Patent Grant
11193053
This application claims the priority benefit of Chinese Patent Application Serial No. 201710240505.9 filed Apr. 13, 2017.
The present disclosure relates generally to modified alpha-olefin maleic anhydride copolymers useful as wax inhibitors in oils, their use for reducing wax deposition from oils, and methods for their manufacture.
In production of most wax-containing oils such as crude oils, a major problem occurs when the oil temperature is below the solidification temperature of the wax in the oil, because the wax solidifies and tends to precipitate out and deposit on the piping and other equipment contacted by the oil. Build-up of wax deposits can impact oil production throughput due to reduced effective pipe diameter, also associate with accelerated corrosion. Moreover, wax deposition may cause the oil to lose its ability to flow, and thus cause difficulties in transporting the oil through lines and pumps.
Comb polymers are widely used as wax inhibitors and pour point depressants in oil production and transportation to reduce wax deposit amount and/or improve crude flowability at temperatures below wax appearance temperature.
Deepwater offshore oil production is growing fast due to the limitation and aging of onshore oil fields. Additives used in the deepwater oil production need to be stable at low temperature (for example, at about 4° C.) and high pressure (for example, higher than 10,000 psi) to make sure they will not block the umbilical pipe. There are a few deepwater wax inhibitors that are designed with good low temperature and high pressure stability by sacrificing parts of the wax inhibiting performance. However, these wax inhibitors have narrower crude envelop, and thus they can only treat limited crudes containing low carbon number (Cn) wax. There is no effective wax inhibitors with good low temperature stability as well as wider crude envelop, for example, which are applicable for deepwater crudes containing higher Cn wax.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide effective and economical additives that can be employed in the deepwater oil production as wax inhibitors.
In one aspect, an oil composition includes an oil and an effective amount of a wax inhibitor that includes at least one modified alpha-olefin maleic anhydride copolymer of the formula:
wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups containing 12-60 carbon atoms and an average carbon atom number of R1, if not hydrogen, in the copolymer is in a range from 20 to 32, R2 is selected from hydrocarbyl groups containing 6-12 carbon atoms, and n is a number of repeating units ranging from 1 to 100.
In another aspect, a method of reducing wax deposition from an oil includes adding to said oil an effective amount of a wax inhibitor that includes at least one modified alpha-olefin maleic anhydride copolymer of the formula:
wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups containing 12-60 carbon atoms and an average carbon atom number of R1, if not hydrogen, in the copolymer is in a range from 20 to 32, R2 is selected from hydrocarbyl groups containing 6-12 carbon atoms, and n is a number of repeating units ranging from 1 to 100.
In another aspect, an oil composition includes an oil and an effective amount of a wax inhibitor. The wax inhibitor is prepared by reacting an alpha-olefin containing from 8 to 14 carbon atoms with maleic anhydride in the presence of a free radical initiator to obtain a high molecular weight copolymer, followed by reacting said high molecular weight copolymer with an alcohol mixture with an average number of carbon atoms in a range from 20 to 32.
In yet another aspect, a method of reducing wax deposition in an oil includes adding to said oil an effective amount of a wax inhibitor. The wax inhibitor is prepared by reacting an alpha-olefin containing from 8 to 14 carbon atoms with maleic anhydride in the presence of a free radical initiator to obtain a high molecular weight copolymer, followed by reacting said high molecular weight copolymer with an alcohol mixture with an average number of carbon atoms in a range from 20 to 32.
One or more embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terms “first,” “second,” and the like, as used herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. Also, the terms “a” and “an” do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items. The term “or” is meant to be inclusive and mean any, some, or all of the listed items. The use of “including,” “comprising” or “having” and variations thereof herein are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about” and “substantially”, are not to be limited to the precise value specified. Additionally, when using an expression of “about a first value—a second value,” the about is intended to modify both values. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here, and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged, such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise.
Any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32 etc. are expressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner.
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a wax inhibitor composition that is used as an additive in oil production and transportation for reducing wax deposition and providing oils with improved low temperature flow properties. Further, embodiments of the present invention also relate to an oil composition including an oil and an effective amount of the aforementioned wax inhibitor additive and/or additive concentrate, and a method of improving low temperature flow properties of oils by adding an effective amount of the aforementioned wax inhibitor additive and/or additive concentrate into the oil.
