Patent Grant
8215406
This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for use in wellbores and associated with the production of hydrocarbons. Particularly, but not exclusively, this invention relates to a wellbore apparatus and method for providing zonal isolation with a gravel pack within a well.
This section is intended to introduce various aspects of the art, which may be associated with exemplary embodiments of the present techniques. This discussion is believed to assist in providing a framework to facilitate a better understanding of particular aspects of the present techniques. Accordingly, it should be understood that this section should be read in this light, and not necessarily as admissions of prior art.
The production of hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, has been performed for numerous years. To produce these hydrocarbons, a production system may utilize various devices, such as sand screens and other tools, for specific tasks within a well. Typically, these devices are placed into a wellbore completed in either a cased-hole or open-hole completion. In cased-hole completions, a casing string is placed in the wellbore and perforations are made through the casing string into subterranean formations to provide a flow path for formation fluids, such as hydrocarbons, into the wellbore. Alternatively, in open-hole completions, a production string is positioned inside the wellbore without a casing string. The formation fluids flow through the annulus between the subsurface formation and the production string to enter the production string.
However, when producing hydrocarbons from subterranean formations, operations become more challenging because of the location of certain subterranean formations. For example, some subterranean formations are located in intervals with high sand content in ultra-deep water, at depths that extend the reach of drilling operations, in high pressure/temperature reservoirs, in long intervals, at high production rate, and at remote locations. As such, the location of the subterranean formation may present problems, such as loss of sand control, that increase the individual well cost dramatically. That is, the cost of accessing the subterranean formation may result in fewer wells being completed for an economical field development. For example, loss of sand control may result in sand production at the surface, downhole equipment damage, reduced well productivity and/or loss of the well. Accordingly, well reliability and longevity become design considerations to avoid undesired production loss and expensive intervention or workovers for these wells.
Sand control devices are an example of a device used in wells to increase well reliability and longevity. Sand control devices are usually installed downhole across formations to retain solid material and allow formation fluids to be produced without the solid materials above a certain size. Typically, sand control devices are utilized within a well to manage the production of solid material, such as sand. The sand control device may have slotted openings or may be wrapped by a screen. As an example, when producing formation fluids from subterranean formations located in deep water, it is possible to produce solid material along with the formation fluids because the formations are poorly consolidated or the formations are weakened by downhole stress due to wellbore excavation and formation fluid withdrawal.
However, under the increasingly harsh environments, sand control devices are more susceptible to damage due to high stress, erosion, plugging, compaction/subsidence, etc. As a result, sand control devices are generally utilized with other methods, such as gravel packing or fluid treatments to manage the production of sand from the subterranean formation.
One of the most commonly used methods to control sand is a gravel pack. Gravel packing a well involves placing gravel or other particulate matter around a sand control device coupled to the production string to enhance sand filtration and formation integrity. For instance, in an open-hole completion, a gravel pack is typically positioned between the wall of the wellbore and a sand screen that surrounds a perforated base pipe. Alternatively, in a cased-hole completion, a gravel pack is positioned between a casing string having perforations and a sand screen that surrounds a perforated base pipe. Regardless of the completion type, formation fluids flow from the subterranean formation into the production string through at least two filter mechanisms: the gravel pack and the sand control device.
With gravel packs, inadvertent loss of a carrier fluid may form sand bridges within the interval being gravel packed. For example, in a thick or inclined production intervals, a poor distribution of gravel (i.e. incomplete packing of the interval resulting in voids in the gravel pack) may occur with a premature loss of liquid from the gravel slurry into the formation. This fluid loss may cause sand bridges that form in the annulus before the gravel pack has been completed. To address this problem, alternate flowpaths, such as shunt tubes, may be utilized to bypass sand bridges and distribute the gravel evenly through the intervals. For further details of such alternate flowpaths, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,515,915; 5,868,200; 5,890,533; 6,059,032; 6,588,506; 4,945,991; 5,082,052; 5,113,935; 5,333,688 and International Application Publication No. WO 2004/094784; which are incorporated herein by reference.
Utilizing alternate flow paths is highly beneficial, but creates design challenges in making up a production string, such as coupling a packer to a sand control device or other well tools. The packer prevents flow through the wellbore around the alternate flow path, while permitting flow within the alternate flow path and in many instances through a primary flow path in addition.
