This invention concerns a wind turbine assembly for generating electricity in response to the movement of atmospheric wind and additional safety features of strike avoidance system and anchor support structure.
Windmills have been used for many generations for the purpose of pumping water from the ground and for generating electricity. A basic advantage of the windmill is that it uses the power of atmospheric wind to rotate a wheel having radially extending blades. This rotary movement may be converted into various useful purposes. For example, wind turbines in the form of propellers mounted on towers have been placed in areas where steady winds are prevalent and the wind turbines are used to generate electricity.
The blades of the conventional wind turbines are very large and made of expensive rigid material and are constructed to have the blades extend radially from a central hub, with no extra support at the outer tips of the blades. The conventional wind turbine blades rotate at a high rate of revolutions and must withstand both the centrifugal forces generated by the fast revolution of the blades and the cantilever bending forces applied to the blades by the wind. Since the outer portions of the blades move at a very high velocity and are engaged by strong winds, the larger the blades the stronger they must be and the more expensive they become. Thus, there is a practical limit as to the length and width of the blades.
Another type of wind turbine is one that has sail wings constructed of fabric that are a substitute for the rigid blades of the conventional wind turbines described above. For example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,330,714, 4,350,895, and 4,729,716 disclose wind turbines that use cloth “sails” that catch the wind. The blades of the wind turbine are formed of lighter weight material.
Another wind turbine type has rigid propellers that appear to be rigidly mounted to circular perimeter rims that support the outer ends of the propellers, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,233,232 and 6,064,123.
Some of the wind turbines of the patents cited above are constructed with an outer rim that extends circumferentially about the turbine wheel. Rubber tires are placed in positions to engage the outer rim so as to rotate the rubber tires, with the driven rubber tires rotating the rotor of a generator. Thus, the rotation of the wind turbine is used to generate electricity. Other designs are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,109,727, 7,825,532, 8,134,251, 8,164,212, 8,178,993, 8,487,471, 8,174,142, 8,258,645, 8,373,298, 8,466,577 and United States Patent Application Publications 2014/40271183 and 2014/0265344, all incorporated by reference.
Prior art wind turbines are mounted on upright towers and the towers are supported at their bases by mounting the towers in the earth or on some other stable platform. When the wind turbine is in operation with an oncoming brisk wind engaging the angled blades of the turbine wheel, a significant longitudinal force is transmitted from the blades of the turbine wheel to the upper portion of the tower, tending to tip the tower. This horizontal tipping force usually is significantly greater than the circumferential wind force engaging the angled surfaces of the blades of the turbine wheel and causing the rotation of the turbine wheel. This longitudinal force requires the tower for a wind turbine to be very strong to avoid tipping over.
While wind turbines have found use in open land areas where steady winds are prevalent, the land areas most suitable for catching the wind on wind turbine propeller blades usually are remote from the areas of great need of electrical power. Therefore, there is a requirement that electrical power be transmitted through conductive cables for long distances to the areas of need.
Winds generated over large bodies of water, particularly over an ocean, are not confronted with mountains, buildings, and the vegetation of the land masses that tend to slow the velocity of winds. The turbulence of wind usually is less over water than over land. This may be because there is a greater temperature variance between different altitudes over land than over a body of water, apparently because sunlight is absorbed further into water than into land, and for comparable conditions, the surfaces of land become warmer and radiate more heat than the surfaces of water.
Also, some of the largest cities of the world are positioned adjacent large bodies of water such as oceans and seas where wind velocities are not slowed and are less turbulent near the water surface and are more predictable. Therefore, there can be some advantages to placement of a wind turbine being placed in a large body of water. This, however, does not come without challenges. One challenge is how to anchor the wind turbine so that it does not drift across the water. Several attempts have been made to provide in-water anchor systems such as U.S. Pat. No. 8,118,538 that discloses a wind turbine platform that can be semi-submersible with the wind turbine extending out of the water and with a counterbalance extending below the platform. The platform can float on the water's surface and can have several arms that extend outwardly from the wind turbine to increase the platform's footprint. To anchor the turbine offshore, anchoring systems can anchor the platform to the seabed while allowing the floating wind turbine to adjust passively or actively to changes in sea level due to tidal variations or storm swells.