The wax inhibitor composition includes at least one modified alpha-olefin maleic anhydride (AOMA) copolymer as described hereinafter. It is found in the present disclosure that, as for the modified AOMA copolymer used as a wax inhibitor, the hydrocarbyl side chain (from the olefin for synthesizing the copolymer) is more critical to low temperature stability whereas the ester side chain (from the alcohols for synthesizing the copolymer) is more critical to wax inhibiting performance. A modified AOMA copolymer that includes a relatively short hydrocarbyl side chain and a relatively long ester side chain can achieve a balance of both good wax inhibiting performance and low temperature stability. For example, a modified AOMA copolymer that includes a hydrocarbyl side chain containing 6-12 carbon atoms and an ester side chain having an average carbon atom number in a range from 20 to 32 carbon atoms have both good wax inhibiting performance and low temperature stability, and is particularly applicable in deepwater oil production and transportation, as a wax inhibitor.
In some embodiments, a wax inhibitor composition of the present invention includes at least one modified AOMA copolymer of the formula:
wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups containing 12-60 carbon atoms and an average carbon atom number of the R1, if not hydrogen, in the modified AOMA copolymer is in a range from 20 to 32, R2 is selected from hydrocarbyl groups containing 6-12 carbon atoms, and n is the number of repeating units ranging from 1 to 100.
Specifically, R1 in the formula (I) may be hydrogen or an ester side chain containing 12-60 carbon atoms, depending on whether the esterification occurs at the carboxy group. “R1”s at different carboxy groups of the modified AOMA copolymer may be the same or different. Similarly, R2 in the formula (I) may be a hydrocarbyl side chain containing 6-12 carbon atoms, and “R2”s in different repeating units of the formula (I) may be the same or different, depending on how many kinds of alpha-olefins are used in synthesis of the modified AOMA copolymer.
As used herein the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to any combination of straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl groups, or the respective group substituted with one or more substituents, including, but not limited to, groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl groups and any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, R1 is a C12-C60 saturated or unsaturated substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. In some embodiments, R2 is a C6-C12 saturated or unsaturated substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. In some embodiments, n is an integer of from 1 to 50. In some specific embodiments, n is an integer of from 5 to 30.
In some embodiments, the modified AOMA copolymer is a copolymer of an alpha-olefin with a relatively short alkyl chain and maleic anhydride modified with relatively long alkyl chain alcohols, which is generally prepared by reacting an alpha-olefin with maleic anhydride in the presence of a free radical initiator such as, for example, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (other free radical initiators useful in the context of the present invention are known to those skilled in the art) in order to form a high molecular weight copolymer, and then reacting the high molecular weight copolymer with an alcohol mixture in order to form the compound of formula (I).
In some embodiments, the alpha-olefin is a C8-C14 alpha-olefin, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, or 1-tetradecene. In some specific embodiments, the alpha-olefin is 1-dodecene.
In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture refers to a C12-C60 alcohol blend with an average number of carbon atoms in a range from 20 to 32. Each of alcohols in the alcohol mixture contains 12-60 carbon atoms, while the alcohols in the alcohol mixture are proportioned to make the alcohol mixture have an average number of carbon atoms in the range from 20 to 32. In some specific embodiments, more than 30% by weight of alcohols in the alcohol mixture are C22+ alcohols that contain at least 22 carbon atoms.
In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture includes at least one C12-C60 alcohol blend. In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture includes at least two C12-C60 alcohol blends. In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture includes at least one C12-C60 alcohol blend and at least one bulky alcohol. Examples of suitable C12-C60 alcohol blends include but are not limited to NAFOL20+, NAFOL24+, NAFOL2428, Unilin 350 and Unilin 425, compositions of which will be described hereinafter in Examples. In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture may include NAFOL20+, NAFOL24+ and optionally at least one bulky alcohol. In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture may include NAFOL20+ and NAFOL2428. In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture may include Unilin 350. In some embodiments, the alcohol mixture may include Unilin 425 and at least one bulky alcohol. As used herein, the term “bulky alcohol” refers to an alcohol that is sterically more bulky than the other alcohol(s) in the alcohol mixture. Examples of bulky alcohols include a guerbet alcohols (such as 2-decyl-1-tetradecanol), benzyl alcohols, oleyl alcohols, tertiary alcohols, t-butyl alcohol, adamantanol, trimethylsilanol, and derivatives thereof.
The high molecular weight copolymer may be made by any of the methods known in the art, e.g., by solution polymerization with free radical initiation. For example, in some embodiments, the modified AOMA copolymer is synthesized from alternating free radical copolymerization of 1-dodecene and maleic anhydride, then modified with a selected alcohol mixture to make alkyl side chains on the polymer backbone through ester group.