While the shunt tubes assist in forming the gravel pack, the use of shunt tubes may limit methods of providing zonal isolation with a gravel pack. For example, in an open-hole completion, packers are not installed when a gravel pack is utilized because it is not possible to form a complete gravel pack above and below the packer. Without a gravel pack, various problems may be experienced. For instance, if one of the intervals in a formation produces water, the formation may collapse or fail due to increased drag forces and/or dissolution of material holding sand grains together. Also, the water production typically decreases productivity because water is heavier than hydrocarbons and it takes more pressure to move it up and out of the well. That is, the more water produced the less pressure available to move the hydrocarbons, such as oil. In addition, water is corrosive and may cause severe equipment damage if not properly treated. Finally, because the water has to be disposed of properly, the production of water increases treating, handling and disposal costs.
This water production may be further compounded with wells that have a number of different completion intervals with the formation strength varying from interval to interval. Because the evaluation of formation strength is complicated, the ability to predict the timing of the onset of water is limited. In many situations reservoirs are commingled to minimize investment risk and maximize economic benefit. In particular, wells having different intervals and marginal reserves may be commingled to reduce economic risk. One of the risks in these configurations is that gas and/or water breakthrough in any one of the intervals threatens the remaining reserves in the other intervals of the well completion. Thus, the overall system reliability for well completions has great uncertainty for gravel packed wells.
Accordingly, the need exists for method and apparatus that provides zonal isolation within a gravel pack, such as an open-hole completion. Also, the need exists for a well completion apparatus and method that provides alternative flow paths for sand control devices, such as sand screens, and packers to gravel pack different intervals within a well.
Other related material may be found in at least U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,487; U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,376; U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,303; U.S. Pat. No. 6,298,916; U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,261; U.S. Pat. No. 6,516,882; U.S. Pat. No. 6,588,506; U.S. Pat. No. 6,749,023; U.S. Pat. No. 6,752,207; U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,624; U.S. Pat. No. 6,814,239; U.S. Pat. No. 6,817,410; International Application Publication No. WO 2004/094769; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0003922; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0284643; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0205269; and “Alternate Path Completions: A Critical Review and Lessons Learned From Case Histories With Recommended Practices for Deepwater Applications,” G. Hurst, et al. SPE Paper No. 86532-MS.
In one embodiment, an apparatus associated with the production of hydrocarbons is described. The apparatus includes a tubular member having a central opening for fluid flow through the tubular member and at least one jumper tube external to the tubular member; an expansion element disposed around the tubular member and the at least one jumper tube, wherein the expansion element is configured to isolate at least a portion of an annulus between the tubular member and a wall of a wellbore.
In a second embodiment, another apparatus associated with the production of hydrocarbons is described. The apparatus includes a tubular member having a first opening for fluid flow through the interior of the tubular member; a sleeve disposed around the tubular member; a plurality of support members disposed between the tubular member and the sleeve, wherein a second opening is formed between the tubular member, sleeve, and the plurality of support members; and an expansion element disposed around the sleeve, wherein the expansion element is configured to substantially prevent fluid flow outside the sleeve.
In a third embodiment, a system associated with the production of hydrocarbons is described. The system includes a wellbore utilized to produce hydrocarbons from a subsurface reservoir; a production tubing string disposed within the wellbore; a plurality of sand control devices coupled to the production tubing string and disposed within an open-hole section of the wellbore; at least one packer coupled between two of the plurality of sand control devices, wherein the at least one packer is configured to substantially prevent fluid flow in at least a portion of an annulus between the tubular member and a wall of a wellbore; a first gravel pack disposed at least partially around at least one of the plurality of sand control devices upstream from the at least one packer; and a second gravel pack disposed at least partially around at least one of the plurality of sand control devices downstream from the at least one packer.
In a fourth embodiment, another system for producing hydrocarbons is described. The system includes a wellbore utilized to produce hydrocarbons from a subsurface reservoir; a production tubing string disposed within the wellbore; a plurality of sand control devices coupled to the production tubing string and disposed within the wellbore, wherein each of the plurality of sand control devices have a primary flow path isolated from the wellbore by a filter medium and a secondary flow path in fluid communication with the wellbore; at least one packer coupled to at least one of the plurality of sand control devices, the at least one packer having a primary flow path in communication with the primary flow path of the at least one of the plurality of sand control devices and a secondary flow path in communication with the secondary flow path of at least one of the plurality of sand control devices through a manifold region that commingles and redistributes flow within the secondary flow path of the at least one packer, wherein the at least one packer is configured to isolate flow between sections of the wellbore outside the primary flow path and the secondary flow path of the at least one packer.
