Well cementing method using cementing composition having improved flow properties

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an aqueous hydraulic cement slurry composition especially suitable for use in cementing a well.
More particularly, the present invention concerns polymaleic anhydride additives for hydraulic cements used in cementing gas and oil wells which improve the flow properties of the cement slurry, especially facilitating high flow rates and turbulent flow of the cement slurry when it is being pumped to its desired location during the cementing operation.
As used herein, the terms "improve the flow properties" or "flow-property-improving" are intended to describe the manner in which the polymaleic anhydride additive compositions of the present invention facilitate or render more efficient the pumping of cement slurries, particularly the pumping of well cement slurries during primary cementing operations. This action is apparently due primarily to a reduction in the frictional drag experienced by the cement slurry while it is being pumped or moved through a confining passageway, but it is not intended to limit the described action to such a friction reducing effect, since other effects may also play a role.
The term "turbulence-inducing" is intended to describe the effect of the polymaleic anhydride additive compositions of the present invention in promoting the departure of a moving cement slurry from laminar flow to turbulent flow. The slurry in such a state of flow no longer moves in laminae aligned along the confining conduit, but experiences a disorganized flow characterized by eddies and disturbances. The flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additives of the present invention reduce the apparent viscosity of a cement slurry, which in turn reduces the flow rate required to cause turbulent flow. Thus, the promotion of turbulent flow may take place simply as a reduction in the amount of pumping pressure or volume necessary to induce a state of turbulent flow for a particular cement slurry under specific pumping conditions, below that which would be required if the turbulence-inducing additive were omitted from the cement slurry composition.
Techniques for drilling and completing wells, particularly gas and oil wells, are well-established. Of chief concern here are those wells which are drilled from the surface of the earth to some subterranean formation containing a fluid mineral which it is desired to recover. After the fluid-containing geologic formation is located by investigation, a bore-hole is drilled through the overlying layers of the earth's crust to the fluid-containing geologic formation in order to permit recovery of the fluid mineral contained therein. A casing is then secured in position within the bore-hole to prevent entry into the well of a fluid from a formation other than the formation which is being tapped. This well casing is usually cemented in place by pumping a cement slurry downwardly through the well bore-hole, which is usually accomplished by means of conducting tubing within the well casing. The cement slurry flows out of the open lower end of the casing at the well bottom and then upwardly around the casing in the annular space between the outer wall of the casing and the wall of the well bore-hole. The drilling process which produces the bore-hole will usually leave behind on the wall of the bore-hole produced, a drilling fluid filter cake of mud-like material. This material is a barrier to the formation of proper bonding by any cement composition employed to produce an impermeable bond between the casing and the well wall. As a result, cementing operations have often proven inadequate, permitting fluids from other formations to migrate into the producing formation, and vice versa. Prior art solutions to this problem have included washing away the filter cake from the well wall prior to the cementing operation. However, the washing liquids themselves have introduced new problems, including reduced permeability of the producing formation.
Nevertheless, an effective cementing operation requires that the drilling fluid filter cake be removed from the well bore wall and replaced by the cement slurry in order to permit the formation of a solid layer of hardened and cured cement between the casing and the geologic formations through which the well bore-hole passes. It has been recognized in the art that removal of the drilling fluid filter cake may be accomplished by a sufficiently high flow rate for the cement slurry during its injection into the well bore-hole. Such a high flow rate will usually occur as turbulent flow.
The flow properties of cement slurries are also important during primary cementing operations in other respects. The pressure drop in the annulus being cemented which results from friction will increase both the hydraulic horsepower required to move the cement slurry into place in a given time period, as well as the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the producing formation. Moreover, some investigators have felt that obtaining actual turbulent flow of the cement slurry is not necessary to remove the drilling fluid filter cake, and that high flow rates are sufficient where the drilling fluid has low gel strength and there is good centralization (concentric placement of the well casing within the well bore-hole). Consequently, the present invention is directed to well cementing compositions having improved flow properties, including, but not limited to, adaptability to turbulent, especially high turbulent flow.
