Weldable high strength steel having excellent low temperature toughness

TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to an ultra-high strength steel having a tensile strength (TS) of at least 950 MPa and excellent in low temperature toughness and weldability, and this steel can widely be used for line pipes for transporting natural gases and crude oils and as a weldable steel material for various pressure containers and industrial machinery.
BACKGROUND ART
Recently, the required strength of line pipes used for the long distance transportation of crude oils and natural gases has become higher and higher due to (1) an improvement in transportation efficiency by higher pressure, and (2) an improvement in laying efficiency due to the reduction of outer diameters and weights of line pipes. Line pipes having a strength of up to X80 according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) (at least 620 MPa in terms of tensile strength) have been put into practical application in the past, but the need for line pipes having a higher strength has increased.
Conventionally, an ultra-low carbon-high Mn--Nb--(Mo)--(Ni)-trace B-trace Ti steel has been known as a line pipe steel having a structure comprising mainly fine bainite, but the upper limit of its tensile strength is at most 750 MPa. In this basic chemical composition system, an ultra-high strength steel having a structure mainly comprising fine martensite does not exist. It had been believed that a tensile strength exceeding 950 MPa can never be attained by the structure mainly comprising bainite and furthermore, the low temperature toughness is deteriorated if the martensite structure increases.
Studies on the production method of ultra-high strength line pipes have been made at present on the basis of the conventional X80 line pipe production technologies (for example, "NKK Engineering Report", No. 138 (1992), pp. 24-31, and "The 7th Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering" (1998), Volume V, pp. 179-185), but the production of line pipes of X100 (tensile strength of at least 760 MPa) is believed to be the limit according to these technologies.
To achieve an ultra-high strength in pipe lines, there are a large number of problems yet to be solved such as the balance of strength and low temperature toughness, toughness of a welding heat affected zone (HAZ), field weldability, softening of a joint, and so forth, and an rapid development of a revolutionary ultra-high strength line pipe (exceeding X100) has been sought.
To satisfy the requirements described above, the present invention aims at providing an ultra-high strength weldable steel having an excellent balance between the strength and the low temperature toughness, being easily weldable on field and having a tensile strength of at least 950 MPa (exceeding X100 of the API standard).
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The inventors of the present invention have conducted intensive studies on the chemical components (compositions) of steel materials and their micro-structures in order to obtain an ultra-high strength steel having a tensile strength of at least 950 MPa and excellent in low temperature toughness and field weldability, and have invented a new ultra-high strength weldable steel.
It is the first object of the present invention to provide a new ultra-high strength weldable steel, which is a low carbon-high Mn type steel containing Ni--Mo--Nb-trace Ti compositely added thereto, and having a tensile strength of at least 950 MPa and excellent in low temperature toughness and site weldability in cold districts.
It is the second object of the present invention to provide a steel which has a P value, defined by the following chemical formula, within the range of 1.9 to 4.0 in the chemical compositions constituting the ultra-high strength weldable steel described above. Needless to say, this P value changes somewhat depending on various ultra-high strength weldable steels provided by the present invention.
The term "P value" (hardenability index) defined in the present invention represents a hardenability index. When this P value takes a high value, it indicates that the structure is likely to transform to a martensite or bainite structure. It is an index that can be used as a strength estimation formula of steels, and can be expressed by the following general formula:
P=2.7C+0.4Si+Mn+0.8Cr+0.45(Ni+Cu)+(1+.beta.)MO+V-1+.beta.
where .beta. is 0 when B is less than 3 ppm and .beta. is when B is greater than or equal to 3 ppm.
It is the third object of the present invention to provide a weldable high strength steel excellent in low temperature toughness, wherein the chemical compositions constituting the ultra-high strength weldable steel and the micro-structure of the steel have a specific structure, the micro-structure contains at least 60%, in terms of volume fraction, of martensite transformed from un-recrystallized austenite having an apparent mean austenite grain size (d.gamma.) of not greater than 10 .mu.m in a suitable combination with the chemical compositions constituting the steel, and the sum of a martensite fraction and a bainite fraction is at least 90%, or the micro-structure contains at least 60%, in terms of volume fraction, of martensite transformed from an un-recrystallized austenite having an apparent mean austenite grain size (d.gamma.) of not greater than 10 .mu.m and the sum of a martensite fraction and a bainite fraction is at least 90%.
To achieve the objects described above, a weldable high strength steel having a low temperature toughness according to the present invention contains the following compositions, in terms of wt %:
C: 0.05 to 0.10%, Si.ltoreq.0.6%,
Mn: 1.7 to 2.5%, P.ltoreq.0.015%,
S:.ltoreq.0.003%, Ni: 0.1 to 1.0%,
Mo: 0.15 to 0.60%, Nb: 0.01 to 0.10%,
Ti: 0.005 to 0.030%, Al: .ltoreq.0.06%, and
N: 0.001 to 0.006%.
The present invention provides a high strength steel containing the components described above as the basic chemical compositions so as to secure the required low temperature toughness and weldability. In order to improve various required characteristics, particularly hardenability, the steel further contains 0.0003 to 0.0020% of B in addition to the basic chemical compositions described above, and to improve the strength and the low temperature toughness, the steel further contains 0.1 to 1.2% of Cu. Furthermore, at least one of V: 0.01 to 0.10% and Cr: 0.1 to 0.8% is added so as to refine the steel micro-structure, to increase the toughness and to further improve the welding and HAZ characteristics.