United States Patent Application Publication 2013/0152839 discloses a system of floating and weight-stabilized wind turbine towers with separately floodable compartments and aerodynamic overwater encasement and the appertaining semisubmersible mooring structures including anchorage on the seabed, a horizontally floating underwater mooring meshwork and an actinomorphic buoy-cable-mooring to the wind turbine towers. United States Patent Application Publication 2010/0290839 discloses an anchoring system for anchoring an object to a floor of a body of water includes a weighted portion, an explosive charge arrangement on the weighted portion, a movable pole arranged on the weighted portion, and a penetration system that moves the pole downward after initiation of the explosive charge arrangement. United States Patent Application Publication 2009/0092449 is directed to an anchoring device for a floating wind turbine installation. Such a wind turbine installation comprises a floating cell, a tower arranged over the floating cell, a generator mounted on the tower which is rotatable in relation to wind direction and fitted with a wind rotor and an anchor line arrangement connected to anchors or anchoring points on the seabed.
However, none of these devices allows for efficient rotations of the platform supporting the turbine wheel so that the turbine wheel can face the direction of the wind without rotating about a submerged anchor line. Further, the prior art does not disclose a securing anchor support system to be added to an existing anchor.
One of the disadvantages with the increased use of alternative energy systems, such as wind turbines, is the actual or perceived belief that these large spinning structures post a hazard to birds, especially to migratory birds. In fact, in 2013, it was reported that the wind industry is killing a vast number of birds each year. Other commentators have stated that while there is a risk of bird deaths from wind turbines, the risk has been overblown. For example, a study by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that 175 million birds die annually by flying into power lines, 72 million are poisoned annually by herbicides, 6.6 million die annually by flying into communications towers and 1 million die from oil and gas waste pits. By contrast, the Wildlife Society Bulletin estimates that 573,000 birds were killed by wind turbines. Nevertheless, combating this issue of actual or perceived unnecessary bird deaths from wind turbines is a problem that should have some attention. As wind turbines increase in popularity and use, the issue will also increase. Additionally, there has been prosecution of wind energy companies for improperly killing eagles.
There have been some attempts to prevent unnecessary bird deaths through wind turbines including that of U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,977 that discloses a bistatic radar system that detects a bird in a collision path and actuates a deterrent. Deterrents can be flashing strobe lights, intense sound, or air cannon. United States Publication 2013/0101417 discloses wind turbine rotor blades having ultraviolet light-reflective substances in order to prevent bird strikes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,088 discloses a hazard warning system radiates pulses of microwave energy in the frequency range of 1 GHz to about 40 GHz to alert and warn target flying birds of the presence of wind turbine electrical generators, power distribution systems, aircraft, and other protected areas from hazardous intrusion. U.S. Pat. No. 9,046,080 discloses instantaneously inflatable mini-airbags on turbine blade leading edges.
Birds are known for very good vision as it is this sense that assists with safe flight. Most birds are tetrachromatic, possessing four types of cone cells each with a distinctive maximal absorption peak. In some birds, the maximal absorption peak of the cone cell responsible for the shortest wavelength extends to the ultraviolet (UV) range, making them UV-sensitive. Birds can also resolve rapid movements better than humans with a flicker threshold of over more than 100 Hz. In humans, when an object is covered by another, the human mind tends to “complete” the covered object and “fills in the blank” to believe that the human is seeing the entire object. This is called scene completion, a trait that is not believed to be present in birds. Birds do, however, possess very good resolving power to see clear and distinct images of very small prey.