In a fifth embodiment, a third system for producing hydrocarbons is described. This system includes a tubular barrier installed within a wellbore; a first packer coupled to the tubular barrier, wherein the first packer isolates a first annulus between a wall of the wellbore and the tubular barrier; at least two sand control devices disposed within the tubular barrier, wherein each of the at least two sand control devices have a primary flow path and a secondary flow path; a second packer coupled between the at least two sand control devices and configured to isolate a second annulus between the at least two sand control devices and the tubular barrier, the second packer having a primary flow path in communication with the primary flow path of the at least two sand control devices and a secondary flow path in communication with the secondary flow path of the at least two sand control devices; a first gravel pack formed between the tubular barrier and one of the at least two sand control devices; and a second gravel pack formed between the tubular barrier and another of the at least two sand control devices.
In a sixth embodiment, a method for producing hydrocarbons from a well is described. The method includes disposing sand control devices and at least one packer within a wellbore adjacent to a subsurface reservoir, wherein each of the sand control devices includes at least one shunt tube and each of the at least one packer includes a primary and secondary flow path, wherein the secondary flow path of the at least one packer is in fluid communication with the at least one shunt tube of the sand control devices; setting the at least one packer within the open-hole section; gravel packing the sand control devices in a first interval of the subsurface reservoir upstream of the at least one packer; gravel packing the sand control devices in a second interval of the subsurface reservoir downstream from the at least one packer by passing a carrier fluid having gravel through the secondary flow path of the at least one packer; and producing hydrocarbons from the wellbore by passing hydrocarbons through the sand control devices. In addition, the method may also include conditioning a drilling fluid utilized to access a subsurface formation via the wellbore, wherein the plurality of sand control devices and the at least one packer are disposed in the wellbore in the conditioned drilling fluid; displacing the conditioned drilling fluid adjacent to the sand control devices and the at least one packer with a carrier fluid prior to setting the packer; and gravel packing the intervals of the wellbore with the carrier fluid having gravel.
In a seventh embodiment, a method of producing hydrocarbons from a well is disclosed comprising disposing at least three sand control devices and at least two packers within a wellbore adjacent to a subsurface reservoir, wherein each of the at least three sand control devices includes a primary flow path and at least one shunt tube, wherein the at least one shunt tube forms a secondary flow path and each of the at least two packers includes a primary and secondary flow path, wherein the secondary flow path of the at least two packers are in fluid communication with the at least one shunt tube of the at least three sand control devices. The method further includes positioning at least one of the at least three sand control devices upstream of the at least two packers and at least one of the at least three sand control devices downstream from the at least two packers, and setting the at least two packers within an open-hole section of the wellbore. Further, the method involves gravel packing at least two of the at least three sand control devices through the shunt tubes of the at least three sand control devices and the secondary fluid flow path of at least one of the at least two packers, wherein at least one of the at least three sand control devices remains unpacked, wherein the unpacked sand control device is downstream from at least one packed sand control device and upstream of at least one packed sand control device, and producing hydrocarbons from the wellbore by passing hydrocarbons through the sand control devices.
In a seventh embodiment, another method for producing hydrocarbons from a well is described. This method includes providing a plurality of sand control devices having a primary flow path and a secondary flow path through the interior of the sand control devices, wherein the secondary flow path is comprised of shunt tubes; coupling a packer having a tubular member and an expansion element disposed around the tubular member between two of the plurality of sand control devices, wherein the expansion element is configured to isolate a portion of an annulus between the tubular member and a wall of a wellbore and provide a primary flow path for the plurality of sand control devices through the interior of the tubular member and a secondary flow path through the packer, wherein the secondary flow path is in fluid communication with the shunt tubes of the plurality of sand control devices; and disposing the plurality of sand control devices and packer within a wellbore.
