Patent Application
20170107850
The present application relates generally to a cooling system on a turbomachine, and more particularly to a system for regulating a cooling fluid within a wheelspace area of a turbomachine.
Some turbomachines, such as hot gas turbine engines, can employ one or more combustion chambers in which the combustion of a fuel air mixture generates a supply of hot gas. The hot gas, which can also be called a work fluid, is directed from the combustion chamber through a work fluid path to one or more turbine wheels where the hot gas is caused to flow between turbine buckets or blades which are mounted in a peripheral row on each turbine wheel. These buckets or blades react to the impinging hot gas or work fluid to convert energy in the gas, such as kinetic energy, to rotational movement of the turbine wheels. In some cases, the turbine wheels are mounted on a common shaft with an air compressor and the rotating turbine wheels then also drive the compressor, which can supply air for fuel combustion in the engines. Because the engine utilizes a large supply of very hot gases flowing therethrough, a number of components and engine structures which are exposed to the hot gas are caused to reach very high temperatures. In some cases, the temperatures of these parts and components reach a level where they are potentially structurally detrimental. In such cases, cooling the parts can reduce or avoid damage.
To cool such parts in some turbomachines, a portion of the air compressed by the compressor can be diverted from combustion to cool various stationary and rotating components or to purge cavities within a gas turbine. Cooling air can be taken from the compressor and utilized to cool the noted components and structures. The diverted airflow (hereinafter “cooling fluid,”) can consume a considerable amount of the total airflow compressed by the compressor. The diverted cooling fluid is not used in combustion, reducing the performance of the gas turbine. Regulating and controlling the cooling fluid can dramatically increase the performance of the turbine. Typically, the cooling fluid is extracted from the compressor, bypasses the combustion system, and flows through a cooling circuit. The cooling circuit is typically located near various turbine components including the rotor compressor-turbine joint (hereinafter “marriage joint”), and various wheelspace areas. The configuration of the cooling circuit can affect the adequacy of cooling fluid flow rate and/or volume to the aforementioned turbine components. The cooling circuit can include a chamber, such as a plenum, that can direct cooling fluid to a specific wheelspace area, taking into account the significant volume of coolant air that can be utilized, and its ultimate disposal within the engine in an advantageous manner.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a turbomachine cooling circuit can include a purge tube at a radially inner end of a vane of a stationary component, the vane being disposed in a work fluid flow path of a turbomachine, the purge tube including an exit of a cooling passage of the vane. A mixing chamber can be in fluid communication with the purge tube and can be formed in a radially outer portion of a diaphragm of the stationary component. The diaphragm can be located substantially out of the work fluid flow path, and the mixing chamber can include circumferentially spaced apart mixing chamber end walls, a mixing chamber top wall radially spaced apart from a mixing chamber bottom wall, and opposed forward and aft mixing chamber side walls. In addition, at least one exit passage can be formed through one of the mixing chamber side walls and a corresponding portion of the diaphragm such that cooling fluid entering the mixing chamber from the purge tube can flow into the mixing chamber and can exit through the at least one exit passage to a surface of the diaphragm that is substantially parallel to a surface of the mixing chamber side wall.
Another embodiment of the invention disclosed herein can take the form of a turbomachine cooling system which can include a cooling fluid extraction port in a compressor section of a turbomachine through which cooling fluid selectively flows from the compressor section. A cooling fluid conduit can be in fluid communication with the extraction port and with a cooling passage inlet of a vane of a stationary component in a turbine section of the turbomachine. The vane can be mounted with a radially inner end substantially adjacent an outer periphery of the diaphragm. A cavity formed in the outer periphery of the diaphragm can include a cavity inner wall extending in a substantially circumferential direction of the diaphragm and opposed forward and aft cavity side walls extending substantially radially away from the cavity inner wall. A purge tube at the radially inner end of the vane can be in fluid communication with the cooling passage and with a mixing chamber formed in the cavity. The mixing chamber can include opposed mixing chamber end walls, a mixing chamber top wall radially spaced apart from a mixing chamber bottom wall, and opposed forward and aft mixing chamber side walls. At least one exit passage can extend through one of the mixing chamber side walls and through a corresponding one of the cavity side walls such that cooling fluid entering the mixing chamber from the purge tube can flow into the mixing chamber and can exit through the at least one exit passage to a surface of the diaphragm.
