couple incident light such that a unique displacement of a ray bundle of the light relative to the leading edge of the input grating is provided by the input grating for any given incident light direction, shifting pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In many embodiments, a debanding optic is an input grating configured to have a variation of diffraction efficiencies such that a plurality of collimated incident ray paths of the incident light is diffracted into different TIR ray paths, as determined by a ray path input angle, such that a projected pupil is capable of forming at a unique location within the optical substrate for each of the plurality of collimated incident ray paths to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In some embodiments, a variation of diffraction efficiencies varies along a principal waveguide direction to provide, at least in part, pupil shift to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. In many embodiments, a variation of diffraction efficiencies varies in two dimensions over the aperture of the input grating.
In some embodiments, a debanding optic is a partially reflecting layer disposed within an optical substrate such that the partially reflecting layer separates incident light into transmitted and reflected light, shifting pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In numerous embodiments, a debanding optic is a polarization modifying layer disposed within an optical substrate such that the polarization modifying layer separates incident light into transmitted and reflected light, shifting pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. For example,
In many embodiments, a debanding optic is at least one grating configured to provide at least two separate waveguide paths which cancel non-uniformity of light of the extracted light for any incidence light angle, eliminating or mitigating banding effects. In several embodiments, a debanding optic includes at least one grating having crossed slant gratings used in conjunction with at least one fold grating exit pupil expander configured to provide a pupil shift to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In several embodiments, a debanding optic is a system of gratings, such that an input grating and an output grating each combine crossed gratings with peak diffraction efficiency for orthogonal polarizations states. In some embodiments, polarization states created by input and output gratings are S-polarized and P-polarized. In a number of embodiments, polarization states created by input and output gratings are opposing senses of circular polarization. Several embodiments utilize gratings recorded in liquid crystal polymer systems, such as SBGs, which may have an advantage owing to their inherent birefringence and exhibiting strong polarization selectivity. It should be noted, however, that other grating technologies that can be configured to provide unique polarization states may be used and still fall within various embodiments of the invention.
Returning to
In several embodiments, a debanding optic is an optical component within a microdisplay that provides variable effective numerical apertures (NA) capable of being spatially varied along at least one direction to shift pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In several embodiments, a microdisplay is a reflective device. In some embodiments, a microdisplay is a transmission device, such as, for example, a transmission liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device. In many embodiments, an input image generator has a transmission microdisplay panel with a backlight and a variable NA component. When a backlight is employed, in accordance with various embodiments, the illuminated light typically has a uniform NA across, illuminating a back surface of a microdisplay, which is propagated through a variable NA component and converted into an output image modulated light with NA angles varying along a principal axis of the microdisplay.
In a number of embodiments, an emissive display is employed in a microdisplay. Examples of emissive displays for use within a microdisplay include, but not limited to, LED arrays and light emitting polymers arrays. In some embodiments, an input image generator incorporates an emissive microdisplay and a spatially-varying NA component. Light from a microdisplay employing an emissive display, in accordance with various embodiments, typically has a uniform NA across the emitting surface of the display, illuminates the spatially-varying NA component and is converted into an output image modulated light with NA angles varying across the display aperture.