In an eighth embodiment, a method of operating a well is described. This method includes providing two sand control devices disposed within a wellbore adjacent to a subsurface reservoir, the two sand control devices having an interior, a primary flow path, and a secondary flow path, wherein the primary flow path passes through the interior of the sand control device; coupling a packer having an interior, a primary flow path and a secondary flow path between the two sand control devices, wherein the primary flow path is through the interior of the packer and adapted and configured to be in fluid communication with the primary flow paths of the two sand control devices and the secondary flow path is configured to be in fluid communication with the secondary flow paths of the two sand control devices; setting the packer within the wellbore such that one of the two sand control devices is above the packer and forms a first interval between the sand control device and the wall of the wellbore and the other of the two sand control devices is below the packer and forms a second interval between the plurality of sand control devices and the wall of the wellbore; gravel packing the first interval, gravel packing the second interval, and injecting a fluid into at least one of the group consisting of the first interval and the second interval by passing the fluid through the secondary flow paths of the sand control devices and the secondary flow path of the packer.
The foregoing and other advantages of the present technique may become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
In the following detailed description, the specific embodiments of the present invention are described in connection with its preferred embodiments. However, to the extent that the following description is specific to a particular embodiment or a particular use of the present techniques, it is intended to be illustrative only and merely provides a concise description of the exemplary embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described below, but rather; the invention includes all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents falling within the true scope of the appended claims.
The present techniques include one or more packers that may be utilized in a completion, production, or injection system to enhance well operations (e.g., gravel pack, and/or enhance production of hydrocarbons from a well and/or enhance the injection of fluids or gases into the well). Under the present techniques, packers with alternative path mechanisms may be utilized to provide zonal isolation between gravel packs in a well. In addition, well apparatuses are described that provide fluid flow paths for alternative path technologies within a packer that may be utilized in an open or cased-hole completion. These packers may include individual jumper tubes or a common manifold or manifold region that provide fluid communication through the packer to shunt tubes of the sand control devices. As such, the present techniques may be used in well completions for flow control, hydrocarbon production and/or fluid injection.
Turning now to the drawings, and referring initially to
The floating production facility 102 may be configured to monitor and produce hydrocarbons from the production intervals 108a-108n of the subsurface formation 107. The floating production facility 102 may be a floating vessel capable of managing the production of fluids, such as hydrocarbons, from subsea wells. These fluids may be stored on the floating production facility 102 and/or provided to tankers (not shown). To access the production intervals 108a-108n, the floating production facility 102 is coupled to a subsea tree 104 and control valve 110 via a control umbilical 112. The control umbilical 112 may include production tubing for providing hydrocarbons from the subsea tree 104 to the floating production facility 102, control tubing for hydraulic or electrical devices, and a control cable for communicating with other devices within the wellbore 114.
To access the production intervals 108a-108n, the wellbore 114 penetrates the sea floor 106 to a depth that interfaces with the production intervals 108a-108n at different depths within the wellbore 114. As may be appreciated, the production intervals 108a-108n, which may be referred to as production intervals 108, may include various layers or intervals of rock that may or may not include hydrocarbons and may be referred to as zones. The subsea tree 104, which is positioned over the wellbore 114 at the sea floor 106, provides an interface between devices within the wellbore 114 and the floating production facility 102. Accordingly, the subsea tree 104 may be coupled to a production tubing string 128 to provide fluid flow paths and a control cable (not shown) to provide communication paths, which may interface with the control umbilical 112 at the subsea tree 104.
Within the wellbore 114, the production system 100 may also include different equipment to provide access to the production intervals 108a-108n. For instance, a surface casing string 124 may be installed from the sea floor 106 to a location at a specific depth beneath the sea floor 106. Within the surface casing string 124, an intermediate or production casing string 126, which may extend down to a depth near the production interval 108, may be utilized to provide support for walls of the wellbore 114. The surface and production casing strings 124 and 126 may be cemented into a fixed position within the wellbore 114 to further stabilize the wellbore 114. Within the surface and production casing strings 124 and 126, a production tubing string 128 may be utilized to provide a flow path through the wellbore 114 for hydrocarbons and other fluids. Along this flow path, a subsurface safety valve 132 may be utilized to block the flow of fluids from the production tubing string 128 in the event of rupture or break above the subsurface safety valve 132. Further, sand control devices 138a-138n may be utilized to manage the flow of particles into the production tubing string 128 with gravel packs 140a-140n. The sand control devices 138a-138n may include slotted liners, stand-alone screens (SAS); pre-packed screens; wire-wrapped screens, membrane screens, expandable screens and/or wire-mesh screens, while the gravel packs 140a-140n may include gravel or other suitable solid material.