In some embodiments, about 1 to 5 moles of alpha-olefin are employed for each mole of maleic anhydride employed in the synthesis. In some embodiments, about 0 to 2 moles or preferably about 1 to 2 moles of mixed alcohols are employed for each mole of maleic anhydride employed in the synthesis. For example, 0.5 moles of a first alcohol mixture and 0.5 moles of a second alcohol mixture may be employed for each mole of maleic anhydride in order to get the copolymer of formula (I).
The modified AOMA copolymers as described herein have good wax inhibiting performance and low temperature stability and can be used as wax inhibitors and pour point depressants in oil production and transportation. With the balanced performance and low temperature stability, the copolymers are particularly applicable as wax inhibitors for deepwater crude oil, for example, deepwater crude oil having a wax content of 0.1% to 100%, or preferably 1% to 50% by weight, measured by high temperature gas chromatography.
In some embodiments, the oil may be added with 0.0001% (1 ppm) to 1% (10000 ppm), or preferably 0.001% to 0.5% by weight of the wax inhibitor in order to effectively inhibit wax deposition and improve flowability.
The embodiments of the present disclosure are demonstrated with reference to non-limiting examples. The following examples are set forth to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a detailed description of how the materials claimed herein are made, used and evaluated, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Unless specified otherwise, all of the materials or components are commercially available from common chemical suppliers.
Several kinds of commercial alcohol blends were used in the following examples. NAFOL20+ is an aliphatic C18-C26 alcohol blend purchased from SASOL, which includes typically 6% C18, 46% C20, 29% C22, 14% C24, and 5% C26 by weight. NAFOL24+ is an aliphatic C20-C30 alcohol blend purchased from SASOL, which includes typically 2.3% C20, 7.4% C22, 30.1% C24, 31.8% C26, 22.4% C28, and 5.2% C30 by weight. ISOFOL24 is 2-decyl-1-tetradecanol purchased from SASOL.
NAFOL2428 is an aliphatic C20-C30 alcohol blend purchased from SASOL, which includes typically <5% C20, <10% C22, 30-50% C24, 30-50% C26, 10-20% C28, and <5% C30 by weight.
Unilin350 is an aliphatic C14-C50 alcohol blend purchased from Baker Hughes, which includes typically 5.5% C14, 7.6% C16, 8.3% C18, 9.0% C20, 9.8% C22, 9.7% C24, 9.3% C26, 8.4% C28, 7.3% C30, 6.4% C32, 5.1% C34, 3.9% C36, 3.0% C38, 2.3% C40, 1.5% C42, 1.2% C44, 0.8% C46, 0.4% C48, and 0.3% C50 by weight.
Unilin425 is an aliphatic C14-C56 alcohol blend purchased from Baker Hughes, which includes typically 1.7% C14, 3.3% C16, 4.6% C18, 6.0% C20, 7.2% C22, 7.9% C24, 8.5% C26, 8.6% C28, 8.5% C30, 8.1% C32, 7.4% C34, 6.4% C36, 5.6% C38, 4.5% C40, 3.4% C42, 2.7% C44, 2.1% C46, 1.3% C48, 1.1% C50, 0.7% C52, 0.4% C54, and 0.2% C56 by weight.
In the following Examples 1-11, 11 different esterified olefin-maleic anhydride copolymers were prepared from different olefins and/or alcohols by a process as described hereinafter, respectively.
In Example 1, Maleic Anhydride (64.9 g), 1-dodecene (122.7 g), and Aromatic 150 (a solvent purchased from Exxon Mobile, 80 g) were added to a reactor and stirred by an agitator. The reactor headspace was inerted by vacuumizing the reactor headspace and back-charging the vacuumized headspace with nitrogen. The reactor was heated to about 150° C. During the heating process, a Dicumyl Peroxide solution was prepared by dissolving Dicumyl Peroxide (5.4 g) in Aromatic 150 (9.3 g) and the Dicumyl Peroxide solution was inerted by nitrogen. When the reactor temperature reached 150° C., the Dicumyl Peroxide solution was added into the reactor continuously over a period of 3.5 hours, and the reactor temperature was then held at 150° C. for additional 2.5 hours. After the total 6 hours of reaction, a mixture of NAFOL20+ (129.2 g), NAFOL24+ (152.4 g), ISOFOL24 (23.5 g), and Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid (12.6 g) at about 80° C. was added into the reactor in one portion. Then the reactor temperature was held at 150° C. for another 12 hours with a dean-stark equipped on the reactor to collect water generated from the esterification. The resulting product was labeled EXP-1 for test and evaluation as described hereinafter.