Prior to the discovery of flow-property-improving, turbulence-inducing additives for well cement compositions, achieving high flow rate and turbulent flow for conventional cement slurries presented a number of problems not normally encountered with less viscous fluids. Inducing turbulence by control of flow rate alone has required a certain minimum velocity, which in turn is dependent upon maintaining a certain minimum pressure. Particularly, where the turbulence induced is sufficient to assure removal of the drilling fluid filter cake, additional pumping capacity and very high pressure levels are required. Producing high flow rates has, of course, required the same measures. These required pressure levels, especially for deep wells, have often exceeded the pressure at which many subterranean formations break down, thus giving rise to a problem of lost circulation. It also may happen that the required pressure level exceeds the capacity of the pumping equipment or the endurance of the well drilling and associated apparatus.
The present invention facilitates pumping of cement slurries at high flow rates and permits pumping of cement slurries in turbulent flow at significantly lower flow rates than would be possible using conventional cement slurry compositions, by adding to the said cement slurries a flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing agent. The lower flow rates required for turbulence result in a corresponding reduction in the pump pressures required to force the cement slurry into place in the desired manner. Correspondingly, higher flow rates may be achieved with a reduced amount of required pressure and pumping capacity.
The present invention also permits increased use of fluid-loss control agents which have a viscosity-increasing effect on cement slurries with which they are employed. This thickening tendency otherwise requires use of only small amounts of fluid-loss control agents to avoid problems in pumping of an overly viscous cement slurry. Use of the flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additives of the present invention in conjunction with fluid-loss control agents produces a cement slurry having desirable flow properties, yet containing adequate quantities of the fluid-loss control agent.
2. Description of the Prior Art
U.S. Pat. No. 3,359,225 discloses an additive for Portland-type cements comprising polyvinylpyrrolidone and the sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensed with formaldehyde. The additive reduces the friction encountered as the cement is flowed or pumped into place, and also permits the utilization of decreased quantities of water in the cement mixture. Harrison U.S. Pat. No. 3,409,080 discloses an aqueous hydraulic cement slurry containing an O,O-alkylene-O', O'-alkylene pyrophosphate-urea pyrolysis product and water-insoluble, water-dispersible polymeric material. The cement composition has improved properties whereby it may be injected in a state of turbulence without the expenditure of the amount of additional energy usually required to attain such a state. Kucera -- U.S. Pat. No. 3,465,824 discloses an aqueous hydraulic cement slurry containing a bisulfite-modified phenolformaldehyde condensation product which serves as a turbulence inducer to the slurry while being moved in a confined passageway. Hook et al. -- U.S. Pat. No. 3,465,825 discloses an aqueous cement slurry containing a turbulence-inducing agent comprising the lithium salt of the condensation product of mononaphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde. Scott et. al. -- U.S. Pat. No. 3,511,314 discloses an aqueous hydraulic cement slurry containing a turbulence-inducing, fluid-loss control agent consisting of the reaction product of (1) an amino compound selected from the group consisting of polyalkylenepolyamines, polyalkylenimines, and their mixtures, and (2) an acidic compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, polymers having a carboxyl substituent, and polymers having a sulfonate substituent. Messenger -- U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,335 discloses cement compositions comprising hydraulic cement in admixture with a turbulence inducer and silica or diatomaceous earth particles. A number of known turbulence inducers are set out, any of which may be employed in the compositions disclosed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a well cementing composition comprising hydraulic cement, water, and from about 0.01 to about 5.0 percent by weight of the cement of a flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additive comprising polymaleic anhydride. Preferably, this composition contains from about 0.1 to about 2.0 percent by weight (base on dry weight of cement) of the polymaleic anhydride additive. The present invention also provides a method of cementing which employs the cement composition just described.
Polymaleic anhydride, as used herein, is intended to include hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, which is essentially polymaleic acid. Under most ambient conditions, such hydrolysis to the acid form will take place. The polymaleic anhydride compositions which comprise the turbulence-inducing cement additives of the present invention are preferably low molecular weight polymers having a weight average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 10,000, and more preferably from about 200 to about 1,500. It has been found that polymaleic anhydride compositions having weight average molecular weights beyond the described range perform less effectively or are completely ineffective in improving flow properties and inducing turbulent flow of cement slurries.
