Patent Application
20110221193
The present invention relates to a horizontal axis wind turbine for generating electrical energy for supply to an energy storage device having a limited energy storage capability, to a power supply system comprising such a wind turbine, and to a method for controlling such a power supply system.
In view of increased environmental awareness, the amount of electrical power generated using wind turbines is increasing. The major part of generated wind power originates from relatively large wind turbines that have been specifically developed to supply an existing power grid.
However, wind power is also increasingly being used for off-line applications, in which wind turbines are used to supply stand-alone equipment with electrical power without having the possibility of supplying any excess power to a power grid.
Such off-line applications impose specific requirements on wind turbines. For example, the wind turbine should be configured to start rotating at a wind speed which is very low compared to wind turbines for “on-line” applications for supplying an existing power grid.
Furthermore, in order to handle the inherently varying supply of wind power, practically every off-line application includes an energy storage device, which may, for example, comprise batteries. Such an energy storage device may generally not be “overcharged”.
Therefore, a wind turbine for use in an off-line application typically needs a system for handling excess wind power conditions so as not to damage the energy storage device.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,718 discloses a wind turbine for use in off-line applications, in which the output power is controlled (reduced) by shorting windings in the alternator in response to the charge level of a battery powered by the wind turbine and the rotational speed of the wind turbine.
A drawback of the output power control disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,718 is that the intermittent shorting of windings in the alternator results in an irregular supply of power from the wind turbine. Furthermore, the shorting of the windings leads to an increased current, resulting in an increased temperature of the alternator, which may detrimentally affect the reliability of the wind turbine.
Additionally, the output power control disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,718 may be useful for wind turbines having a relatively low maximum output power, but would appear not to be well suited for wind turbines with a higher power rating due to the amount of heat to be dissipated.
In view of the above-mentioned and other drawbacks of the prior art, a general object of the present invention is to provide an improved wind turbine, and in particular a wind turbine better suited for off-line applications requiring a relatively high power.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, these and other objects are achieved through a horizontal axis wind turbine for generating electrical energy for supply to an energy storage device having a limited energy storage capability, the wind turbine comprising: a rotor having a plurality of blades mechanically connected thereto for converting kinetic wind energy to rotation of the rotor at a rotational speed; a generator comprising a stationary portion and a rotatable portion connected to the rotor for interacting with the stationary portion to convert the rotation of the rotor into electrical energy for supply to the energy storage device; a sensor for sensing the rotational speed of the rotor and for outputting a signal indicative thereof; a braking system controllable to mechanically interact with the rotor to reduce the rotational speed of the rotor; and processing circuitry operatively connected to the sensor and to the braking system for evaluating the signal output by the sensor and, if the rotational speed is above a predetermined threshold value, controlling the braking system to reduce the rotational speed through mechanical interaction with the rotor.
The energy storage device may be any device capable of storing electrical energy, such as one or several batteries of various kinds (Pb-batteries, Li-ion batteries etc) or capacitor(s).
As was already briefly discussed above in the background section, special requirements are imposed on wind turbines for use in off-line applications including an energy storage device having a limited energy storage capability. This is even more so for off-line applications requiring a relatively high power, which, for the sake of the environment, should be supplied by the wind turbine to the greatest extent possible. An example of such an off-line application is the powering of telecommunication equipment in a base station in a wireless communication network, where the base station may be located in a remote and/or inaccessible location and/or the existing power grid is unreliable.
In such a relatively high power off-line application in which high reliability of service is required, the wind turbine should have a relatively high maximum power, have a very high duty cycle, and should have a controllable output power in order to prevent damage to other components comprised in the total power supply system, such a rectifier, batteries etc.
The present invention is based on the realization that a wind turbine fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements also requires very efficient and reliable control of the output power of the wind turbine, and that this can be achieved using a mechanical braking system responsive to a control unit comprised in the wind turbine.
In this way, very fast and reliable reduction in the electrical power output by the wind turbine can be achieved without any irregularity in the supplied power.