Another advantage of wind turbines placed on bodies of water is that the less turbulent winds at the surface of the water allows the turbine wheel to be supported lower, closer to the surface of the water. This tends to reduce the expense of having a tall tower as usually required for land mounted wind turbines.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to locate wind turbines on bodies of water spaced relatively close to a land mass where there is a need for electricity. Also, it would be desirable to produce wind turbines with a means for reducing the longitudinal force applied by the turbine wheel to the tower or other vertical support of the wind turbine.
If would also be advantageous to take advantage of the good vision of birds and construct and arrange a wind turbine with additional visual safety features to allow bird to detect the wind turbine and avoid a collision at the onset.
Briefly described, this disclosure concerns a wind turbine assembly for generating electricity that includes a support, a turbine wheel rotatably mounted on the support about a longitudinally extending central axis, the turbine wheel including a circular rim concentric with and rotatable about the central axis, and an electrical generator in a driven relationship with the turbine wheel.
In one embodiment, a wind driven turbine wheel may be mounted on a floatable support, capable of floating on the surface of a large body of water. The floatable support may include a lateral thruster for turning the wind turbine into the oncoming atmospheric wind.
Another novel feature of the structure may be a wind turbine mounted on a floatable support, with an anchor tied to the wind turbine at a position high enough to resist tipping forces applied by atmospheric wind to the turbine.
One of the wind turbine assemblies disclosed herein may include a floatable support, a pair of wind turbines mounted side-by-side on the floatable support and sail wings of one wind turbine each having a pitch opposite to the pitch of the sail wings of the other wind turbine to balance the gyroscopic effects of the wind turbines.
Another feature of a wind turbine assembly may include an anchor tied to the bow of a floatable support and a lateral thruster for moving the stern of the floatable support for turning the wind turbine into the atmospheric wind.
Another feature of a wind turbine assembly may include one or more wind turbines mounted on a floatable support with an anchor tied directly to the wind turbines to deter tilting of the wind turbines in response to strong wind directed into the wind turbines.
Also, the wind turbine may include sail wings formed of fiberglass or other relatively flexible material, with shape control means carried by the turbine wheel for rotating at least one of the ends of the sail wings about the longitudinal axis of the sail wings to form a pitch or twist in the sail wings.
The wind turbine assembly may include a floatable support without riggers supporting the floatable support in an upright attitude. Turbine anchors may be attached to the wind turbines above the level of the floatable support and arranged to resist the longitudinal wind forces applied to the wind turbines.
Other features and advantages of the structure and process disclosed herein may be understood from the following specification and accompanying drawings.
Referring now in more detail to the drawings in which like numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views,
An axle structure 28 is at the center of the turbine wheel 22 and a plurality of sail wing assemblies 30 are mounted to the axle structure 28 and extend radially toward the angle braces 24 that form the perimeter of the turbine wheel. The turbine wheel rotates about the central axis 29.
The wind turbine assembly may be used on a body of water such as an ocean or lake 31 where the atmospheric wind 37 usually is of higher velocity, less turbulent and more predictable than the atmospheric wind over a land mass. When used on water, the turbine assembly may include a floatable support 33, such as a pontoon boat, barge or other suitable floatable support. The floatable support of
Stabilizing arms 40 and 41 are parallel to one another and sloped upwardly from the pontoon boat and are pivotally mounted to the bearing housing 38. The lower ends of the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 are releasably connected to the cross frames of the pontoon boat, such as cross frame 44. When the turbine wheel 22 is to be tilted toward its supine position, the lower ends of the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 are detached from the cross frame member 44, allowing the turbine wheel 22 to tilt toward its supine position.
Hydraulic cylinder 46 is mounted at its lower end to depending framework 48 and at its upper end to the bearing housing 38. When the hydraulic cylinder 46 is distended, it holds the foldable tower assembly 32 in its upright attitude, allowing the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 to be connected at their lower ends to the cross frame member 44, thereby holding the turbine wheel 22 in its upright position. However, when the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 are disconnected at their lower ends from the cross frame member 44, the hydraulic cylinder 46 may be retracted, causing the turbine wheel 22 to tilt toward its supine position as shown in
The foldable support may be used when transporting the wind turbine assembly to and from its site of operation, and for maintenance or repair. The wind turbine also may be supported on a non-foldable, more permanent upright tower carried by the floatable support, if desired.