In Example 2, NAFOL2428 (157.4 g) was used to replace the NAFOL24+ and ISOFOL24 in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-2.
In Example 3, 1-Decene (102.3 g) was used to replace the 1-Dodecene in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-3.
In Example 4, 1-Tetradecene (143.2 g) was used to replace the 1-Dodecene in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-4.
In Example 5, 58.8 g ISOFOL24 was used instead of the 23.5 g ISOFOL24 in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-5.
In Example 6, 117.6 g ISOFOL24 was used instead of the 23.5 g ISOFOL24 in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-6.
In Example 7, 235.1 g ISOFOL24 was used instead of the 23.5 g ISOFOL24 in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-7.
In Example 8, 35.8 g Benzyl alcohol was used instead of the 23.5 g ISOFOL24 in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-8.
In Example 9, 35.6 g Oleyl alcohol was used instead of the 23.5 g ISOFOL24 in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-9.
In Example 10, Unilin350 (304.8 g) was used to replace the alcohols in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-10.
In Example 11, 362.8 g Unilin425 and 235.1 g ISOFOL24 were used to replace the alcohols in Example 1. The resulting product was labeled EXP-11.
The composition of olefins and alcohol mixtures used for Examples 1-11 are summarized in Table 1, in which the amounts of the alcohols are denoted as mole percentages with respect to the amount of the Maleic Anhydride employed. Each of the alcohol mixtures has an average number of carbon atoms in the range from 20 to 32.
In Example 12, the resulting products obtained from Examples 1-11 were evaluated as potential wax inhibitors against comparative additive A (labeled A) and B (labeled B) through cold finger, cold centrifuge, and high-pressure low-temperature viscosity tests. The comparative additive A has a hydrocarbyl side chain containing 18-26 carbon atoms and an ester side chain containing 20-32 carbon atoms. The comparative additive B has a hydrocarbyl side chain containing 10 carbon atoms and an ester side chain containing 14-20 carbon atoms.
Cold centrifuge test was used as an accelerated test to evaluate low temperature stability of the comparative additives A and B and the experimental products EXP-1 to EXP-11 (samples) on a Beckman Coulter centrifuge with TA-10-250 fixed angle rotor at 4° C./800 rpm for 6 hours. Samples were diluted in xylene or Aromatic 150 (A150) to 20 wt %, 15 wt % or 10 wt % for cold centrifuge test, all samples were filtered through 0.7 μm nylon or 1 μm glassfibre filter before the test. A sample should stay as a clear solution without phase separation after the 6 hours' centrifuge to pass the test. Test results of the samples are summarized in Table 2.
As shown in the results listed above in Table 2, the comparative additive B and all the experimental products EXP-1 to EXP-11 pass at least the test with 15% solution in xylene, which indicates they have good low temperature stability.
Wax deposition inhibitions of these samples were evaluated on PSL CF-15 cold finger following industrial standard cold finger testing protocol, using Model Oil A (Exxon Mobile D60s and A150 blends provided with about 5 wt % Wako44 wax and 5 wt % Wako68 wax) and Model Oil B (a China non-waxy crude provided with about 5 wt % Wako44 wax and 5 wt % Wako68 wax) as simulated crude oil. Test results of these samples are summarized in Table 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, the experimental products EXP-1 to EXP-11 have much higher wax deposition inhibition rates for the Model Oil A and B than the comparative additive B.
High pressure low temperature viscosity test was used to evaluate stability of the experimental products EXP-1 and EXP-2 at high pressure and low temperature as part of their deepwater qualification. The tests were performed on high pressure rheology meter. EXP-1 and EXP-2 were diluted in xylene to 15 wt % for cold centrifuge test, and were filtered through 0.7 μm nylon or 1 μm glassfibre filter before the test. Their test results are summarized in Table 4.
High pressure low temperature viscosity test is the major test for upstream chemical deepwater qualification. A deepwater qualified product should keep <100 cp viscosity at the certain pressure and 4° C. In the results listed above in Table 4, both the experimental products EXP-1 and EXP-2 pass the test at 12,500 psi with 15 wt % solution in xylene, which indicated they have good stability at high pressure and low temperature.