At least one of Ca: 0.001 to 0.006%, REM: 0.001 to 0.02% and Mg: 0.001 to 0.006% is added so as to control the shapes of inclusions such as sulfides and to secure the low temperature toughness.
The terms "martensite" and "bainite" used herein represent not only martensite and bainite themselves but include so-called "tempered martensite" and "tempered bainite" obtained by tempering them, respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the definition of an apparent mean austenite grain size (d.gamma.).

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The first characterizing feature of the present invention resides in that (1) the steel is a low carbon high Mn type (at least 1.7%) steel to which Ni--Nb--Mo-trace Ti are compositely added, and (2) its micro-structure comprises fine martensite transformed from an un-recrystallized austenite having a mean austenite grain size (d.gamma.) of not greater than 10 .mu.m and bainite.
A low carbon-high Mn--Nb--Mo steel has been well known in the past as a line pipe steel having a fine acicular structure, but the upper limit of its tensile strength is 750 MPa at the highest. In this basic chemical compositions, an ultra-high tension steel having a fine is tempered martensite/bainite mixed structure does not exist. It has been believed that a tensile strength higher than 950 MPa can never be attained in the tempered martensite/bainite structure of the Nb--Mo steel, and moreover, that the low temperature toughness and field weldability are insufficient, too.
First, the micro-structure of the steel according to the present invention will be explained.
To accomplish a ultra-high strength of a tensile strength of at least 950 MPa, the micro-structure of the steel material must comprise a predetermined amount of martensite, and its fraction must be at least 60%. If the martensite fraction is not greater than 60%, a sufficient strength cannot be obtained and moreover, it becomes difficult to secure an excellent low temperature toughness (the most desirable martensite fraction for the strength and the low temperature toughness is 70 to 90%). However, the intended strength/low temperature toughness cannot be accomplished even when the martensite fraction is at least 60%, if the remaining structure is not suitable. Therefore, the sum of the martensite fraction and the bainite fraction must be at least 90%.
Even when the kind of micro-structure is limited as described above, excellent low temperature toughness cannot always be obtained. To obtain excellent low temperature toughness, it is necessary to optimize the austenite structure before the .gamma.-to-.alpha. transformation (prior austenite structure), and to effectively refine the final structure of the steel material. For this reason, the present invention limits the prior austenite structure to the un-recrystallized austenite and its mean grain size (d.gamma.) to not greater than 10 .mu.m. It has been found that an excellent balance of strength and low temperature toughness can be obtained even in the mixed structure of martensite and bainite in the Nb--Mo steel whose low temperature toughness has been believed inferior in the past, by such limitations.
The reduction of the un-recrystallized austenite grain size into a fine grain size is particularly effective for improving the low temperature toughness of the Nb--Mo type steel according to the present invention. To obtain the intended low temperature toughness (for example, not higher than -80.degree. C. by a transition temperature of a V-notch Charpy impact test), the mean grain size must be smaller than 10 .mu.m. Here, the apparent mean austenite grain size is defined as shown in FIG. 1, and a deformation band and a twin boundary having similar functions to those of the austenite grain boundary are included in the measurement of the austenite grain size. More concretely, the full length of the straight line drawn in the direction of thickness of a steel plate is divided by the number of points of intersection with the austenite grain boundary existing of this straight line to determine d.gamma.. It has been found out that the austenite mean grain size so determined has an extremely close correlation with the low temperature toughness (transition temperature of the Charpy impact test).
It has been also clarified that when the chemical compositions (addition of high Mn--Nb-high Mo) of the steel material and its micro-structure (un-recrystallization of austenite) are strictly controlled as described above, a separation occurs on the fracture of the Charpy impact test, etc., and a fracture area transition temperature can be further improved. The separation is a laminar peel phenomenon occurring on the fracture of the Charpy impact test etc., parallel to the plate surface, and is believed to lower the degree of a triaxial stress at a brittle crack tip and to improve brittle crack propagation stopping characteristics.
The second characterizing feature of the present invention is that (1) the steel is a low carbon-high Mn type steel to which Ni--Mo--Nb-trace B-trace Ti are compositely added, and (2) and its micro-structure mainly comprises a fine martensite structure transformed from un-recrystallized austenite having a mean austenite grain size (d.gamma.) of not greater than 10 .mu.m.
The third characterizing feature of the present invention is that (1) the steel is a low carbon high Mn type (at least 1.7%) Cu precipitation hardening steel which contains 0.8 to 1.2% of Cu and to which Ni--Nb--Cu--Mo-trace Ti are compositely added, and (2) its micro-structure comprises fine martensite and bainite transformed from un-recrystallized austenite having a mean austenite grain size of not greater than 10 .mu.m.
Cu precipitation hardening type steels have been used in the past for high strength steels (tensile strength of a 784 MPa class) for pressure containers, but no example of development in an ultra-high strength line pipe of higher than X100 has been found. This is presumably because the Cu precipitation hardening steel can easily obtain the strength but its low temperature toughness is not sufficient for the line pipe.