Furthermore, the heat generated when reducing the rotational speed of the rotor can be dissipated in structures considerably more suited for the task than the generator. Hereby, the reliability of the wind turbine can be increased, and the amount of heat that can be dissipated can be increased.
Accordingly, the wind turbine according to the present invention can be dimensioned for a higher maximum power rating than prior art wind turbines for off-line applications using shorting of windings in the generator for output power control.
It should be noted that the rotational speed of the rotor is reduced to a non-zero rotational speed, which is typically at or slightly below the threshold value for the rotational speed, whereby the generation of electrical energy can proceed efficiently even in case of strong winds.
The processing circuitry comprised in the wind turbine may, furthermore, be configured to output a signal for controlling a rotation of the wind turbine in relation to a support structure when the wind turbine is attached thereto, to thereby enable control of the supply of electrical energy from the wind turbine. By rotating the wind turbine in relation to the support structure to which it is attached, the angle between a plane defined by the blades comprised in the wind turbine and the wind direction can be changed, whereby the supply of electrical power can be controlled.
As will be described further below, this rotation of the wind turbine in relation to the support structure to which it is attached can be controlled by an external controller comprised in a power supply system further comprising the wind turbine. For safety and/or reliability reasons, it may, however, be advantageous to handle the control of the rotation of the wind turbine locally, in the processing circuitry comprised in the wind turbine. In this way, changes can be effected quickly and, if necessary, independently of the data communication between an external controller and the wind turbine. Hereby, it can be ensured that the supply of electrical energy from the wind turbine can be sustainably controlled to a safe level even in the event of irregularities, such as failure or latency in the external controller or failure or interference in the communication between the external controller and the wind turbine.
To further improve the reliability of the wind turbine, the wind turbine may additionally comprise an auxiliary power supply, such as a battery and/or a solar cell to ensure uninterrupted supply of power to equipment such as the processing circuitry comprised in the wind turbine.
Advantageously, the wind turbine may be configured to start generating electrical energy at a start-up wind speed of below 3 m/s. Hereby, a high duty cycle of the wind turbine can be achieved, which results in a high average power output, which is an important factor for off-line applications. The person skilled in the art realizes that there are numerous ways in which the wind turbine can be configured to achieve such a low start-up wind speed.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, for example, the following features may, independently or in combination, be implemented in order to achieve the desired low start-up wind speed:
The blades may have an airfoil (wing profile) which has a ratio between the height and the width thereof that is smaller than 15%. Through the provision of such thin blades, the mass of the blades can be reduced as compared to conventional blade designs.
The blades may be hollow, which further reduces the mass of the blades.
One way of achieving a hollow blade having the above-described thin airfoil is to manufacture the blade using carbon fibre technology. Hereby, an exemplary blade can weigh around 15 kg as compared to about 50 to 80 kg for a conventional blade of the same length.
A wind turbine having lighter blades will, with all other factors being constant, start to rotate at a lower wind speed.
Furthermore, by “twisting” each blade in such a way that an angle between the airfoil adjacent to a hub of the wind turbine and the airfoil at a free end of the blade is at least 30°, the portion of each blade closest to the hub can be used to capture wind rather than functioning as a practically inactive portion of the blade as is typically the case for conventional wind turbines. Another desired feature for a wind turbine for off-line applications is a near optimum efficiency for all wind speeds up to a maximum wind speed resulting in a predetermined maximum output power. According to one embodiment of the present invention, this may be achieved by providing each blade with a substantially constant airfoil along at least 70 percent of a total length thereof.
Such a configuration has proven to be particularly advantageous in combination with the above-mentioned twisting of the blades. Hereby, an optimum so-called angle of attack (also referred to as angle of incidence) can be achieved across the length of the blade, resulting in a high efficiency for different wind speeds.
To further improve the efficiency of the wind turbine, at least one of the rotatable portion and the stationary portion of the generator may comprise a plurality of permanent magnets.