The floatable support 33 of the wind turbine assembly 20 is considered to have a bow at 50 and a stern at 52. The turbine wheel 22 faces the bow 50. Lateral thrusters 54 may be mounted to the pontoons 35 and 36, typically at the stern 52 of the pontoons. The bow 50 may be connected by a first anchor line 55 or other appropriate means to an anchor such as to an anchored buoy 56 that functions as an anchor. The anchor 56 may comprise a pier, anchor, dock, or other means that generally is not movable from a designated position in or adjacent a body of water. The anchor line 55 may be a chain, cable, twisted hemp rope or other conventional means or combination of these and other connectors for connecting the floatable support to an anchor.
When the atmospheric wind 37 moves against the wind turbine assembly 20, the anchor (buoy, pier, etc.) to which the wind turbine assembly is tied stabilizes the bow 50 of the floatable support, usually causing the wind turbine assembly to move downwind of its anchor. In order to assure that the turbine wheel 22 faces the oncoming atmospheric wind, the lateral thrusters 54 shown in
The lateral thruster 54 of
As shown in
The turbine wheel and its floatable support may be very large in length, width and height. Because of the uncontrolled velocity of the atmospheric wind and because of the large height and other large size dimensions of the wind turbine assembly, it is desirable to construct the wind turbine assembly so that it resists capsizing or tilting or other deviation from facing the atmospheric wind and is desirable to minimize the application of longitudinal and other horizontal forces to the tower 32 and its stabilizing arms 40 and 41. As shown in
The connection of the second anchor line 57 to the axle structure 28 of the turbine wheel 22 is at the center of the wind forces applied to the turbine wheel. The centered connection of the anchor line to the turbine wheel provides a balanced longitudinal support for the wind turbine, directly opposite to the direction of the oncoming wind 37, and relieves force otherwise applied by the turbine wheel to the tower structure that extends from the turbine wheel to the floatable support. Since the turbine wheel usually is centered over an intermediate portion of the floatable support, the restraining forces applied by the anchor line to down-wind movement of the wind turbine assembly tend to maintain the wind turbine assembly in its upright attitude and facing the oncoming atmospheric wind. The connection of the anchor line 57 to the axle structure is at the upper end portion of the tower assembly 32 opposes and resists the longitudinal forces applied by the oncoming wind forces that are being applied to the wind turbine wheel 22. Thus, the force applied by the anchor line resists the tipping of the tower 32 and allows the tower structure to be less strong, less expensive and lighter than would be required without the anchor 59 and anchor line 57.
As shown in
The sail wings 90 of one turbine wheel 82 may be oriented with a pitch so that the atmospheric wind will rotate the turbine wheel in a clockwise direction, whereas the sail wings 90 of the other turbine wheel 83 are oriented at a reverse pitch from that of the turbine wheel 82. This causes the turbine wheels to rotate in opposite directions when facing the oncoming atmospheric wind. This tends to neutralize the gyroscopic effect of the rotation of the turbine wheels of the twin wind turbine assembly 80.
The shape control means are positioned at the ends of the sail wing 92. The shape control means includes a laterally extending end support 103 at the inner end 97 of the sail wing 92 and a similar laterally extending end support 104 at the outer end 98 of the sail wing. The laterally extending end supports 103 and 104 are connected at their ends to the support cables. The laterally extending end supports 103 and 104 are rotatable about their mid-lengths which are aligned with the longitudinal axis 94 of the wind sail, as indicated by arrows 113 and 114. The rotation of the laterally extending end supports causes the ends of the cables 100 and 101 to be rotated about the longitudinal axis 94 of the sail wing 92. When the ends of the cables are rotated in the same direction, the sail wings develop a pitch for catching the atmospheric wind. When the cables are rotated in opposite directions, the sail wings develop a twist along the length of the sail wing.