As to the low temperature toughness, propagation stopping characteristics are extremely important together with the occurrence characteristics of brittle rupture in the pipe lines. In the conventional Cu precipitation hardening steel, the occurrence characteristics of the brittle rupture typified by the Charpy characteristics are considerably satisfactory, but the stop characteristics of the brittle rupture are not sufficient. For, (1) refining of the micro-structure is not sufficient, and (2) the so-called "separation" occurring on the fracture of Charpy impact test is not utilized. (This separation is a laminar peel phenomenon occurring on the fracture of the Charpy impact test, etc., parallel to the plate surface, and is believed to lower the degree of the triaxial stress at the distal end of the brittle crack and to improve the brittle crack propagation stopping characteristics).
However, even when the kind of the micro-structure is limited as described above, a satisfactory low temperature toughness cannot always be obtained. To obtain the excellent low temperature toughness, it is necessary to optimize the austenite structure before the .gamma.-to-.alpha. transformation and to effectively refine the final structure of the steel material. Therefore, the present invention limits the prior austenite structure to the un-recrystallized austenite and its mean grain size (d.gamma.) to not greater than 10 .mu.m. It has been found out in this way that an extremely excellent balance of the strength and the low temperature toughness can be obtained even in the mixed structure of martensite and bainite of the Nb-Cu steel whose low temperature toughness had been believed to be inferior in the past.
Refining of the un-recrystallized austenite grain size is particularly effective for improving the low temperature toughness of the Nb-Cu type steel of the present invention. To obtain the intended low temperature toughness (a transition temperature of not higher than -80.degree. C. in the V-notch Charpy impact test), the mean grain size must be smaller than 10 .mu.m. Here, the apparent mean austenite grain size is defined as shown in FIG. 1, and the transformation band and the twin boundary having the similar functions to those of the austenite grain boundary are included in the measurement of the austenite grain size. More concretely, the full length of the straight line drawn in the direction of thickness of the steel plate is divided by the number of intersections with the austenite grain boundary existing on the straight line to determine d.gamma.. It has been found out that the mean austenite grain size determined in this way has an extremely close correlationship with the low temperature toughness (transition temperature of the Charpy impact test).
It has been also clarified that when the chemical compositions of the steel material (addition of high Mn--Nb--Mo--Cu) and the form of the micro-structure (un-recrystallization of austenite) are strictly controlled as described above, the separation occurs on the fracture of the Charpy impact test, etc., and the fracture transition temperature can be further improved.
To accomplish an ultra-high strength of a tensile strength of at least 950 MPa, the micro-structure of the steel must comprise a predetermined amount of martensite, and its fraction must be at least 90%. If the martensite fraction is smaller than 90%, a sufficient strength cannot be obtained, and moreover, it becomes difficult to secure a satisfactory low temperature toughness.
However, even when the micro-structure of the steel is strictly controlled as described above, the steel material having the intended characteristics cannot be obtained. To accomplish this object, the chemical compositions must be limited simultaneously with the micro-structure.
Hereinafter, the reasons for limitation of the chemical compositional elements will be explained.
The C content is limited to 0.05 to 0.10%. Carbon is extremely effective for improving the strength of the steel, and at least 0.05% of C is necessary so as to obtain the target strength in the martensite structure. If the C content is too great, however, the low temperature toughness of both the base metal and the HAZ and field weldability are remarkably deteriorated. Therefore, the upper limit of C is set to 0.10%. Preferably, however, the upper limit value is limited to 0.08%.
Si is added for deoxidation and for improving the strength. If its addition amount is too great, however, the HAZ toughness and field weldability are remarkably deteriorated. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 0.6%. Deoxidation of the steel can be attained sufficiently by Al or Ti, and Si need not always be added.
Mn is an indispensable element for converting the micro-structure of the steel of the present invention to a structure mainly comprising martensite and for securing the excellent balance between strength and low temperature toughness, and its lower limit is 1.7%. If the addition amount of Mn is too high, however, hardenability of the steel increases, so that not only the HAZ toughness and field weldability are deteriorated, but center segregation of a continuous cast slab is promoted and the low temperature toughness of the base metal is deteriorated, too. Therefore, the upper limit is set to 2.5%.
The object of addition of Ni is to improve the low carbon steel of the present invention without deteriorating the low temperature toughness and field weldability. In comparison with the addition of Cr and Mo, the addition of Ni results in less formation of the hardened structure in the rolled structure (particularly, the center segregation band of the continuous cast slab), which is detrimental to the low temperature toughness, and it has been found out further that the addition of a small amount of Ni of at least 0.1% is effective for improving the HAZ toughness, too. (From the aspect of the HAZ toughness, a particularly effective amount of addition of Ni is at least 0.3%). If the addition amount is too high, however, not only economy but also the HAZ toughness and field weldability are deteriorated. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 1.0%. The addition of Ni is also effective for preventing the Cu crack during continuous casting and during hot rolling. In this case, Ni must be added in an amount at least 1/3 of the Cu amount.