Furthermore, the rotatable portion of the generator may be attached to the rotor to prevent transmission losses resulting from the provision of a gear box or similar, which is often used in conventional wind turbines.
Moreover, the braking system comprised in the wind turbine may advantageously be a hydraulic braking system comprising a disc attached to the rotor and at least one caliper attached to a stationary structure comprised in the wind turbine.
Through the provision of such a braking system, very fast and efficient braking can be achieved in a precisely controlled manner, while enabling excellent heat dissipation. To even further increase the heat dissipation capability, the disc may be ventilated.
To enable the handling of unexpected situations, such as power failure of the control system, loss of function of the “normal” braking system, loss of communication with any external control system etc., the wind turbine according to the present invention may advantageously be provided with a separate emergency brake system, which may be spring-loaded to ensure fail-safe operation thereof.
For example, the emergency brake system may be implemented using a caliper arranged to interact with a disc attached to the rotor.
Moreover, the wind turbine according to the present invention may advantageously be comprised in a power supply system for supplying electrical power to an energy storage device having a limited energy storage capability, further comprising a controller connected to the wind turbine and to the energy storage device for controlling operation of the power supply system, wherein the wind turbine is attached to a support structure and connectable to the energy storage device for supplying electrical energy thereto.
The wind turbine may be rotatably connected to the support structure, and the power supply system may further comprise a controllable drive unit for enabling controlled rotation of the wind turbine in relation to the support structure.
Moreover, the controller may be configured to control the drive unit to change an angle between a plane defined by the blades comprised in the wind turbine and a wind direction in response to a state of the power supply system. By changing the angle between the plane of the blades and the wind direction, the electrical power output from the wind turbine can be controlled. The maximum power is output when the normal of the plane of the blades coincides with the wind direction, and any other angle results in a reduced output power.
This control of the angle between the blades and the wind direction may take place through direct control of the drive unit, or, more preferably, via the processing circuitry comprised in the wind turbine.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, the above-mentioned and other objects are achieved through a method for controlling a power supply system for supplying electrical power to an energy storage device having a limited energy storage capability, comprising a wind turbine according to any one of the preceding claims mounted on a support structure and connectable to the energy storage device for supplying electrical energy thereto, the method comprising the steps of: acquiring data indicative of a state of the power supply system; and controlling an angle between a plane defined by the blades comprised in the wind turbine and a wind direction, to thereby control the supply of electrical energy from the wind turbine based on the acquired data
It should be noted that the method according to the present invention by no means is limited to performing the steps thereof in any particular order.
The data indicative of the state of the power supply system may advantageously include energy storage data indicative of a current energy storage level of the energy storage device.
Moreover, the method according to the present invention may further comprise the step of reducing the rotational speed of the rotor of the wind turbine through mechanical interaction with the rotor.
Hereby, it is ensured that a fast reduction in output power from the wind turbine is achieved, for example using a hydraulic brake system, while the wind turbine is rotated in relation to the wind direction to the desired angle between the plane of the blades and the wind. When the desired angle has been reached, the mechanical brake can be released, and the wind turbine can operate freely to supply a desired reduced output power.
Other variations of and effects obtained through the present second embodiment are largely analogous to those described above in connection with the first embodiment of the present invention.
Additionally, the above-mentioned and other objects are achieved through a computer program configured to execute the steps of the method according to the invention when run on a controller comprised in the power supply system according to the invention.
These and other aspects of the present invention will now be described in more detail, with reference to the appended drawings showing a currently preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein:
a-b schematically illustrate an exemplary shelter for a base station in a wireless communication network;
a-c schematically illustrate an exemplary blade configuration for the wind turbine in
a-e are diagrams schematically illustrating control of the wind turbine in the power supply system in
a-b schematically illustrate a shelter for a base station as an exemplary application for the wind turbine and power supply system according to embodiments of the present invention.
The term “shelter” is here used to denote not only the enclosure actually sheltering the telecommunication equipment of the base station, but also the power supply system supplying power to the base station.