In many embodiments, a debanding optic is a plurality of grating layers within at least one grating such that the plurality of grating layers is configured to smear out any fixed pattern noise resulting in pupil shift to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. Depicted in
In several embodiments, a debanding optic is the input grating configured as an array of selectively switchable elements such that configuring the input grating as a switching grating array provides pupil switching in vertical and horizontal directions to shift pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. In many embodiments, individual grating elements are designed to diffract light incident in predefined input beam angular ranges into corresponding TIR angular ranges. Depicted in
In numerous embodiments, a debanding optic is a plurality of refractive index layers that provide spatial variation along each TIR path of at least one of diffraction efficiency, optical transmission, polarization and birefringence to influence ray paths within a waveguide substrate as a function of at least one of ray angle or ray position within the substrate, resulting in shift of pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. In several embodiments, a plurality of refractive index layers incorporates adhesives of different indices, especially to influence high angle reflections. In some embodiments, a plurality of refractive index layers incorporate layers, such as alignment layers, isotropic refractive layers, GRIN structures, antireflection layers, partially reflecting layer, or birefringent stretched polymer layers. Depicted in
In some embodiments, a debanding optic is a microdisplay projecting spatially varied NAs that shift pupil to eliminate or mitigate banding effects. In several embodiments, NA can be varied in two orthogonal directions. Depicted in
In many embodiments, a debanding optic is a tilted microdisplay configured to project a tilted, rectangular exit pupil such that the cross section of the exit pupil varies with a field angle, such that banding effects are eliminated or mitigated. In a number of embodiments, an exit pupil changes position on an input grating. This technique, in accordance with various embodiments, can be used to address banding in one beam expansion axis. Depicted in
In several embodiments, a debanding optic is a tilted microdisplay configured to angle light rays to form various projected pupils at different positions along an optical substrate for each direction of incident light, such that banding effects are mitigated along one expansion axis. Depicted in
In numerous embodiments, a debanding optic is a prism coupled to an optical substrate, such that a linear relationship between the angles of an exit pupil from a light source and the TIR angles in the optical substrate result in no gaps between successive light extractions along the TIR ray path, which occurs when the TIR path angle is U as defined by 2D tan (U). In many embodiments, an input grating is replaced with a coupling prism. In several embodiments, input light is provided through a tilted PGU pupil. By selecting a prism angle and cooperative PGU pupil tilt, in accordance with various embodiments, it is possible to achieve an approximately linear relationship between the angles out of the PGU exit pupil and the TIR angles in the waveguide while meeting a debanding condition when the effective input aperture for a TIR angle U and a waveguide substrate thickness D is given by 2D tan (U), over the entire field of view range. Depicted in
In some embodiments, a debanding optic is a light-absorbing film adjacent to the edges of an optical substrate such that portions of incident light, that would otherwise give rise to banding, are removed, eliminating or mitigating banding effects. Depicted in
In many embodiments, a debanding optic is a first light-absorbing film disposed adjacent to the edges an input substrate containing an input grating and disposed adjacent to an optical substrate, and a second light-absorbing film disposed adjacent to the edges a second substrate, attached adjacent to the optical substrate opposite the input substrate, such that incident light results in no gaps between successive light extractions along the TIR ray path, which occurs when the TIR path angle is U as defined by 2D tan (U). Depicted in
In some embodiments utilizing an input substrate, an input grating is implemented in separate cells bonded to the main waveguide, thus simplifying indium tin oxide (ITO) coating. In many embodiments utilizing an input substrate, beam shifting techniques based on forming a projected stop and tilting the PGU exit pupil are incorporated, to provide debanding in orthogonal directions.
Depicted in
In some embodiments, a prism is separated from a waveguide by a small air gap. In many embodiments, a prism is separated from a waveguide by a thin layer of low index material.
Returning to
In a number of embodiments incorporating color waveguides, projected stops are required to be created in different waveguides, each on a different plane, such that the waveguides form a stack. Misalignment of these stops leads to misregistration of the color components of the output images from the waveguide and hence color banding. One solution, in accordance with various embodiments, is a waveguide input stop with outer dichroic portions to provide some compensation for the color banding and an inner phase compensation coating (e.g., SiO2) to compensate for the phase shift due to the input stop. In some embodiments, a waveguide input stop has outer dichroic portions, but lacks a phase compensation coating. A waveguide input stop, in accordance with several embodiments, is formed on a thin transparent plate adjacent to an input surface of the waveguide, overlapping an input grating. In multiple embodiments, a waveguide input stop is disposed within a layer inside a grating. In many embodiments, a waveguide input stop is disposed directly adjacent to a waveguide external surface.