Mo is added so as to improve hardenability of the steel and to obtain the intended structure mainly comprising martensite. In B-containing steels, a effect of Mo on the hardenability increases, and the multiple of Mo in the later-appearing P value becomes 2 in the B steel in comparison with 1 in the B-free steel. Therefore, the addition of Mo is particularly effective in the B-containing steels. When co-present with Nb, Mo supresses recrystallization of austenite during controlled rolling, and is also effective for refining the austenite structure. To obtain such effects, at least 0.15% of Mo is necessary. However, the addition of Mo in an excessive amount causes deterioration of the HAZ toughness and field weldability and furthermore, extinguishes the hardenability improving effect of B. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 0.6%.
Further, the steel according to the present invention contains 0.01 to 0.10% of Nb and 0.005 to 0.030% of Ti as the indispensable elements. When co-present with Mo, Nb not only surpresses recrystallization of austenite during controlled rolling to thereby refine the structure, but makes a great contribution to precipitation hardening and the increase of hardenability, and makes the steel tougher. Particularly when Nb and B are co-present, the hardenability improvement effect can be increased synergistically. However, if the addition amount of Nb is too high, the HAZ toughness and field weldability are adversely affected. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 0.10%. On the other hand, the addition of Ti forms TiN, supresses coarsening of the austenite grain during reheating and the austenite grains of the HAZ, refines the micro-structure and improves the low temperature toughness of both the base metal and the HAZ, It also has the function of fixing solid solution N, which is detrimental to the hardenability improvement effect of B, as TiN. For this purpose, at least 3.4N (wt %) of Ti is preferably added. When the Al content is small (such as not greater than 0.005%), Ti forms an oxide, functions as an intra-grain ferrite formation nucleus in the HAZ, and refines the HAZ structure. In order to cause TiN to exhibit such effects, at least 0.005% of Ti must be added. If the Ti content is too high, coarsening of TiN and precipitation hardening due to TiC occur and the low temperature toughness gets deteriorated. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 0.03%.
Al is ordinarily contained as a deoxidation agent in the steel, and has also the effect of refining the structure. If the Al content exceeds 0.06%, however, alumina type nonmetallic inclusions increase and spoil the cleanness of the steel. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 0.06%. Deoxidation can be accomplished by Ti or Si, and Al need not be always added.
N forms TiN, supresses coarsening of the austenite grains during reheating of the slab and the austenite grains of the HAZ, and improves the low temperature toughness of both the base metal and the HAZ, The minimum necessary amount for this purpose is 0.001%. If the N content is too high, however, N results in surface defects on the slab, deterioration of the HAZ toughness and a drop in the hardenability improvement effect of B. Therefore, its upper limit must be limited to 0.006%.
In the present invention, the P and S content as the impurity elements are set to 0.015% and 0.003%, respectively. The main reason is to further improve the low temperature toughness of both the base metal and the HAZ. The reduction of the P content reduces center segregation of the continuous cast slab, prevents the grain boundary cracking and improves the low temperature toughness. The reduction of the S content reduces MnS, which is elongated by hot rolling, and improves the ductility and the toughness.
Next, the object of the addition of B, Cu, Cr and V will be explained.
The main object of the addition of these elements besides the basic chemical compositions is to further improve the strength and the toughness and to enlarge the sizes of steel materials that can be produced, without spoiling the excellent features of the present invention. Therefore, the addition amounts of these elements should be naturally limited.
An extremely small amount of B drastically improves hardenability of the steel. Therefore, B is an essentially indispensable element in the steel of the present invention. It has an effect corresponding to a value 1 in the later-appearing P value, that is, 1% Mn. Further, B enhances the hardenability improvement effect of Mo, and synergistically improves hardenability when copresent with Nb. To obtain such effects, at least 0.0003% of B is necessary. When added in an excessive amount, on the other hand, B not only deteriorates the low temperature toughness but extinguishes, in some cases, the hardenability improvement effect of B. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 0.0020%.
The object of the addition of Cu is to improve the strength of the low carbon steel of the present invention without deteriorating the low temperature toughness. When compared with the addition of Mn, Cr and Mo, the addition of Cu does not form a hardened structure, which is detrimental to the low temperature toughness, in the rolled structure (particularly, in the center segregation band of the slab), and is found to increase the strength. When added in an excessive amount, however, Cu deteriorates field weldability and the HAZ toughness. Therefore, its upper limit is set to 1.2%.
Cu increases the strength of both the base metal and the weld portion, but when its addition amount is too high, the HAZ toughness and field weldability are remarkably deteriorated. Therefore, the upper limit of the Cr content is 0.8%.
V has substantially the same effect as Nb, but its effect is weaker than that of Nb. However, the effect of the addition of V in the ultra-high strength steel is high, and the composite addition of Nb and V makes the excellent features of the steel of the present invention all the more remarkable. The addition amount of up to 0.10% is permissible from the aspect of the HAZ toughness and field weldability, and a particularly preferred range of the addition amount is from 0.03 to 0.08%.
Further, the object of the addition of Ca, REM and Mg will be explained.