In addition to the above equipment, packers 134a-134n may be utilized to isolate specific zones within the wellbore annulus from each other. The packers 134a-134n, which may be herein referred to as packer(s) 134, may be configured to provide fluid communication paths between sand control devices 138a-138n in different intervals 108a-108n, while preventing fluid flow in one or more other areas, such as a wellbore annulus. The fluid communication paths may include a common manifold region or individual connections between shunt tubes through the packer. Regardless, the packers 134 may be utilized to provide zonal isolation and a mechanism for providing a substantially complete gravel pack within each interval 108a-108n. For exemplary purposes, the packers 134 are herein described further in various embodiments described below in
While this type of sand control device is useful for certain wells, it is unable to isolate different intervals within the wellbore. As noted above, the problems with the water/gas production may include productivity loss, equipment damage, and/or increased treating, handling and disposal costs. These problems are further compounded for wells that have a number of different completion intervals and where the formation strength may vary from interval to interval. As such, water or gas breakthrough in any one of the intervals may threaten the remaining reserves within the well. Accordingly, to provide the zonal isolation within the wellbore 114, various embodiments of packers that provide alternative flow paths are discussed below in
In
As an example, a swelling rubber element may be placed in the well and allowed to expand to contact the walls of the wellbore prior to or during hydrocarbon production. It is also possible to use a swellable packer that expands after water begins to enter the wellbore and contacts the packer. Examples of swellable materials that may be used may be found in Easy Well Solutions' CONSTRICTOR™ or SWELLPACKER™, and SwellFix's E-ZIP™. The swellable packer may include a swellable polymer or swellable polymer material, which is known by those skilled in the art and which may be set by one of a conditioned drilling fluid, a completion fluid, a production fluid, an injection fluid, a stimulation fluid, or any combination thereof.
In addition, the packer 300 may include a neck section 306 and notched section 310. The neck section 306 and notched section 310 may be made of steel or steel alloys with each section configured to be a specific length 314, such as 4 inches (in) to 4 feet (ft) (or other suitable distance), having specific internal and outer diameters. The neck section 306 may have external threads 308 and the notched section 310 may have internal threads 312. These threads 308 and 312 may be utilized to form a seal between the packer 300 and a sand control device or another pipe segment, which is shown below in
The configuration of the packer 300 may be modified for external shunt tubes, as shown in
In
In addition, the packer 400 may include a neck section 406 and notched section 410. The neck section 406 and notched section 410 may be made of steel or steel alloys with each section configured to be a specific length 414, which may be similar to the length 314 discussed above, and having specific internal and outer diameters. The neck section 406 may have external threads 408 and the notched section 410 may have internal threads 412. These threads 408 and 412 may be utilized to form a seal between the packer 400 and a sand control device or another pipe segment, which is shown below in
The configuration of the packer 400 is shown in
In
As an alternative perspective of the packers 502 and 504, a cross sectional view of the packers 502 and 504 along the line DD is shown in
The flow chart begins at block 602. At block 604, a well may be drilled. The well may be drilled to a specific depth location through various production intervals 108 of the subsurface formation 107. The drilling of the well may involve typical techniques utilized for different fields. Then, one or more packers and sand control devices may be installed into the well, as shown in block 606. The packers and sand control devices, which may include the packer embodiments of
With the packers, sand control devices and gravel pack installed, the well may be operated, as discussed in blocks 610-614. At block 610, hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, may be produced from the well. During production, the operation of the well may be monitored, as shown in block 612. The monitoring of the well may include general surveillance, such as monitoring the water cut from the well or other similar techniques. Also, the monitoring may include sensors that determine the levels of gas present within the wellbore. At block 614, a determination about an increase in the production of water is made. This determination may include comparing the water cut to a predetermined threshold, or indication from a monitor within the wellbore that the amount of water being produced is increasing or has exceeded a specific threshold. If the water production has not increased, the well monitoring of the well may continue in block 612.
