The present embodiments relate generally to communication systems, and specifically to generation of signals used for channel estimation in communication systems that use time-division duplexing.
The Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON) protocol may be extended over coaxial (coax) links in a cable plant. The EPON protocol as implemented over coax links is called EPON Protocol over Coax (EPoC). Implementing an EPoC network or similar network over a cable plant presents significant challenges. For example, there is a need for efficient techniques to generate signals used for channel estimation.
In some embodiments, a method of data communication is performed in a coax network unit (CNU) coupled to a coax line terminal (CLT). In first and second modes of operation, the CNU transmits data during an upstream window and receives data during a downstream window. In the first mode of operation, a duration of data transmission for the upstream window or a duration of data reception for the downstream window is reduced by a specified amount with respect to the second mode. A sounding signal is transmitted in the first mode in a probing slot that has a duration corresponding to the specified amount.
In some embodiments, a CNU includes a coax PHY to transmit data during upstream windows and receive data during downstream windows in first and second modes of operation and to transmit a sounding signal in a probing slot in the first mode. In the first mode the coax PHY is to reduce a duration of data transmission for an upstream window or a duration of data reception for a downstream window by a specified amount with respect to the second mode. The probing slot has a duration corresponding to the specified amount.
In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured for execution by one or more processors in a CNU. The one or more programs include instructions to adapt a rate of a MAC in the CNU based on whether or not a mode of operation is enabled in which the CNU transmits a sounding signal in a probing slot in a time-division-duplexing (TDD) cycle that includes a downstream window and an upstream window. One of the downstream window and the upstream window is reduced in duration by an amount corresponding to a duration of the probing slot when the mode of operation is enabled as compared to when the mode of operation is not enabled.
The present embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not intended to be limited by the figures of the accompanying drawings.
Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the drawings and specification.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, circuits, and processes to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. Also, in the following description and for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details may not be required to practice the present embodiments. In other instances, well-known circuits and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the present disclosure. The term “coupled” as used herein means connected directly to or connected through one or more intervening components or circuits. Any of the signals provided over various buses described herein may be time-multiplexed with other signals and provided over one or more common buses. Additionally, the interconnection between circuit elements or software blocks may be shown as buses or as single signal lines. Each of the buses may alternatively be a single signal line, and each of the single signal lines may alternatively be buses, and a single line or bus might represent any one or more of a myriad of physical or logical mechanisms for communication between components. The present embodiments are not to be construed as limited to specific examples described herein but rather to include within their scope all embodiments defined by the appended claims.
The CLT 162 transmits downstream signals to the CNUs 140-1, 140-2, and 140-3 and receives upstream signals from the CNUs 140-1, 140-2, and 140-3. In some embodiments, each CNU 140 receives every packet transmitted by the CLT 162 and discards packets that are not addressed to it. The CNUs 140-1, 140-2, and 140-3 transmit upstream signals using coax resources specified by the CLT 162. For example, the CLT 162 transmits control messages (e.g., GATE messages) to the CNUs 140-1, 140-2, and 140-3 specifying respective future times at which and respective frequencies on which respective CNUs 140 may transmit upstream signals. The bandwidth allocated to a respective CNU by a control message may be referred to as a grant. In some embodiments, the downstream and upstream signals are transmitted using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). For example, the upstream signals are orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) signals and the downstream signals include modulation symbols on different groups of subcarriers that are directed to different CNUs 140.
In some embodiments, the CLT 162 is part of a fiber-coax unit (FCU) 130 that is also coupled to an optical line terminal (OLT) 110, as shown in
In some embodiments, each FCU 130-1 and 130-2 includes an ONU 160 coupled with a CLT 162. The ONU 160 receives downstream packet transmissions from the OLT 110 and provides them to the CLT 162, which forwards the packets to the CNUs 140 (e.g., CNUs 140-4 and 140-5, or CNUs 140-6 through 140-8) on its cable plant 150 (e.g., cable plant 150-1 or 150-2). In some embodiments, the CLT 162 filters out packets that are not addressed to CNUs 140 on its cable plant 150 and forwards the remaining packets to the CNUs 140 on its cable plant 150. The CLT 162 also receives upstream packet transmissions from CNUs 140 on its cable plant 150 and provides these to the ONU 160, which transmits them to the OLT 110. The ONUs 160 thus receive optical signals from and transmit optical signals to the OLT 110, and the CLTs 162 receive electrical signals from and transmit electrical signals to CNUs 140.
In the example of
In some embodiments, the OLT 110 is located at a network operator's headend, the ONUs 120 and CNUs 140 are located at the premises of respective users, and the FCUs 130 are located at the headends of their respective cable plants 150 or within their respective cable plants 150.