With reference to
As is schematically illustrated in
The shelter is further provided with a climate control system including an air circulation system (not shown in
The basic concept illustrated in
Practically each site of deployment for a power supply system in general, and the base station shelter 1 schematically illustrated in
In order to provide a suitable system for each set of conditions or requirements, the basic concept of
Based on all of these requirements, the power supply system is dimensioned for the particular application. Based on a certain price of photovoltaic solar cells, average wind conditions at the site, local personnel costs, fuel cost etc, a particular mix of energy from the climate-dependent power source(s) and the auxiliary power source(s) is optimal. In various embodiments, this mix may typically be around 80% of the total average power over time from the climate-dependent power source(s) and 20% from the auxiliary power source(s). Of course, the size and other properties of the energy storage device are also parameters in the dimensioning process.
With reference to
Furthermore, the generator 17 comprises a stationary portion 18, which includes a relatively large number of permanent magnets. As can be seen in
Due to the special configuration of the blades 11a-c, the omission of a gear box, and the design of the generator 17 to enable efficient generation of electrical energy at a low rotational speed of the rotatable portion 16 (and thus of the rotor shaft 12), the wind turbine 10 starts to generate electrical energy at a very low start-up wind speed, and is efficient at all wind speeds up to the maximum wind speed.
Since the design of the wind turbine 10 enables it to rapidly react even on small changes in wind conditions, an efficient braking system is required. This is especially the case for off-line applications in which there is no power grid to dump excess energy into.
To this end, the wind turbine 10 comprises a mechanical hydraulic braking system including a disc 21 attached to the rotor shaft 12 and a first caliper 22 attached to the housing 14. The first caliper 22 is controllable by an “onboard” control system (not shown in
In addition to the hydraulic braking system, the wind turbine 10 also comprises a spring-loaded emergency brake system, which includes an additional, second caliper 23, which automatically engages with the disc 21 to stop the rotor shaft 12 in the event of a failure condition, such as loss of hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic braking system.
Through the hydraulic braking system, the output power from the wind turbine 10 can quickly and reliably be reduced, without detrimentally influencing the quality of the output power.
In this way, sudden wind gusts can be handled by temporarily reducing the rotational speed of the rotor shaft 12 using the hydraulic braking system. When the wind gust has passed, the first caliper 23 is controlled to release the disc 21, allowing the wind turbine 10 to continuously generate electrical energy with maximum efficiency.
If, however, the output power of the wind turbine 10 needs to be reduced due to phenomena with a longer time constant, such as due to an increased wind level, or the energy storage device supplied by the wind turbine 10 being fully charged, it would not be optimal to continuously operate the hydraulic braking system.
Therefore, the wind turbine 10 in
To this end, a drive unit 26 is provided on the mast 25. The drive unit 26 can be controlled by a control unit (which may be comprised in the wind turbine 10, or be provided in a power supply system comprising the wind turbine 10) to rotate the wind turbine 10. By changing the angle between the plane defined by the blades 11a-c and the direction of the wind from the optimum angle, the output power can be reduced without the need for continuous mechanical or electrical braking of the rotor shaft 12.
With reference to
To achieve an optimum or near optimum performance for the particular type of off-line applications for which the wind turbine 10 in
When the wind speed increases, also the rotational speed of the rotor shaft 12 in
As a consequence, the resulting so-called angle of attack between the blade 11a and the air differs depending on position along the blade 11a, the airfoil 30, the wind speed and the resulting rotational speed of the rotor shaft 12.
The present inventor has found that a twist of the blade 11a as indicated in
Through the above-described configuration of the wind turbine 10, a very low start-up wind speed of about 2 m/s, in combination with an efficient operation all the way up to about 8 m/s can be obtained, which is illustrated by the diagram in
In the following, operation of a power supply system 40 comprising a wind turbine 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the schematic block diagram in
During operation of the wind turbine 10, AC power generated thereby is fed to a rectifier 41 for converting the AC power to DC power. The DC power is fed to an energy consuming device 42, such as telecommunication equipment in a base station, and to an energy storage device, here in the form of a battery arrangement 43.