However, if the water production has increased, the interval producing water may be verified, as shown in block 616. The verification of the interval producing water may include obtaining information from one or more sensors associated with the interval or running a production logging tool (PLT) via wireline to a specific location within the well to confirm the interval producing water, for example. Then, a determination is made whether the well production is complete, as shown in block 618. If the well production is not complete, then the interval producing water is isolated, as shown in block 620. The isolation of the water producing interval may include different techniques based on the location of the water producing interval. For instance, if the water producing interval is located at the toe of the wellbore (i.e. end of a deviated portion of the wellbore), such as interval 108n, a plug may be run into the wellbore 114 and set via an electric line at a location before the sand control device 138n. This plug and packer 134n-1 isolates the production interval 138n from producing water into the production tubing 128. Alternatively, if the water producing interval is located at the heel of the wellbore (i.e. beginning of a deviated portion of the wellbore), such as interval 108a, a straddle assembly may be run into the wellbore 114 and installed across the water producing interval. This straddle assembly and packers 134a and 138b isolate the production interval 138a from producing water into the production tubing 128. Regardless, if the well production is complete, then the process may end at block 622.
Beneficially, the use of the packers along with the sand control devices in a gravel pack provides flexibility in isolating various intervals from unwanted gas or water production, while still being able to protect against sand production. Isolation also allows for the use of inflow control devices (e.g. Reslink's RESFLOW™ and Baker's EQUALIZER™) to provide pressure control for individual intervals. It also provides flexibility to install flow control devices (e.g. chokes) that may regulate flow between formations of varying productivity or permeability. Further, an individual interval may be gravel packed or may not need to be gravel packed. That is, the gravel packing operations may be utilized to gravel pack selective intervals, while other intervals are not gravel packed as part of the same process. Finally, individual intervals may be gravel packed with different size gravel from the other zones to improve well productivity. Thus, the size of the gravel may be selected for specific intervals.
The flow chart begins at block 702. At block 704, well data may be obtained. The well data may be obtained by capturing the open-hole logs and providing these open-hole logs to an engineer. At block 706, a location for the packer may be identified. To identify a location, the engineer may review and identify sections of the wellbore to select a packer location. Then, the wellbore may be cleaned out at the identified location, as shown in block 708. The clean out may be performed by a clean out assembly, which may include hole openers, brushes and scrapers, for example.
The packers and sand control devices may be run to the location, as shown in block 710. Again, the packers may include the various embodiments discussed above. Also, for the embodiments of
Then, the gravel pack operations may begin, as shown in block 714-720. At block 714, tools may be set up for the gravel pack operations. The tools may include a crossover tool and other equipment that is utilized to provide a carrier fluid having gravel to the intervals within the wellbore. The carrier fluid may be a fluid viscosified with HEC polymer, a fluid viscosified with xanthan polymer, or a fluid viscosified with visco-elastic surfactant. Also, the carrier fluid may be selected to have a favorable rheology and sand carrying capacity for gravel packing the intervals of the wellbore using sand control devices with alternate path technology. Then, at block 716, the intervals are gravel packed. The lower intervals (e.g. toe intervals or intervals identified for selective gravel packing) may be gravel packed by utilizing shunt tubes. Also, the order of the gravel packing may be performed from the heel to the toe of the wellbore or any specific sequence based upon the shunt tubes or other equipment that is utilized. Once the gravel packs 140a-140n are formed, the wellbore fluids may be cleared out and replaced with a completion fluid, as shown in block 718. At block 720, the production tubing 128 may be installed and the well brought into operation. The process ends at block 722.
As a specific example,
In
In
Next, in
In
In
Once the gravel pack 140a is formed in the first interval 108a, and the sand screens above the packer 134b are covered with gravel, the carrier fluid 812 with gravel 820 is forced through the shunt tubes and the packer 134b. The carrier fluid 812 with gravel 820 begins to create the second gravel pack 140b in
A specific example of an installation of the packers 502 and 504 is described below. To begin, the production interval is drilled to target depth and well back reamed to clean the wellbore. Open-hole logs may be sent to an engineer to review and identify a location in shale to set the first packer 502. The location of the first packer 502 may be positioned across a shale barrier that separates the predicted water/gas production sand and long term hydrocarbon producing interval. Then, a pre-drilled liner 508 with the first packer 502 may be run to the target depth. Accordingly, the first packer 502 may isolate the annulus between the shale section and the pre-drilled liner 508. Then, the sand control devices and second packer 504 may be run to the target depth. The second packer 504 isolates the annulus between the pre-drilled liner 508 and the sand control screens of the sand control device. Then, the gravel pack process may proceed similar to the discussion of
In
In
As a specific example of isolation techniques, water production may be determined to be present at the toe of a deviated wellbore. This location may be determined by conducting a PLT survey to confirm the source of the water production. Then, a wireline or coil tubing set plug, which may include a lock or slip type mandrel and an equalizing sub, may be installed to isolate the water production interval. The plug may be run in a non-selective mode as the nipple profile (if included as part of the packer assembly) in the packer (e.g. a cup type packer, such as, for example, MZ PACKER™ (Schlumberger), a swellable packer, such as, for example, E-ZIP™) is typically the smallest in the completion string. Also, it should be noted that a tractor may be utilized for deviations over 65 degrees if wireline is the selected workstring type. Once set, the wireline or coil tubing unit may be rigged down and production resumed.