The coax PHY 212 in the CLT 162 is coupled to a media access controller (MAC) 206 by a media-independent interface 210 and a reconciliation sublayer (RS) 208. In some embodiments, the media-independent interface 210 is a 10-Gigabit Media-Independent Interface (XGMII). The media-independent interface 210 and RS 208 convey data between the coax PHY 212 and MAC 206. The coax PHY 212 is also coupled to the MAC 206 through a management data input/output (MDIO) bus 211 that conveys information about the configuration of the coax PHY 212 and/or MAC 206. The MAC 206 is coupled to a multi-point control protocol (MPCP) implementation 202, which includes a scheduler 204 that schedules downstream and upstream transmissions.
The coax PHY 224 in the CNU 140 is coupled to a MAC 218 by a media-independent interface 222 (e.g., an XGMII) and an RS 220. The media-independent interface 222 and RS 220 convey data between the coax PHY 224 and MAC 218. The coax PHY 224 is also coupled to the MAC 218 through an MDIO bus 223 that conveys information about the configuration of the coax PHY 224 and/or MAC 218. The MAC 218 is coupled to an MPCP implementation 216 that communicates with the MPCP implementation 202 to schedule upstream transmissions (e.g., by sending REPORT messages to the MPCP 202 implementation and receiving GATE messages in response).
In some embodiments, the MPCP implementations 202 and 216 are implemented as distinct sub-layers in the respective protocol stacks of the CLT 162 and CNU 140. In other embodiments, the MPCP implementations 202 and 216 are respectively implemented in the same layers or sub-layers as the MACs 206 and 218.
Communication between a CLT 162 and respective CNUs 140 on a cable plant 150 may be performed using time-division duplexing (TDD). For TDD, upstream and downstream transmissions share one or more frequency bands, with upstream transmissions occurring at different times (e.g., in different time windows) than downstream transmissions.
In some embodiments, time interleaving is not performed for the PHY frame 300. For example, the PHY frame 300 may be transmitted in a frequency band above (i.e., at higher frequencies than) other frequency bands on the coax channel (e.g., in a frequency band above 800 MHz), where protection against noise or interference bursts may not be needed and therefore time interleaving may not be necessary for reliable communication.
A probing procedure may be performed to estimate the channel between a CNU 140 and CLT 162. Probing is also referred to as sounding. In the probing procedure, the CNU 140 transmits a known, predefined wideband signal upstream to the CLT 162. In some embodiments, the wideband signal is a full OFDM symbol carrying known, predefined modulation symbols on respective subcarriers. For example, the CNU 140 transmits one or more full OFDM symbols that span an entire available frequency band. Probing is performed, for example, before a CNU 140 performs registration with the CLT 162 or begins to transmit data to the CLT 162. Probing can be performed also upon the request of the CLT 162 during regular data transmission.
The CLT 162 estimates the full channel based on the wideband signal. In some embodiments, the CLT 162 assigns an upstream modulation profile to the CNU 140 based on the channel estimate. The modulation profile specifies a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or set of MCSs that the CNU 140 is to use for upstream transmissions. Each MCS has a corresponding spectral efficiency; the lower the spectral efficiency, the more robust the modulation profile. In some embodiments, the CNU 140 (e.g., the coax PHY 224,
Probing may be turned on or off, such that probing is performed (e.g., in the upstream window 306 of the PHY frame 320,
A probing slot 312 in an upstream window 306 is overhead that reduces data transmission capacity within a PHY frame 320 as compared to a PHY frame 300: the upstream data capacity of a PHY frame 320 with a probing slot 312 (e.g., as shown in
In some embodiments, MAC rate adaption is implemented by performing MAC timing adaption.
In some embodiments, the MAC 218 in the CNU 140 performs rate adaption but not timing adaption. For example, the MAC 218 is aware of changes in the effective PHY rate resulting from enabling and disabling probing, but is not aware of the associated timing changes (e.g., including the duration of the probing slot 312). In such embodiments, the coax PHY 224 in the CNU 140 changes its mapping of time-domain data (e.g., data 604), as received from the MAC 218, to coax resources in the time and frequency domains, depending on whether probing is enabled or disabled.
