Patent Grant
7150799
The present invention broadly relates to techniques for improving the mechanical strength of metal welds, and deals more particularly with a method of inoculating welds in aluminum alloys in order to refine the weld grain structure.
Aluminum alloys are frequently used as structural components in vehicle applications because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, and ease of formability. Aluminum alloy components, such as sheets used to form vehicle body panels are normally joined together by metal fusion processes, such as conventional resistance spot welding. Because vehicle applications impose cyclic stresses on the body components over a long period of time, it is important that the aluminum alloy welds possess adequate mechanical strength and resistance to fatigue.
In order to form resistance type spot welds between sheets of an aluminum alloy, the sheets are clamped together under pressure between a pair of welding electrodes, typically copper, and an electrical current is passed between the electrodes so as to flow through an area or “spot” on the sheets. This current flow heats the aluminum alloy material at the spot to its melting temperature, producing a molten weld nugget in which metal from the two sheets migrate toward each other to form a fusion weld when the molten nugget has cooled and solidified. The solidification process results from nucleation and growth of a new phase (a solid) at an advancing solid/liquid interface within the weld nugget. The solid phase within a molten weld nugget generally initiates by epitaxial growth from the surfaces of the material being welded, and proceeds by competitive growth toward the centerline of the weld. That is, grains with their easy growth direction oriented most preferentially along the heat flow direction gradient, tend to crowd out those grains whose easy growth directions are not as suitably oriented. The grain structure of the resulting weld is determined by the type of nucleation and growth of the solid phase. As the weld nugget cools, the solidification that begins at the walls of the substrate result the formation of grains that grow against the heat flux; these grains are known as columnar grains. Eventually, and depending upon the solidification conditions, equiaxed grains form in the central region the weld nugget. The columnar grain structures, i.e. structures in which the grains tend to be elongate and run parallel to each other, result in a weld that possesses less mechanical strength compared to a weld having an equiaxed grain structure where the grains are uniform in size and are arranged in a random orientation. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of the weld would degrade even more if the columnar grain structure is in the proximity of the high stress regions formed at the intersection of the weld nugget and the opening of the sheets. A solidified weld normally possesses both columnar and equiaxed grains, with the equiaxed grains being disposed in the center of the weld and surrounded by an outer boundary layer of columnar grains. In order to increase the mechanical strength of the weld as well as its resistance to fatigue, it would be desirable to maximize the volume of equiaxed grains, compared to the volume of the columnar grains. The present invention is directed toward achieving this objective.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for producing a weld between two aluminum alloy workpieces, comprising pressing the workpieces into contact with each other, producing a molten weld nugget at a spot between the workpieces, and promoting the formation of equiaxed grain structure within the weld nugget by inoculating the weld with particles of a material on which equiaxed grain may grow as the nugget cools and solidifies. The material used to inoculate the weld preferably contains at least Ti or Na. Ti may be introduced in alloy form, and Na can be any of several Na based compounds. The inoculating material may be introduced as a paste, a powder or a film applied to one or both of the workpiece surfaces to be welded prior to initiating the weld.
According to another aspect of the invention, a spot weld between two sheets of aluminum alloy is formed by pressing the sheets into contact with each other, producing a molten weld nugget at a spot between facing surfaces of the sheets, allowing the molten weld nugget to cool and thereby solidify, and promoting the formation of equiaxed grain structure with the nugget by introducing particles of a material into the molten nugget on which the equiaxed grain may grow as the molten nugget cools and solidifies. With the inoculating material having been applied to at least one of the surfaces to be welded, application of an electrical current through the workpieces melts contacting surface areas of the workpieces, causing a molten weld nugget to be formed. The introduction of the inoculating material into the nugget encourages nucleation of the finer, equiaxed grains as the nugget solidifies.
A significant advantage of the invention resides in its ability to not only increase the strength of an aluminum alloy weld, but also improve the consistency of weld quality by introducing a relatively inexpensive inoculant to the weld nugget.
Another advantage of the invention is conventional resistance welding equipment may be used to practice the inventive method without increasing weld cycle time. Also, the inventive method is that the inoculant material applied to the workpiece surfaces to be welded may be in any of a variety of readily available states such as powders, tapes, or preformed films.
These and other advantages and features of the invention will be made clear or will become apparent during the course of the following description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In the drawings which form an integral part of the specification and are to be read in conjunction therewith, and in which like reference numerals are employed to designate identical components in the various views:
Referring first to
As weld nugget 14 cools, the molten aluminum alloy crystallizes as it changes state from a liquid to a solid. During the cooling process, crystallization of the outer boundary layers occurs first, and solidification proceeds inwardly toward the center of the weld 14 until the weld has completely crystallized. Crystallization of an outer boundary layer 16 in the weld nugget 14 results in a columnar grain structure in which the individual grains tend to be elongate with their longitudinal axes extending parallel to each other and oriented in the direction of the heat flow. The outer boundary 16 transitions into a central area 18 where the grain structure is equiaxed, i.e. the individual grains have equal dimensions, rather than being elongate, and have their axes randomly oriented relative to each other. As will be later discussed, the equiaxed grain structure of the central area 18 tends to provide the weld 14 with superior mechanical strength and fatigue resistance compared to a weld 14 where columnar grain structure are predominate within the weld nugget 14.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that the strength of a weld formed between aluminum alloy workpieces can be improved by inoculating the molten weld nugget with certain materials which tend to be particularly effective in promoting the nucleation of equiaxed grains as the nugget solidifies.
Suitable sodium based compounds may include, for example:
The inoculant is applied to one or both if the facing surfaces of the workpieces to be welded. The inoculant may be in the form of a liquid or paste that is sprayed or brushed onto the workpiece surface, or the inoculant may be incorporated into a carrier formed into a film or foil which is interposed between the workpiece surfaces before they are clamped and welded. Testing had shown that in welding AA 5182-O aluminum alloys, an inoculant material comprising AlTi4BRe provides superior results. In welding AA 6111-T4 aluminum alloy) an inoculant comprising AlTi3C0.15 was found to provide satisfactory results.
A series of tests were performed to compare the properties of welds produced with and without inoculation according to the inventive method.
A further set of tests to determine the mechanical properties of welds with and without inoculations were performed using two sheets of AA 6111-T4 as the workpieces being welded. The results of these tests are represented in the table of data shown in
Further testing has confirmed that welds inoculated with the materials previously described exhibit improved mechanical strength and fatigue resistance for a wide variety of aluminum alloys including, for example, AA2024-T4, AA2024-T42, AA5154-0 and AA6061-T42. Fatigue tests were also performed on AA2024-T4 aluminum alloys, using welds with and without the invented inoculation. The results of these tests, depicted in the plot shown in
From the foregoing, it may be appreciated that the weld nugget inoculation described above not only provides advantages over the prior welding methods, but does so in a particularly effective and economical manner. It is recognized, of course, that those skilled in the art may make various modifications or additions chosen to illustrate the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the present contribution to the art. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the protection sought and to be afforded hereby should be deemed to extend to the subject matter claimed and all equivalents thereof fairly within the scope of the invention.
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|---|---|---|---|
| 4038514 | Ashton | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4943492 | Holroyd et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 6335512 | Warren et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050103406 A1 | May 2005 | US |