Ca and REM control the form of the sulfide (MnS) and improve the low temperature toughness (the increase of absorption energy in the Charpy test, etc.). If the Ca or REM content is not greater than 0.001%, however, no practical effect can be obtained, and if the Ca content exceeds 0.006% or if the REM content exceeds 0.02%, large quantities of CaO--CaS or REM--CaS are formed and are converted to large clusters and large inclusions, and they not only spoil cleanness of the steel but also exert adverse influences on field weldability. Therefore, the upper limit of the Ca addition amount is limited to 0.006% or the upper limit of the REM addition amount is limited to 0.02%. By the way, it is particularly effective in ultra-high strength line pipes to reduce the S and O contents to 0.001% and 0.002%, respectively, and to set the relation ESSP=(Ca)�1-124(O)!/1.25S to 0.5.ltoreq.ESSP.ltoreq.10.0.
Mg forms a finely dispersed oxide, supresses coarsening of the grains at the welding heat affected zone and improves the toughness. If the amount of addition is less than 0.001%, the improvement of the toughness cannot be observed, and if it exceeds 0.006%, coarse oxides are formed, and the toughness is deteriorated.
In addition to the limitation of the individual addition elements described above, the present invention limits the afore-mentioned P value, that is, P=2.7C+0.4Si+Mn+0.8Cr+0.45(Ni+Cu)+(1-.beta.)Mo+V-1+.beta., to 1.9.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.4. By the way, .beta. takes a value 0 when B<3 ppm and a value 1 when B.gtoreq.3 ppm. This is to accomplish the intended balance between the strength and the low temperature toughness. The reason why the lower limit of the P value is set to 1.9 is to obtain a strength of at least 950 MPa and an excellent low temperature toughness. The upper limit of the P value is limited to 4.0 in order to maintain the excellent HAZ toughness and field weldability.
When the high strength steel having excellent low temperature toughness according to the present invention is produced, the following production method is preferably employed.
After a steel slab having the chemical compositions of the present invention is reheated to a temperature within the range of 950.degree. to 1,300.degree. C., the slab is hot rolled so that a cumulative rolling reduction amount at a temperature not higher than 950.degree. C. is at least 50% and a hot rolling finish temperature is not lower than 800.degree. C. Next, cooling is carried out at a cooling rate of at least 10.degree. C./sec down to an arbitrary temperature below 500.degree. C. Tempering is carried out, whenever necessary, at a temperature below an Ac.sub.1 point.
The lower limit of the reheating temperature of the steel slab is determined so that solid solution of the elements can be accomplished sufficiently, and the upper limit is determined by the condition under which coarsening of the crystal grains does not become remarkable.
The temperature below 950.degree. C. represents an un-recrystallization temperature zone, and in order to obtain the intended fine grain size, a cumulative rolling reduction quantity of at least 50% is necessary. The finish hot-rolling temperature is limited to not lower than 800.degree. C. at which bainite is not formed. Thereafter, cooling is carried out at a cooling rate of at least 10.degree. C./sec so as to form the martensite and bainite structure. Since transformation finishes substantially at 500.degree. C., cooling is made to a temperature below 500.degree. C.
Furthermore, tempering treatment can be carried out in the steel of the present invention at a temperature below the Ac.sub.1 point. This tempering treatment can suitably recover the ductility and the toughness. The tempering treatment does not change the micro-structure fraction itself, does not spoil the excellent features of the present invention and has the effect of narrowing the softening width of the welding heat affected zone.
Next, Examples of the present invention will be described.
EXAMPLE 1
Slabs having various chemical compositions were produced by melting on a laboratory scale (50 kg, 120 mm-thick ingot) or a converter continuous-casting method (240 mm-thick). These slabs were hot-rolled into steel plates having a thickness of 15 to 28 mm under various conditions. The mechanical properties of each of the steel plates so rolled and its micro-structure, were examined.
The mechanical properties (yield strength: YS, tensile strength: TS, absorption energy at -40.degree. C. in the Charpy impact test: vE.sub.-40 and transition temperature: vTrs) of the steel plates were measured in a direction orthogonal to the rolling direction. The HAZ toughness (absorption energy at -20.degree. C. in the Charpy impact test: vE.sub.-20) was evaluated by the simulated HAZ specimens (maximum heating temperature: 1,400.degree. C., cooling time from 800.degree. to 500.degree. C.: �.increment.t.sub.800-500 !: 25 seconds). Field weldability was evaluated as the lowest preheating temperature necessary for preventing the low temperature cracks of the HAZ by the y-slit weld crack test (JIS G3158) (welding method: gas metal arc welding, welding rod: tensile strength of 100 MPa, heat input: 0.5 kJ/mm, hydrogen content of welding metal: 3 cc/100 g).
Tables 1 and 2 show the Examples. The steel plates produced in accordance with the present invention had the excellent balance of the strength and the low temperature toughness, the HAZ toughness and field weldability. In contrast, Comparative Examples were remarkably inferior in their characteristics because the chemical compositions or their micro-structures were not suitable.
Because the C content was too great in Steel No. 9, the Charpy absorbed energy of the base metal and the HAZ was low, and the preheating temperature at the time of welding was also high. Because Ni was not added in Steel No. 10, the low temperature toughness of the base metal and the HAZ was inferior. Because the Mn addition amount and the P value were too great in Steel No. 11, the low temperature toughness of the base metal and the HAZ was inferior, and the preheating temperature at the time of welding was also extremely high.