Δbuffer=RPHY*ns. (1)
As a result, the minimum amount of buffering (and thus the minimum size of the buffer 225,
The additional buffering introduces a corresponding increase in the upstream transmission delay. In some embodiments, the increased upstream transmission delay is enforced even when probing is disabled in order to have a substantially constant delay at the interface between MAC and PHY in all states/modes (e.g., including states such as the first mode in which probing is enabled and states such as the second mode in which probing is disabled). For example, additional buffering is performed in the CLT 162 (e.g., in the buffer 213,
The structure of the PHY frame 800 avoids the additional buffering in the CNU 140 (e.g., in the buffer 225,
In the first mode, a duration of data transmission for an upstream window or a duration of data reception for a downstream window is reduced (904) by a specified amount with respect to a second mode. For example, a number of OFDM symbols 310 in the upstream window 306 of the PHY frame 320 (
Data is received (906) during the upstream window (e.g., during the downstream window 304 of the PHY frame 320,
A sounding signal (e.g., sounding signal 402,
Data is transmitted (910) during the upstream window (e.g., during the upstream window 306 of the PHY frame 320,
In some embodiments, a start of the upstream window in the MAC 218 (
In some embodiments, a rate of the MAC 218 is adapted (914) in accordance with the effective rate of the coax PHY 224 (
In some embodiments, the coax PHY 224 maps (916) time-domain data from the MAC 218 to coax resources in the time and frequency domains that are used to transmit the data. The coax PHY 224 delays the mapping by the duration of the probing slot in the first mode, as shown in
In the second mode, data is received (918) during a downstream window (e.g., downstream window 304 of a PHY frame 300,
A counterpart to the method 900 is performed in the CLT 162 to which the CNU 140 of the method 900 is coupled. A duration of data reception in an upstream window (e.g., upstream window 306 of a PHY frame 320,
The method 900 includes a number of operations that appear to occur in a specific order. It should be apparent, however, that the method 900 can include more or fewer operations, an order of two or more operations may be changed, performance of two or more operations may overlap, and two or more operations may be combined into a single operation.
In some embodiments, the MAC functionality as described herein is implemented in software.
While the memory 1004 is shown as being separate from the processor(s) 1002, all or a portion of the memory 1004 may be embedded in the processor(s) 1002. In some embodiments, the processor(s) 1002 and/or memory 1004 are implemented in the same integrated circuit as the coax PHY 1006. For example, the coax PHY 1006 may be integrated with the processor(s) 1002 in a single chip, while the memory 1004 is implemented in a separate chip. In another example, the processor(s) 1002, memory 1004, and coax PHY 1006 are integrated in a single chip.
While the memory 1024 is shown as being separate from the processor(s) 1022, all or a portion of the memory 1024 may be embedded in the processor(s) 1022. In some embodiments, the processor(s) 1022 and/or memory 1024 are implemented in the same integrated circuit as the coax PHY 1026. For example, the coax PHY 1026 may be integrated with the processor(s) 1022 in a single chip, which may or may not also include the memory 1024.
In the foregoing specification, the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/816,606, titled “Wideband Signal Generation for Channel Estimation in Time-Division-Duplexing Communication Systems,” filed Apr. 26, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
6891841 | Leatherbury et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
7295518 | Monk et al. | Nov 2007 | B1 |
7551610 | Cummings et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
8149861 | Yu et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
8254413 | Kliger et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
8351368 | Malik et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8416800 | Sun | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8554082 | Boyd et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8842991 | Liang | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8848523 | Boyd | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8997165 | Garavaglia et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
9363017 | Varanese | Jun 2016 | B2 |
20090290504 | Yu | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20120189072 | Tzannes et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20130142515 | Chen et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
20130202293 | Boyd et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130202304 | Boyd et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130315595 | Barr | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130322882 | Fang et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20130343761 | Fang et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140010537 | Boyd | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140056586 | Boyde et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140072304 | Boyd et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140079102 | Kliger et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140079399 | Goswami et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140133856 | Boyd et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140133858 | Fang et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140133859 | Fang et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140192803 | Malik et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140199069 | Garavaglia | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140248054 | Wu | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140254697 | Zhang et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20150229432 | Shellhammer | Aug 2015 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2013007391 | Jan 2013 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Boyd E., et al., “EPOC Upstream PHY Link Channel and Channel Probing” ,IEEE Draft; BOYD—3BN—03—0513, IEEE-SA,Piscataway, NJ USA, vol. 802.3bn, Jun. 5, 2013,pp. 1-23, XP068058294,[retrieved on Jun. 5, 2013],pp. 8,13,16-19. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion—PCT/US2014/034717—ISA/EPO—Jul. 15, 2014. |
Lin R., et al., “Discussion on EPoC PHY Functions”, IEEE Draft; LIN—01—1012, IEEE-SA, Piscataway, NJ USA, vol. 802.3bn, Oct. 25, 2012, pp. 1-29, XP068020424,[retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012],p. 1,5,12-15. |
Rahman S., et al., “Wideband Channel Estimation in Upstream EPoC”,IEEE Draft; RAHMAN—SYED—3BN—L 01 —0313, IEEE-SA, Piscataway, NJ USA, vol. 802.3bn, Mar. 16, 2013, pp. 1-11, XP068052843,[retrieved on Mar. 16, 2013]. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20140321258 A1 | Oct 2014 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61816606 | Apr 2013 | US |