To control the operation of the power supply system 40 based on the status of the different devices comprised therein, the power supply system 40 further comprises a controller 44.
As described above in connection with
To maximize the reliability of the power supply system 40, the onboard control unit 45 is configured to activate the hydraulic braking system 47 to reduce the rotational speed of the rotor shaft 12 if the sensor 46 indicates a rotational speed which is higher than a predetermined threshold value. This operation of the onboard control unit 45 takes place independently of the rest of the power supply system 40. Hereby, damage to the wind turbine 10 and other devices in the power supply system, such as the rectifier 41 can be prevented even if errors in the power supply system 40 occur or if there is a communication glitch between the external controller 44 and the control unit 45 in the wind turbine 10.
In cases when the output power from the wind turbine 10 should be reduced to a power below that obtained at the predetermined maximum rotational speed, for example due to the battery arrangement 43 being fully charged, the controller 44 of the power supply system 40 sends a signal to the onboard control unit 45 to reduce the rotational speed of the rotor shaft 12. In response to this signal, the onboard control unit 45 activates the hydraulic braking system 47 until the sensor 46 indicates that the desired rotational speed has been achieved.
Subsequently, or at the same time, the controller 44, via the onboard control unit 45, controls the drive unit 26 to rotate the wind turbine 10 in relation to the direction of the wind by a sufficient angle to achieve the desired output power without activation of the hydraulic braking system 47.
If the controller 44 signals an error state or in case of power failure, loss of communication to the onboard control unit 45, or the like, the emergency braking system 48 is automatically and autonomously activated to immediately stop the rotation of the rotor shaft 12 to prevent further generation of electrical energy by the wind turbine 10.
After now having described the basic functional configuration of an exemplary power supply system 40 comprising a wind turbine 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention, control of the wind turbine 10 in an exemplary situation will now be described with reference to the schematic diagrams in
The diagram in
The diagrams in
The diagram in
In the present example illustrated by
The wind speed is below the start-up wind speed for the wind turbine 10 (
Subsequently, the wind speed increases, to reach the start-up wind speed vstart at the time t0. Until the time t0, no power has been generated by the wind turbine 10, and since the energy consuming device 42 has consumed power, the charge level of the batteries 43 has been reduced (
At time t1, the batteries 43 have been charged to their maximum charge level (
At the time t2, there is a sudden gust of wind (
Subsequently, at time t3, the charge level of the batteries 43 is no longer at its maximum level, and more power can be delivered from the wind turbine 10. At the same time, the wind speed decreases (
In the present exemplary scenario, the wind speed then varies (
Finally, a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention for controlling the power supply system 40 in
In a first step 71, the external controller 44 acquires data indicative of the state of the power supply system 40, such as data indicative of the charge level of the battery arrangement 43, data indicative of the power supplied by the wind turbine 10, etc.
Based on this acquired data, the external controller 44 sends, in step 72, a control signal to the onboard control unit 45, instructing the control unit 45 to control the hydraulic braking system 47 to mechanically engage with the rotor shaft 12 to reduce the rotational speed of the rotor shaft 12 until the desired output power has been obtained.
Subsequently, in step 73, the external controller 44 controls the drive unit 26 to change the angle of the wind turbine 10 relative to the direction of the wind to thereby achieve a long-term reduction of the output power.
After having rotated the wind turbine 10 to the desired angle, the hydraulic braking system is controlled to release the rotor shaft 12 in step 74.
The person skilled in the art realizes that the present invention by no means is limited to the preferred embodiments described above. For example, the division of responsibilities between the onboard controller 45 and the external control unit 44 as described herein may be shifted in either direction. For instance, the onboard control unit 45 may control the drive unit 26 to control the rotation of the wind turbine 10.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08158057.3 | Jun 2008 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/057239 | 6/11/2009 | WO | 00 | 5/24/2011 |