As another example, the water may be determined as being produced from the heel of the deviated wellbore. Again, in the example, the source of the water production may be confirmed by conducting a PLT survey. Then, coil tubing may be rigged up and a straddle assembly may be installed to adequately isolate the water producing interval. The straddle assembly may include a seal stinger, no-go locator, flush joint tubing and a slip or lock mandrel type hanger. The straddle assembly may be made up to the coil tubing work string and run in hole to seat the stinger seals inside the isolation packer. The flush joint tubing isolates the water producing interval and the hanger locks the full assembly in place. Once in place, the coil tubing unit is rigged down and production resumed.
In addition, by utilizing a packer to isolate various intervals, different flexibility is provided with the placement of gravel packs in some intervals and even the type of gravel. For instance,
In
Further, it should be noted that the present techniques may also be utilized for injection and treatment of a well. For instance, during well injection, the shunt tubes and flow through the packers may function similar to well production, but provide flow in different directions. Accordingly, the packers may be configured to provide specific functionalities for an injection well or may be designed to operate as both an injection and production well. Accordingly,
In
In
One example of such a treatment technique is the removal of a filter cake. In this example, interval 108b includes a filter cake and the sand control devices 138a-138c are positioned in the wellbore 114. The filter cake removal treatment may be mechanical and/or chemical and may be accomplished before or after gravel packing operations. More specifically, the filter cake treatment fluid is pumped directly into the secondary flow path, which serves to deliver the filter cake treatment fluid to the sand face of the interval 108b indicated by arrows 1112. The treatment may be pumped with or without returns. A preferred embodiment of this treatment technique utilizes alternate path technology incorporating shunt tubes 1110 with nozzles (not shown) that are affixed to and extend the length of the sand control screen 138b. Mechanical removal may be accomplished by directing the treatment from the nozzles towards the formation face to agitate the filter cake, this may involve high rate pumping or the apparatus may involve specially designed nozzles or mechanical agitators. Chemical removal may involve the use of acids, solvents, or other compounds.
In
As an alternative embodiment of the packer 400, different geometric patterns may be utilized for the support members 418 to form partitions, compartments, and baffles that manage the flow of fluids within packer 400. As noted above, under the present techniques, support members 418 are utilized to form an opening 420 between the sleeve and the base pipe. These support members 418 may be configured to provide redundancy flow paths or baffling (staggering) within the packer 400. For example, the support members 418 may be configured to form two openings, three openings, any number of opening up to the number of shunt tubes on the sand control device 138, or more openings than shunt tubes on the sand control device 138. In this manner, the sand control device 138 and the packer 400 may utilize the shunt tubes for producing hydrocarbons or may utilize these different shunt tubes to provide various fluids or paths through the wellbore 114. Thus, the support members 418 may be utilized to form channels having various geometries.
In addition, it should be noted that the shunt tubes utilized in the above embodiments may be external or internal shunt tubes that have various geometries. The selection of shunt tube shape relies on space limitations, pressure loss, and burst/collapse capacity. For instance, the shunt tubes may be circular, rectangular, trapezoidal, polygons, or other shapes for different applications. Examples of shunt tubes include ExxonMobil's ALLPAC® and AIIFRAC®.
Moreover, it should be appreciated that the present techniques may also be utilized for gas breakthroughs as well. For example, gas breakthrough may be monitored in block 614 of
While the present techniques of the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, the exemplary embodiments discussed above have been shown by way of example. However, it should again be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein. Indeed, the present techniques of the invention are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.
This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US06/47993, filed 15 Dec. 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/765,023, filed 3 Feb. 2006 and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/775,434, filed 22 Feb. 2006.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/047993 | 12/15/2006 | WO | 00 | 6/22/2009 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007/092082 | 8/16/2007 | WO | A |
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