Because Nb was not added in Steel No. 12, the strength was insufficient, the austenite grain size was large, and the toughness of the base metal was inferior.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ steel plate chemical compositions (wt %, *ppm) thick- P nesssection steel C Si Mn P* S* Ni Mo Nb Ti Al N* others value (mm)__________________________________________________________________________steel 1 0.058 0.26 2.37 100 15 0.40 0.43 0.041 0.009 0.027 23 2.24 15of this 2 0.093 0.32 1.89 60 8 0.48 0.57 0.024 0.012 0.018 40 Mg:0.002 1.96 20invention 3 0.064 0.18 2.15 70 3 0.24 0.38 0.017 0.021 0.024 56 Cr:0.34 2.16 20 4 0.070 0.27 2.10 50 7 0.34 0.51 0.038 0.015 0.027 38 Cu:0.39 2.24 20 5 0.073 0.23 2.24 120 18 0.18 0.46 0.041 0.016 0.034 27 V:0.05 2.12 20 6 0.067 0.02 2.13 80 6 0.36 0.47 0.132 0.015 0.019 37 V:0.06, 2.20.41 20 7 0.075 0.27 2.01 60 10 0.35 0.45 0.038 0.016 0.002 33 V:0.07, 2.54.37 22 Cr:0.58 8 0.072 0.12 2.03 70 5 0.52 0.43 0.038 0.017 0.028 35 V:0.07, 2.24.53 28 Ca:0.0021Compar- 9 0.117 0.26 2.01 80 15 0.37 0.38 0.032 0.015 0.021 29 1.98 15ative 10 0.076 0.21 2.16 50 7 -- 0.46 0.046 0.014 0.031 36 Cu:0.32 2.05 20Steels 11 0.079 0.28 2.62 60 5 0.38 0.42 0.039 0.015 0.028 42 Cr:0.38 2.84 20 12 0.072 0.27 2.08 70 5 0.37 0.46 0.004 0.018 0.025 29 2.01 20__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ micro-structure HAZ temper- austenite mar- martensite/ tough- field weldability ing mean grain tensite bainite mechanical properties ness lowest preheating treat- size fraction fraction YS TS vE.sub.-40 vTrs vE.sub.-20 temperaturesection steel ment (.mu.m) (%) (%) (N/mm.sup.2) (J) (.degree.C.) (J) (.degree.C.)__________________________________________________________________________steel of 1 .smallcircle. 5.3 97 100 892 1025 234 -100 213 preheating not necessarythis 1' x 5.3 97 100 845 1081 211 -95 213 preheating not necessaryinven- 2 .smallcircle. 7.6 79 97 918 1076 208 -85 187 preheating not necessarytion 3 .smallcircle. 8.2 94 100 872 978 217 -95 159 preheating not necessary 3' x 8.2 79 97 863 1122 195 -80 187 preheating not necessary 4 .smallcircle. 7.3 96 100 869 981 302 -120 202 preheating not necessary 5 .smallcircle. 7.1 91 100 903 1018 231 -110 167 preheating not necessary 6 .smallcircle. 6.7 89 100 884 979 302 -110 320 preheating not necessary 7 .smallcircle. 7.4 83 100 874 984 276 -105 307 preheating not necessary 7' x 7.4 83 100 821 1030 265 -95 307 preheating not necessary 8 .smallcircle. 8.9 75 100 862 970 285 -110 243 preheating not necessaryCompara- 9 6.9 89 100 926 1098 124 -80 56 100tive 10 7.2 93 100 856 973 78 -55 73 preheating not necessarySteels 11 6.6 100 100 967 1127 34 -60 20 150 12 12.8 87 93 798 894 37 -50 256 preheating not necessary__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Slabs having various chemical compositions components were produced by melting on a laboratory scale (50 kg, 100 mm-thick ingots) or by a converter-continuous casting method (240 mm-thick). These slabs were hot-rolled to steel plates having a plate thickness of 15 to 25 mm under various conditions. Various properties of the steel plates so rolled and their micro-structures were examined. The mechanical properties (yield strength: YS, tensile strength: TS, absorption energy at -40.degree. C. in the Charpy test: vE.sub.-40, and 50% fracture transition temperature: vTrs) were examined in a direction orthogonal to the rolling direction. The HAZ toughness (absorption energy at -40.degree. C. in the Charpy test: vE.sub.-40) was evaluated by the simulated HAZ specimens (maximum heating temperature: 1,400.degree. C., cooling time from 800.degree. to 500.degree. C. �.increment.t.sub.800-500 !: 25 seconds). Field weldability was evaluated by the lowest preheating temperature necessary for preventing the low temperature crack of the HAZ in the y-slit weld crack test (JIS G3158) (welding method: gas metal arc welding, welding rod: tensile strength of 100 MPa, heat input: 0.3 kJ/mm, hydrogen amount of weld metal: 3 cc/100 g metal).
Tables 1 and 2 show the Examples. The steel plates produced in accordance with the method of the present invention exhibited the excellent balance between the strength and the low temperature toughness, the HAZ toughness and field weldability. In contrast, Comparative Steels were obviously and remarkably inferior in any of their characteristics because the chemical compositions or the micro-structures were not suitable.