For example, polymaleic anhydride was prepared according to the procedures described below, and was found to have the desired flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing properties. 50 G. of maleic anhydride in 100 ml. of toluene was charged to a 200 ml. 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with overhead stirrer, condenser, gas purge tube and thermometer. The maleic anhydride was heated to 70.degree. C. with nitrogen purging for 90 minutes. 10 G. of benzoyl peroxide catalyst was added over a period of 75 minutes while the reaction mixture was maintained at 70.degree. C. The reaction mixture turned dark red and a precipitate appeared. The reaction mixture temperature was raised to 95.degree. C. over a 60 minute period after catalyst addition was complete. The reaction mixture was held overnight at 90.degree. C. with nitrogen purging. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 40 .degree. C. and the toluene was decanted, leaving a dark red oil-like liquid which hardened on cooling to room temperature. 7 Ml. of methyl ethyl ketone were added and the reaction mixture was warmed to 70.degree. C. with stirring until it was homogeneous. The polymer reaction product was crystallized using methyl ethyl ketone, and then was filtered off and washed with toluene. The reaction product was dried at 30.degree. C. for 18 hours at 1 mm. Hg. pressure. The yield of 44 g. of pink powder was 88percent of theoretical, based on maleic anhydride.
The compositions and methods of the present invention may employ any type of hydraulic cement. Hydraulic cement is defined as any cement which will set or cure under the action of water, and is intended to include all mixtures of lime, silica and alumina, or of lime and magnesia, silica, and alumina and iron oxide. Hydraulic cements include hydraulic limes, grappier cements, pozzolan cements, natural cements, and portland cements. Pozzolan cements include slag cements made from slaked lime and granulated blast furnace slag. Among these hydraulic cements, the portland cements are preferred, chiefly because of their superior strength characteristiscs. The term portland cement is intended to include any cement regarded in the cementing art as a portland cement, usually as defined by standard reference works. The precise composition of any one particular portland cement will vary from another, but generally portland cements are produced by mixing and grinding together a calcareous and argillaceous material, kiln heating the mixture (1350.degree. to 1800.degree. C.) until vitrification begins, pulverizing the clinker thus produced and mixing the same with a small amount of gypsum. The portland cements may be ground to any desired particle size, and grading of portland cements is on the basis of the specific surface of the cement, which will range between 1200 and 2600 square centimeters per gram. Grading is also based on the amount of cement particles retained on a No. 325 Screen, U.S. Sieve Series. Thus, preferred oil well cements have a specific surface of about 1480 square centimeters per gram and about 85 percent by weight passes through a No. 325 Screen.
The hydraulic cement may be employed alone in preparing the cementing composition of the present invention, merely being admixed with water and the flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additive, or it may have additionally incorporated therein any of a number of conventional cement additives. For example, the cement may include a minor portion, up to about 2.0 percent by weight of dry cement, of a retarder composition. Such an additive is preferred for oil well cements, since cementing operations are conducted under ambient well bottom temperatures which can exceed about 200.degree. F. Examples of conventional retarder compositions include carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, borax, dehydrated borax, clacium lignosulfonate and ferrochrome lignosulfonate.
Fluid-loss control agents may be employed, as previously discussed. Well-known fluid-loss agents include such materials as polystyrenesulfonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylacetate, and carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose.
Weighting components comprising inert materials such as barite and ilmenite are often employed. Silica may be employed to retard high temperature strength retrogression.
Other known additives conventionally employed with cementing compositions may be employed with the cementing compositions of this invention, and in amounts sufficient to produce the intended modification of the cementing composition characteristics for which any additive was selected. More than one such additive, may, of course, be employed at the same time.