In an additional implementation of embodiments of the invention disclosed herein, a turbomachine can include a compressor section having a cooling fluid extraction port through which cooling fluid selectively flows from the compressor section and a turbine section with a plurality of stationary components and a plurality of rotating components. At least one stationary component can have a diaphragm with a cavity formed in an outer portion thereof, the cavity having a substantially circumferential cavity inner wall and opposed forward and aft cavity side walls extending substantially radially away from the cavity inner wall. A plurality of vanes can extend radially away from the diaphragm. Each rotating component of the turbine section can include a turbine wheel. The turbomachine can have a cooling fluid circuit in fluid communication with the extraction port and that can include a cooling passage of each vane extending from a cooling passage inlet in fluid communication with the extraction port to a cooling passage exit at a radially inner end of the respective vane. A purge tube of each vane at a radially inner end thereof can be in fluid communication with the cooling passage exit and with a mixing chamber formed in the cavity. The mixing chamber can include circumferentially spaced apart mixing chamber end walls, a mixing chamber top wall radially spaced apart from a mixing chamber bottom wall, and opposed forward and aft mixing chamber side walls. At least one exit passage can be formed through one of the mixing chamber side walls and the corresponding cavity side wall inclined relative thereto such that cooling fluid entering the mixing chamber from the purge tube flows into the mixing chamber and exits through the at least one exit passage at a surface of the diaphragm with a velocity component substantially parallel to a surface of the diaphragm.
Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with the advantages and the features, refer to the description and to the drawings.
The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
It is noted that the drawings of the invention are not necessarily to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the invention, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. It is understood that elements similarly numbered between the FIGURES may be substantially similar as described with reference to one another. Further, in embodiments shown and described with reference to
Broadly, embodiments of the invention disclosed herein enable cooling fluid regulation in a more compact gas turbine engine that provides four stages within the space previously used to provide three stages. Axial space is thus limited with this engine, and a system to deliver cooling fluid, such as compressor-derived purge flow, to a forward wheelspace have 25% less available space than the systems of previous engines. Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein address this by providing a mixing chamber formed in the diaphragm and connected to a purge tube from a vane to receive cooling fluid, such as purge flow from a compressor of the engine, and at least one exit passage through a side wall of the mixing chamber, through the diaphragm to a surface of the diaphragm, and thus to a wheelspace adjacent the diaphragm, to maintain heat transfer flow properties in the reduced available space. In particular, forming exit passage(s) in a forward wall of the mixing chamber and diaphragm can result in improved performance, and inclining the exit passage to induce a velocity component substantially parallel to the diametral surface of the diaphragm can further enhanced performance, particularly when the velocity component is in a substantially circumferential direction of the diaphragm and/or tangential to a direction of rotation of a turbine wheel adjacent the exit passage and/or diaphragm.
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in an engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions are made to achieve the specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and/or business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
Detailed example embodiments are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments. Embodiments of the present invention may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms, and should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein.
Accordingly, while example embodiments are capable of various modifications and alternative forms, embodiments thereof are illustrated by way of example in the figures and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit example embodiments to the particular forms disclosed, but to the contrary, example embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the present invention.
The terminology used herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “can include” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” can include any, and all, combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Certain terminology may be used herein for the convenience of the reader only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the scope of the invention. For example, words such as “upper,” “lower,” “left,” “right,” “front,” “rear,” “top,” “bottom,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “upstream,” “downstream,” “fore,” “forward,” “aft” and the like merely describe the configuration shown in the FIGS. Indeed, the element or elements of an embodiment of the present invention may be oriented in any direction and the terminology, therefore, should be understood as encompassing such variations unless specified otherwise.
The present invention may be applied to a variety of air-ingesting turbomachines. This can include, but is not limited to, heavy-duty gas turbines, aero-derivatives, and the like. Although the following discussion relates to the gas turbine illustrated in
Referring now to the FIGS., where the various numbers represent like components throughout the several views,
Generally, compressor section 105 can include a plurality of rotating blades 110 and stationary vanes 115 structured to compress a fluid. Compressor section 105 can also include an extraction port 120, an inner barrel 125, a compressor discharge casing 130, a marriage joint 135, a marriage joint bolt 137, and seal system components 140. Compressor discharge casing 130 can include an additional portion 132 that can extend at least around a portion of combustion section 150 and/or a portion of turbine section 180 and can assist in bypass flow of cooling fluid extracted from compressor section 105 as will be described.