EXAMPLE 3
Slabs having various chemical compositions were produced by melting on a laboratory scale (50 kg, 120 mm-thick) or a converter-continuous casting method (240 mm-thick). These slabs were hot-rolled to steel plates having a plate thickness of 15 to 30 mm under various conditions. Various properties of the steel plates so rolled and their micro-structures were examined.
The mechanical properties (yield strength: YS, tensile strength: TS, absorption energy at -40.degree. C. in the Charpy impact test: vE.sub.-40 and transition temperature: vTrs) were examined in a direction rothogonal to the rolling direction.
The HAZ toughness (absorption energy at -20.degree. C. in the Charpy impact test: vE.sub.-20) was evaluated by the simulated HAZ specimens (maximum heating temperature: 1,400.degree. C., cooling time from 800.degree. to 500.degree. C. �.increment.t.sub.800-500 !: 25 seconds).
Field weldability was evaluated by the lowest preheating temperature necessary for preventing the low temperature crack of the HAZ in the y-slit weld crack test (JIS G3158) (welding method: gas metal arc welding, welding rod: tensile strength of 100 MPa, heat input: 0.5 kJ/mm, hydrogen amount of weld metal: 3 cc/100 g).
Examples are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The steel plates produced in accordance with the present invention exhibited the excellent balance of the strength and the toughness, the HAZ toughness and field weldability. In contrast, Comparative Steels were remarkably inferior in any of their characteristics because the chemical compositions or the micro-structures were not suitable.
Because the C content was too high in Steel No. 9, Charpy absorption energy of the base metal and the HAZ was low, and the preheating temperature at the time of welding was high, too. Because the Mn and P contents were too high in Steel No. 10, the low temperature of both the base metal and the HAZ was inferior, and the preheating temperature at the time of welding was high, too.
Because the S content was too high in Steel No. 11, absorption energy of the base metal and the HAZ was low.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
According to the present invention, it becomes possible to stably produce large quantities of steels for an ultra-high strength line pipes (tensile strength of at least 950 MPa and exceeding X100 of the API standard) having excellent low temperature toughness and field weldability. As a result, safety of the piplines can be remarkably improved, and transportation efficiency of the pipelines and execution efficiency can be drastically improved.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________chemical compositions of steels (wt %)sec- Ption steel C Si Mn P S Ni Mo Nb T B Al N others value__________________________________________________________________________steel 1 0.06 0.24 1.95 0.003 0.001 0.36 0.35 0.031 0.012 0.0007 0.024 0.0027 3.07of 2 0.07 0.05 1.76 0.012 0.002 0.78 0.35 0.015 0.015 0.0012 0.006 0.0035 Cu: 0.60 3.29this 3 0.05 0.31 2.12 0.009 0.002 0.81 0.24 0.035 0.017 0.0010 0.006 0.0041 Cr: 0.5 3.62in- 4 0.08 0.17 2.02 0.014 0.001 0.45 0.45 0.018 0.013 0.0005 0.038 0.0027 V: 0.06 3.41ven- 5 0.06 0.40 2.13 0.006 0.003 0.25 0.38 0.024 0.021 0.0015 0.019 0.0022 Ca: 0.004 3.32tion 6 0.06 0.23 2.17 0.008 0.001 0.37 0.21 0.032 0.012 0.0009 0.045 0.0048 3.01 7 0.07 0.01 1.87 0.012 0.002 0.60 0.20 0.027 0.014 0.0013 0.011 0.0029 Cr: 0.3, 3.11 Cu: 0.3 8 0.09 0.26 1.96 0.005 0.001 0.37 0.33 0.030 0.018 0.0008 0.033 0.0021 3.13Com- 9 0.07 0.28 1.94 0.004 0.002 0.40 0.38 0.033 0.012 0.0030 0.029 0.0035 3.18para- 10 0.06 0.25 1.96 0.008 0.001 0.21 0.75 0.036 0.013 0.0014 0.030 0.0032 3.82tive 11 0.06 0.18 1.60 0.010 0.001 0.38 0.22 0.037 0.020 0.0011 0.043 0.0035 Cu: 0.4 2.63Steels 12 0.08 0.31 2.53 0.008 0.001 0.86 0.32 0.035 0.024 0.0013 0.035 0.0034 3.90__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ field micro- HAZ weldability structure mechanical tough- lowestplate martensite properties ness preheating thickness tempering dy ratio YS TS vE.sub.-40 vTrs vE.sub.-20 temp.section steel (mm) .degree.C. .times. min. (.mu.m) (%) (MPa) (MPa) (J) (.degree.C.) (J) (.degree.C.)