The dry hydraulic cement component of the cementing composition of the present invention is admixed with water to form a pumpable, settable cement slurry. The cement sets to form a monolithic solid. The water which is employed to form this cement slurry may be any natrually occurring water suitable for preparing cement slurries. Particularly, brines of any concentration of calcium chloride or sodium chloride or their mixtures are suitable. Sea water may be employed and is thus convenient in offshore operations. The water should be employed in an amount which is sufficient to produce a pumpable, settable slurry. Excessive amounts of water may produce a weakened finally set cement which is lacking in homogeneity owing to the settling of the aggregate portions thereof. Proper amounts of water for producing a suitable cement slurry are described in technical publications, such as the bulletins of the American Petroleum Institute (API). Increasing water content in a cement composition effects a lowering of the plastic viscosity of the cement slurry, which results in the slurry being more readily pumped in turbulent flow. However, the water content should not be in excess of the amount which will give 4.0 ml. of supernatant water for a 250 ml. sample of cement slurry which has been allowed to stand undisturbed in a 250 ml. graduated cylinder for a period of two hours. The type of hydraulic cement composition employed will also, of course, determine the amount of water required. Other factors are significant as well. For example, where silica is added to the cement composition, and high temperatures are encountered in the cementing operation (above about 250.degree. F.), additional amounts of water will be required. Generally, the amount of water necessary to give a settable cement composition having the required characteristics, which contains the flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additive of the present invention will be in an amount of from about 25percent to about 60percent by weight, based on the weight of dry hydraulic cement.
Water content may be varied in order to effect a change in the density of the cement slurry. It is customary practice to employ a cement slurry which has a density at least as great as that of the drilling fluid used in the drilling operation. Thus, densified slurries may be produced by diminishing the amount of water which would otherwise be employed.
The procedure for preparing the cementing compositions of the present invention does not require any particular sequence of steps. The polymaleic anhydride flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additive of the present invention may be employed in a water-soluble form, for example, as the alkali metal or ammonium salt form, or when hydrolyzed directly; and simply added to the water which is used to produce the final cement slurry composition. When other conventional additives are employed, they may be incorporated into the final cement slurry composition in any known suitable manner.
The polymaleic anhydride flow-property improving and turbulence-inducing additive compositions of the present invention have been found to have acid number titration curve values which fall short of the theoretical value for polymaleic anhydride. For example, the acid number of reagent grade maleic anhydride was determined to be 1245 mg. of KOH per gram of test sample, while the acid numbers of several polymaleic anhydride compositions employed in the present invention ranged from 570 to 620 mg. of KOH per gram of test sample. The reduced acid number is a reflection of the decarboxylation which takes place during polymerization or hydrolysis of the polymaleic anhydride. This decarboxylation has been explained by more than one theory, but it consistently occurs.
One such theory is that described by Braun et al. in Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 224, 249-262 (1969), which proposes a complex rearrangement of the mer units of the polymaleic anhydride with maleic anhydride molecules through action of the free radical initiator, by means of which decarboxylation is accomplished. Since it is uncertain in what precise manner decarboxylation of polymaleic anhydride occurs, and since this decarboxylation may consist of involvement or incorporation of the carboxyl group in a larger molecule, as opposed to simple removal of the carboxyl group from the maleic anhydride mer unit, the formula I which is set out hereinafter is intended to be general and to include or define decarboxylation occurring by whatever means, including, but not limited to, that described by Braun et al.
Further, as described above, polymaleic anhydride, under most ambient conditions, hydrolyzes to the acid form. Consequently, the polymaleic anhydride compositions employed in the present invention are represented by the following formula; ##STR1##
wherein A is hydrogen, alkali metal or quaternary ammonium;
wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are either hydrogen or are groups derived from the polymerization catalyst or solvent; and
wherein m + n is an integer of from 2 to about 100.
The end groups R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, when they are derived from the solvent in which the polymerization of the polymaleic anhydride takes place, may be such groups as ##SPC1##
when the polymerization solvents are, respectively, benzene, toluene, and xylene. When the end groups are derived from the polymerization catalyst, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be such groups as ##SPC2##
when the polymerization catalysts are, respectively, benzoyl peroxide and tert-butyl peroxide. Thus, generally, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl, branched or straight of one to eight carbon atoms; aryl; and aralkyl.
The end groups are particularly important where the molecular weight of the polymaleic anhydride is low, since they contribute significantly to the molecular weight of the polymer composition in that event. The character of the end groups is also important with respect to the properties which such groups may contribute to that of the total polymer composition.
The influence of the turbulence-inducing additives of the present invention on the rheological properties of the total cement slurry composition is susceptible to mathematical characterization. Expert opinion varies as to the correct theoretical model, and thus the proper mathematical characterization of the rheological properties of cement slurries. They have been treated according to the principles of Bingham plastic fluids as well as according to the Power Law concept. The mathematical formulation is based on Fann Viscometer readings, as will be described hereinafter.