Combustion section 150 can generally include a plurality of combustion cans 155, a plurality of fuel nozzles 160, and a plurality of transition sections 165. Fuel nozzles 160 can be coupled to a fuel source so as to deliver fuel to combustion cans 155. Combustion cans 155 can each receive compressed air from compressor section 105 that can be mixed with fuel received from the fuel source via fuel nozzles 160. The air and fuel mixture can be ignited to create a working fluid that can generally proceed from the aft end of fuel nozzles 160 downstream through transition section 165 into a work fluid path 167 extending through turbine section 180.
Turbine section 180 can include a plurality of rotating components 185, a plurality of stationary components 190, which can include nozzle vanes 192 disposed in work fluid path 167 and diaphragms 194 disposed substantially out of work fluid path 167, and a plurality of wheelspace areas 195. Turbine section 180 can convert the working fluid to a mechanical torque by extracting kinetic energy from the working fluid with rotating and stationary components 185, 190. It should be understood that diaphragms 194 can be substantially annular and/or substantially cylindrical, and can include a plurality of arcuate segments 300 (
Typically, during operation of gas turbine 100, a plurality of components can experience high temperatures and can require cooling or purging. These components can include a portion of compressor section 105, marriage joint 135, and wheelspace areas 195.
Extraction port 120 can draw cooling fluid, such as air, from compressor section 105. Cooling fluid can bypass combustion section 150 to flow through a cooling circuit 200 (illustrated in
As shown in
As seen in
In embodiments, as seen in
As also seen, each exit passage 216 can extend through both a mixing chamber side wall 228, 230 and a cavity/groove side wall 314, 316 to exit 218 on surface 196/318, and can be inclined relative to the mixing chamber side wall in which it is formed so as to induce a velocity component to fluid exiting the mixing chamber that is substantially parallel to a surface of the one mixing chamber side wall. It can also be said that each exit passage 216 is inclined relative to the one mixing chamber side wall 228, 230 and the corresponding cavity side wall 314, 316 so as to induce a velocity component to fluid exiting the corresponding cavity side wall 314, 316 that is substantially parallel to a surface of the corresponding cavity side wall 314, 316. It can be advantageous to form exit passage(s) 216 in forward mixing chamber side wall 228 and/or forward cavity side wall 314 to enjoy space conservation and/or heat transfer efficiencies.
Again, the velocity component can be substantially in a direction of rotation of a turbine wheel of the turbomachine in embodiments, though in other embodiments the velocity component can be in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of a turbine wheel of the turbomachine. As shown in
Thus, an example of a turbomachine cooling system is illustrated according to embodiments and can include a cooling fluid extraction port 120 in compressor section 105 of turbomachine 100 through which cooling fluid selectively flows from compressor section 105. A cooling fluid conduit, such as can be formed by additional portion 132 of compressor discharge casing 130, and/or can include a plenum 202, can be in fluid communication with extraction port 120 and cooling passage inlet 204 of vane 192 of stationary component 190 in turbine section 180 of turbomachine 100. Vane 192 can be mounted with a radially inner end substantially adjacent an outer periphery of diaphragm 194, and cavity 310 formed in the outer periphery of diaphragm 194 can include cavity inner wall 312 extending in a substantially circumferential direction of diaphragm 194 and opposed forward and aft cavity side walls 314, 316 extending substantially radially away from cavity inner wall 312. Purge tube 210 at the radially inner end of vane 192 can be in fluid communication with cooling passage 206, as well as with mixing chamber 214 formed in cavity 310. As shown and described, mixing chamber 214 can include opposed mixing chamber end walls 220, 222, mixing chamber top wall 224 radially spaced apart from mixing chamber bottom wall 226, and opposed forward and aft mixing chamber side walls 228, 230. At least one exit passage 216 can extend through one of mixing chamber side walls 228, 230 and through a corresponding one of cavity side walls 314, 316 such that cooling fluid entering mixing chamber 214 from purge tube 210 can flow into mixing chamber 214 and exit through the at least one exit passage 216 to a surface 196 of diaphragm 194.