When pupils project at different positions along an optical substrate, in accordance with various embodiments, color display application projected stops are created in different planes inside separate red, green and blue transmitting optical substrate layers. In some embodiments, a waveguide input stop includes outer dichroic portions to shift pupil and eliminate or mitigate color banding and an inner phase compensation coating in inner portions to compensate for the phase shift. In many embodiments, an inner phase compensation coating is SiO2. Depicted in
In numerous embodiments, a debanding optic is an input grating configured such that light has a unique displacement relative to an edge of the input grating at any given incident light direction to shift pupil, eliminating or mitigating a banding effect. Displacement of the light results in a portion of the light beam to fall outside the input grating apertures and therefore not being diffracted into a TIR path inside a waveguide, which varies with field angle. In several embodiments, non-diffracted light can be trapped by a suitable absorbing film. In many embodiments, a beam width can be tailored by displacement to meet the debanding condition a TIR angle U and a waveguide substrate thickness D is given by 2D tan (U). Depicted in
It should be understood, that the various embodiments of debanding described herein, can be combined. In several embodiments, embodiments for debanding can be combined with a technique to vary the diffraction efficiency of the input grating along a principal waveguide direction. Furthermore, in many embodiments, embodiments of debanding are performed in each beam expansion direction. Accordingly, in some embodiments, two or more of embodiments employing debanding solutions are combined to provide debanding in two dimensions. In a number of embodiments in which a waveguide device operates in two dimensions, the device includes fold gratings, which allow for debanding in two dimensions.
In a number of embodiments, a waveguide display is integrated within a window, for example, a windscreen-integrated HUD for road vehicle applications. It should be understood that any appropriate window-integrated display may be integrated into a waveguide display and fall within various embodiments of the invention. Examples of window-integrated displays are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/125,064 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/125,066 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS.
In many embodiments, a waveguide display includes gradient index (GRIN) wave-guiding components for relaying image content between an input image generator and the waveguide. Exemplary GRIN wave-guiding components are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.: 62/123,282 entitled NEAR EYE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/124,550 entitled WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS. In several embodiments, a waveguide display incorporates a light pipe for providing beam expansion in one direction. Examples of light pipes are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/177,494 entitled WAVEGUIDE DEVICE INCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE. In some embodiments, the input image generator may be based on a laser scanner as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,075,184 entitled COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED DIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY. Various embodiments of the invention are used in wide range of displays, including (but not limited t) HMDs for AR and VR, helmet mounted displays, projection displays, heads up displays (HUDs), Heads Down Displays, (HDDs), autostereoscopic displays and other 3D displays. A number of the embodiments are applied in waveguide sensors such as, for example, eye trackers, fingerprint scanners, LIDAR systems, illuminators and backlights.
In some embodiments, a waveguide device incorporates an eye tracker. It should be understood that a number of eye trackers can be used and still fall within various embodiments of the invention, including eye trackers described in PCT/GB2014/000197 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER, PCT/GB2015/000274 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE OPTICAL TRACKER, and PCT Application No.: GB2013/000210 entitled APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING.
It should be emphasized that the drawings are exemplary and that the dimensions have been exaggerated. For example, thicknesses of the SBG layers have been greatly exaggerated. Optical devices based on any of the above-described embodiments may be implemented using plastic substrates using the materials and processes disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2012/000680, entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES. In some embodiments, the dual expansion waveguide display may be curved.
The construction and arrangement of the systems and methods as shown in the various exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (for example, variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.). For example, positions of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
As can be inferred from the above discussion, the above-mentioned concepts can be implemented in a variety of arrangements in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations would be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than specifically described. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/465,834, entitled “Waveguide Device with Uniform Output Illumination” to Waldern et al., filed May 31, 2019, which is a national stage of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/015553, entitled “Waveguide Device with Uniform Output Illumination” to Waldern et al., filed Jan. 26, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/499,423, entitled “Waveguide Device with Uniform Output Illumination” to Waldern et al., filed Jan. 26, 2017, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/497,781, entitled “Apparatus for Homogenizing the Output from a Waveguide Device” to Waldern et al., filed Dec. 2, 2016, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20230168514 A1 | Jun 2023 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62499423 | Jan 2017 | US | |
| 62497781 | Dec 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16465834 | US | |
| Child | 18059246 | US |