The behavior of cement slurries may be viewed as governed by the Power Law concept. For a mathematical characterization of this concept, two slurry parameters are determined: the flow behavior index (n') and the consistency index (K'). A Fann Viscometer may be used to make these determinations. The instrument readings at 600 and 300 r.p.m. are recorded and the valves for n' and K' are then calculated as follows: ##EQU1## where N is the extension factor of the torque spring of the particular Fann Viscometer instruent.
The so-called Reynolds Number for a fluid moving through a conduit is the critical value at which the flowing fluid will begin to flow in turbulence. The Reynolds Number may be calculated according to the following equation: ##EQU2## where: N.sub.Re is the Reynolds Number (dimensionless),
V is the velocity, feet per second,
.rho. is the slurry density, pounds per gallon,
n' is the flow behavior index (dimensionless),
K' is the consistency index, pound-seconds per square foot,
D is the inside diameter of the pipe, inches.
The velocity (V.sub.c) at which turbulence may begin is readily calculated from the following equation, which is derived from the equation for the Reynolds Number, and assumes a Reynolds Number of 2100: ##EQU3## where the different elements of the equation have the same meaning as indicated above for the Reynolds Number equation. Where the conduit through which the cement slurry passes is the annulus between the well casing and the well wall, D = D.sub.O = D.sub.I, where D.sub.O is the outer inside diameter on hole size in inches, and D.sub.I is the inner pipe outside diameter in inches.
The Power Law concept equation will give higher flow rates, or lower flow rates required to produce turbulence where the Fann Viscometer readings are reduced.

EXAMPLE
Fann Viscometer Readings for Cementing Composition Containing Polymaleic Anhydride Flow-Property-Improving and Turbulence-Inducing Additive
A 38percent Class H (AP1 Class H cement has a fineness in the range of 1400-1600 sq. cm./gram and contains, in addition to free lime and alkali, the following compounds in the indicated proportions: tricalcium silicate -- 52, dicalcium silicate -- 25, tricalcium aluminate -- 5, tetracalcium aluminoferrite -- 12, and calcium sulfate -- 3.3.) cement slurry was made up by adding tap water (228 ml.) to a waring blender, dissolving the indicated amount of polymaleic anhydride turbulence-inducing additive in the water, then mixing in the cement (600 g.) at low speed. Molecular weight of the polymaleic anhydride was determined by gel permeation chromatography with a polyethylene glycol standard. The number average molecular weight was determined to be 404 and the weight average molecular weight was determined to be 515. The resultant slurry was then mixed at high speed for 35 seconds. The slurry was then stirred at high speed on a laboratory gang-stirrer for 20 minutes. The viscosity of the slurry was then immediately measured on a Fann Viscometer equipped with a No. 1 spring. The instrument readings for various speeds were recorded and are illustrated in the table of values below.
__________________________________________________________________________ % Additive Fann ViscositiesTurbulence- (based on at Indicated r.p.m.'sInducing weight ofAdditive dry cement) 600 300 200 100__________________________________________________________________________Control* -- 165 105.5 87.5 65polymaleic 0.5 103.5 45.5 31.5 16.5anhydride 0.25 95.0 39.5 26.5 15.0__________________________________________________________________________ *Neat Class H cement.
The polymaleic anhydride flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additive of the present invention is employed to prepare cementing compositions which are readily pumped in turbulent flow during a cementing operation at a satisfactorily low pump rate. The additive is also used to advantage simply to reduce the pumping pressure required for a given flow rate, or to obtain a higher flow rate at a given pumping pressure. The cementing composition of this invention which has improved flow properties and is easily flowed in turbulence is employed in the conventional cementing operation in the same manner as would a cementing composition which did not contain the flow-property-improving and turbulence-inducing additive, but which was otherwise the same composition.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the invention as hereinabove set forth can be made without departing from the essence and scope thereof, and only such limitations should be applied as are indicated in the appended claims.

Number	Name	Date
3116264	Wahl	Dec 1963
3140269	Wahl et al.	Jul 1964
3409080	Harrison	Nov 1968
3465824	Kucera	Sep 1969
3465825	Hook et al.	Sep 1969
3511314	Scott et al.	May 1970
3936408	Adams et al.	Feb 1976

Well cementing method using cementing composition having improved flow properties

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