__________________________________________________________________________steel of 1 20 -- 7.3 97 831 1163 204 -100 175 preheatingthis not necessaryinvention 1 20 550 7.3 97 966 993 218 -120 176 preheating not necessary 2 20 -- 5.1 95 835 1147 205 -110 174 preheating not necessary 3 25 550 8.5 92 903 1002 221 -95 198 preheating not necessary 4 25 550 7.9 92 878 995 204 -100 168 preheating not necessary 5 20 -- 6.6 94 855 1171 205 105 173 preheating not necessary 6 16 -- 5.4 98 819 1158 207 -130 184 preheating not necessary 6 16 550 5.4 98 877 1110 206 -95 187 preheating not necessary 7 20 -- 7.8 93 842 1135 223 -95 179 preheating not necessary 8 20 550 8.2 91 1001 1089 186 85 158 preheating not necessaryCompara- 6 20 -- 14.6 96 799 1162 210 -65 183 preheatingtive not necessarySteels 6 20 -- 7.5 74 797 910 205 -70 179 preheating 9 20 550 8.2 93 862 978 141 -50 33 preheating not necessary 10 20 550 7.9 94 1033 1154 159 -60 45 preheating not necessary 11 20 -- 6.7 91 797 897 193 -75 152 preheating not necessary 12 20 -- 7.3 95 1024 1180 176 -80 37 80__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ chemical compositions (wt %, *ppm) Psection steel C Si Mn P* S* Ni Cu Mo Nb Ti Al N* others value__________________________________________________________________________steel 1 0.060 0.29 1.96 120 20 0.42 0.98 0.42 0.040 0.012 0.030 33 2.29of this 2 0.090 0.35 1.72 65 18 0.50 1.07 0.50 0.026 0.015 0.020 45 REM: 2.318invention 3 0.065 0.20 1.85 74 13 0.36 1.01 0.40 0.020 0.024 0.026 59 Cr: 0.65 2.55 4 0.070 0.29 1.82 52 17 0.35 1.12 0.50 0.036 0.018 0.029 48 2.2 5 0.071 0.25 1.71 128 18 0.45 1.03 0.42 0.045 0.020 0.035 37 V: 0.061 2.15 6 0.069 0.05 1.92 84 16 0.39 0.92 0.49 0.035 0.018 0.018 39 V: 0.071 2.28 7 0.078 0.24 1.84 65 10 0.48 1.15 0.48 0.040 0.019 0.002 30 Cr: 0.38, V: 2.740 8 0.070 0.15 1.95 78 15 0.42 0.85 0.45 0.040 0.015 0.030 38 V: 0.08, Ca: 2.3020Compar- 9 0.127 0.28 1.71 70 18 0.39 0.93 0.39 0.030 0.018 0.024 39 2.15ative 10 0.080 0.26 2.17 160 18 0.40 1.02 0.40 0.037 0.017 0.026 32 Cr: 0.40 2.85Steels 11 0.082 0.40 1.87 90 53 0.42 0.98 0.45 0.039 0.018 0.032 35 2.23__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________ field HAZ weldability temper- steel austenite tough- lowest ing plate grain M M + B mechanical properties ness preheating treat- thickness size dy fraction fraction YS TS vE.sub.-40 vTrs vE.sub.-20 temp. re-section steel ment (mm) (.mu.m) (%) (%) (MPa) (MPa) (J) (.degree.C.) (J) (.degree.C.) marks__________________________________________________________________________steel 1 .smallcircle. 15 5.2 65 98 835 940 224 -95 193 preheatingof this not necessaryinven- 1' x 15 5.2 65 98 801 955 213 -85 193 preheatingtion not necessary 2 .smallcircle. 20 7.4 90 97 918 1018 216 -85 177 preheating not necessary 3 .smallcircle. 22 8.0 74 99 840 1003 197 -90 159 preheating not necessary 3' x 22 8.0 74 99 812 1023 200 -85 159 preheating not necessary 4 .smallcircle. 20 7.1 80 92 832 952 204 -90 182 preheating not necessary 5 .smallcircle. 22 6.8 82 91 846 970 214 -95 157 preheating not necessary 6 .smallcircle. 20 6.2 76 94 852 993 201 -85 220 preheating not necessary 6' x 20 6.2 76 94 825 999 193 -80 220 preheating not necessary 7 .smallcircle. 25 6.4 85 100 906 1032 216 -90 227 preheating not necessary 8 .smallcircle. 30 5.9 70 91 850 990 226 -90 213 preheating not necessaryCompar- 9 .smallcircle. 22 6.7 91 100 906 998 98 -80 66 80ative 10 .smallcircle. 24 6.1 85 91 947 1027 54 -75 38 125Steels 11 .smallcircle. 28 7.1 80 98 850 971 107 -80 58 preheating not necessary__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Date	Country
7-011081	Jan 1995	JPX
7-017303	Feb 1995	JPX
7-018307	Feb 1995	JPX

Number	Name	Date	Kind
5213634	Deardo et al.	May 1993
5454883	Yoshie et al.	Oct 1995

Number	Date	Country
54-68719	Jun 1979	JPX
63-7328	Jan 1988	JPX
2-250941	Oct 1990	JPX
4-279247	Oct 1992	JPX
5-148582	Jun 1993	JPX

Weldable high strength steel having excellent low temperature toughness

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Entry
NKK Engineering Report No. 138 (1992), M. Nagae et al., "Development of X100 UOE Line Pipe", pp. 24-31.
Proceedings Of The Seventh International Conference On Offshore Mechanics And Arctic Engineering, OMAE 1988, Houston, T. Hashimoto et al., "Recent Developments Of Large Diameter Line Pipe Of Grade X-80 and X-100", pp. 179-185.