A plurality of vanes 192 can be mounted and circumferentially spaced around diaphragm 194, and diaphragm 194 can include a plurality of arcuate segments 300 each including a respective mixing chamber 214 connected to a purge tube 210 of a vane 192 mounted on the respective arcuate segment 300. As shown in the example of the FIGS., each arcuate segment 300 can include one vane 192 connected to the respective mixing chamber 214 in a respective cavity 310 of the arcuate segment 300. In embodiments, the cavities 310 of assembled arcuate segments 300 can form a substantially circumferential groove around diaphragm 194, each arcuate segment 300 thus including a portion of the substantially circumferential groove.
Embodiments can thus take the form of a turbomachine 100 comprising a compressor section 105 including a cooling fluid extraction port 120 through which cooling fluid selectively flows from compressor section 105, and a turbine section 180 including a plurality of stationary components 190 and a plurality of rotating components 185. At least one stationary component 190 can a diaphragm 194 having a cavity 310 formed in an outer portion thereof, cavity 310 having a substantially circumferential cavity inner wall 312 and opposed forward and aft cavity side walls 314, 316 extending substantially radially away from cavity inner wall 312, and a plurality of vanes 192 extending radially away from diaphragm 194. Each rotating component 185 can include a turbine wheel. A cooling fluid circuit 200 can be in fluid communication with extraction port 120 and can include a cooling passage 206 of each vane 192 extending from a cooling passage inlet 204 in fluid communication with extraction port 120 to a cooling passage exit 208 at a radially inner end of the respective vane 192, a purge tube 210 of each vane 192 at a radially inner end thereof and in fluid communication with cooling passage exit 208, a mixing chamber 214 formed in cavity 310 and including circumferentially spaced apart mixing chamber end walls 220, 222, a mixing chamber top wall 224 radially spaced apart from a mixing chamber bottom wall 226, and opposed forward and aft mixing chamber side walls 228, 230. Cooling circuit 200 can additionally include at least one exit passage 216 formed through one of the mixing chamber side walls 228, 230 and the corresponding cavity side wall 314, 316 and can be inclined relative thereto such that cooling fluid entering mixing chamber 214 from purge tube 210 can flow into mixing chamber 214 and can exit through the at least one exit passage 216 at a surface 196 of diaphragm 194 with a velocity component substantially parallel to the surface 196 of diaphragm 194.
As suggested above, mixing chamber bottom and side walls 226, 228, 230 can include cavity inner and side walls 312, 314, 316, respectively, mixing chamber top wall 224 can extend from forward cavity side wall 314 to aft cavity side wall 316, and opposed mixing chamber end walls 220, 222 can extend from forward cavity side wall 314 to aft cavity side wall 316 and from cavity inner wall 312 to mixing chamber top wall 224. In addition, diaphragm 194 can include a plurality of arcuate segments 300, each cavity 310 thereof can be a portion of a substantially circumferential groove of diaphragm 194, and each arcuate segment 300 can include a respective mixing chamber 314 in fluid communication with the purge tube 210 of a respective vane. Fluid communication between purge tube 210 and mixing chamber 214 can be provided by a connector 212 formed substantially in a diametral plane of diaphragm 194 and extending in a substantially circumferential direction of diaphragm 194 through an end wall 220, 222 of mixing chamber 214.
Employing embodiments of the invention as disclosed herein, a more compact gas turbine can be formed that can still have efficient heat transfer from a turbine wheel disposed forward of a diaphragm from which cooling fluid is distributed. By inclining an exit passage from the diaphragm, a velocity component can be induced on the cooling fluid, such as with rotation of the turbine wheel, to enhance heat transfer and/or flow properties. An axial space savings on the order of 25% can be enjoyed, allowing four turbine stages to be implemented in the space formerly occupied by three turbine stages.
In addition, for example, there can be a significant benefit to configuring the jets of air entering the mixing chamber from the purge tubes purposely misaligned. If the jets are aligned, there can be more pressure loss due to mixing, resulting in a less efficient design. If the jets are misaligned, the mixing loss can be reduced. This can be done by offsetting the purge tubes in the radial and/or axial directions or by orienting them at different angles relative to the diameter or circumference of the engine.
Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein have been described in terms of at least one exit passage extending through at least one side wall of a mixing chamber and/or a diaphragm. While using exit passage(s) through side wall(s) can be particularly advantageous, exit passage(s) can also extend through the bottom wall of the mixing chamber and the inner wall of the diaphragm in embodiments.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