This written description uses examples to describe the disclosure, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201710240505.9 | Apr 2017 | CN | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2017/068460 | 12/27/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018/190917 | 10/18/2018 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2892793 | Stewart | Jun 1959 | A |
| 2977334 | Zopf | Mar 1961 | A |
| 3449236 | Engelhart | Jun 1969 | A |
| 3449250 | Fields | Jun 1969 | A |
| 3694176 | Miller | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3854893 | Rossi | Dec 1974 | A |
| 3966428 | Rossi | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3984368 | Teer et al. | Oct 1976 | A |
| 4151069 | Rossi | Apr 1979 | A |
| 4166900 | Heimsch et al. | Sep 1979 | A |
| 4171273 | Waldbillig et al. | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4240916 | Rossi | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4261703 | Tack et al. | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4514314 | Rossi | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4548725 | Bridger | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4693838 | Varma et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4839074 | Rossi et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4861818 | Timmerman et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4871823 | Billman et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4891145 | Brod et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4900461 | Ver Strate et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4954572 | Emert et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 5041622 | LeSuer | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5366649 | Durand et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5441545 | Lewtas et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5703023 | Srinivasan | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5792729 | Harrison et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5857287 | Schield et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 6015863 | Mike et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6174843 | Peyton | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6475963 | Bloch et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6715473 | Ritchie et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 7067599 | Tack et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7144951 | Duyck et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7198103 | Campbell | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7500522 | Skibinski et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7745541 | Ruhe, Jr. et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7816309 | Stokes et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7820604 | Ruhe, Jr. et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7820605 | Stokes et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7833955 | Burrington et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7858566 | Ruhe, Jr. et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7928044 | Stokes et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7942941 | Cravey et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 8067347 | Ruhe, Jr. et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8455568 | Ruhe, Jr. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8557753 | Gieselman et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 20040101775 | Yoshihiro et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040110647 | Gapinski | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20050124509 | Gutierrez et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20100130385 | Guzmann et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20110190438 | Gonzalez et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20130186629 | Leonard et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130310290 | Price et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20140048273 | Southwick et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140250771 | Biggerstaff et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140260567 | Fouchard et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20160115369 | Soriano, Jr. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1037854 | Dec 1989 | CN |
| 1064305 | Sep 1992 | CN |
| 1965064 | May 2007 | CN |
| 100439404 | Dec 2008 | CN |
| 101381640 | Mar 2009 | CN |
| 101544735 | Sep 2009 | CN |
| 101668828 | Mar 2010 | CN |
| 101812348 | Aug 2010 | CN |
| 101870750 | Oct 2010 | CN |
| 101899162 | Dec 2010 | CN |
| 101921377 | Dec 2010 | CN |
| 102108292 | Jun 2011 | CN |
| 102191093 | Sep 2011 | CN |
| 102382695 | Mar 2012 | CN |
| 102533241 | Jul 2012 | CN |
| 103450955 | Dec 2013 | CN |
| 103642477 | Mar 2014 | CN |
| 104245906 | Dec 2014 | CN |
| 104371058 | Feb 2015 | CN |
| 104693344 | Jun 2015 | CN |
| 104694181 | Jun 2015 | CN |
| 172906 | Dec 1992 | EP |
| 677572 | Jan 1999 | EP |
| 1746147 | Jan 2007 | EP |
| S62003200 | Jan 1987 | JP |
| 02919861 | Jul 1999 | JP |
| 2008308660 | Dec 2008 | JP |
| 2011122135 | Jun 2011 | JP |
| 05356971 | Dec 2013 | JP |
| 2008125588 | Oct 2008 | WO |
| 2011079508 | Jul 2011 | WO |
| 2014165532 | Oct 2014 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report and Written Opinion in related International Application No. PCT/US2017/068460 dated May 8, 2018; 12 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion in related International Application No. PCT/CN2018/082088 dated Jul. 11, 2018; 9 pages. |
| “Octadecylsuccinic acid | C22H42O4”, PubChem Compound, Aug. 8, 2005, NCBI Database accession No. CID 110691, XP002801616, Retrieved from the Internet: URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/110691. |
| “UNILIN Alcohols”, Web Article, 2011, Baker Hughes Incorporated, 2 pages. |
| Xing Shili et al.: “Effect of Maleic Anhydride Copolymer on Cold Flow Ability of Waxy Oils”, Jun. 2011, Chinese Journal of Colloids and Polymers, vol. 29, No. 2, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1815.2011.02.010. English abstract only. |
| Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 18783759.6, dated Feb. 16, 2021, 7 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200377785 A1 | Dec 2020 | US |