The material of the sail wing 92 can be made stronger or weaker at different intervals along its length, typically by reducing the density of the material of the sail wing in certain areas. This allows the sail wing to twist more at the weakened areas than at the stronger areas. For example, the area designated at 106 is a weakened area so that when the outer end 98 is turned with respect to the inner end 97, the sail wing is twisted. The sail wing tends to twist more in the weakened area 106 than in its strong areas, allowing for a variable pitch to be formed along the length of the sail wing.
As shown in
With this arrangement, the slewing rings 107 and 108 and the laterally extending end supports 103 and 104, and the support cables 100 and 101 function as shape control means for adjusting the pitch and twist of each of the sail wings. The shape control means may function to impart a longitudinal twist to the sail wings.
As shown in
One type of electrical generator 150 is illustrated in
As shown in
As shown in
The coils 160 of the stator halves are maintained in a juxtaposition with the rotor 126 by the stator housings 172.
A space 182 is formed in the cup-shaped stator housing behind the stator coils 180, with the space forming an air passage for the movement of air through the coils of the stator. An air conduit 184 communicates with the space 182 of each stator housing 172 to supply air 198 to the air passages 182, 184 behind the stator coils 160 so that the air moves from the air source 198 and through the air passage 182 through the stator coils 180, cooling the stator coils. After the air moves through and about the stator coils the air passes between the flat face of the rotor 126 and edges 176 of the cup-shaped stator housing 172. As the air passes the edges 176 of the cup-shaped stator housings 172, the air forms an air bearing between the stator housings 172 and the facing surfaces of the rotor 126. The air moving from the edges of the stator housings forms the air bearing against the flat facing surfaces of the rotor 126 that assures that the stator housings will not frictionally engage the surfaces of the rotor.
The turbine wheel may be of very large diameter, in excess of 100 feet in diameter. When the turbine wheel of such great size is rotated, it is likely that the rotor segments 126 will not follow exactly the same paths, such that the rotor segments may experience a lateral wobbling motion as they move through the stators, and/or move shallower or deeper into the stator assembly 172. Because of the likelihood of this movement, it is desirable to have the stator move laterally in response to the lateral motions of the rotor, and it is desirable to have the rotor built with a height that is greater than the height of the stator so that the stator can always be in the electrical field of the coils of the rotor.
As shown in
In order to assure that the stators will relieve their force towards the rotor at times when the generator is to be deactivated, coil tension springs 194 extend from the lateral support structure 187 to the stator housings 172, tending to urge the stator housings away from the rotor. Thus, the springs function as a second biasing means engaging said stator housings for urging said stators away from said rotor.
Air pressure relief valves 206 function to discharge the air from the bellows 192 when the air pressure drops below a predetermined value. This allows springs 194 to move the stator housings away from the rotor when air pressure is depleted.
Likewise, the air pressure control valves 208 control the movement of air through conduit 184 to the stator housings 192 as previously described. This maintains the cooling of the stator coils and establishes the air bearing at the edges of the cup-shaped stator housings with respect to the facing surfaces of the rotor 126.
While it is anticipated that the above described adjustable positioning features of the stator will be sufficient to have the stator housings accurately follow the lateral movements of the rotor, the air from the air source 198 also may be used to form an air bearing between the support platform 186 and its support surface 212. The perimeter of the support platform 186 is formed with a downwardly extending rim 214 that forms a closed space 216 between the bottom surface of the support platform 186 and the upwardly facing surface 212 of the support. Air is moved through the downwardly extending conduit 218 to the space 216, generating enough upward force to lift the support platform, thereby forming spaces beneath the perimeter rim 214 with the movement of escaping air 220. The escaping air 220 forms an air bearing beneath the support platform 186, allowing the support platform to move in a lateral direction, following the lateral motions of the rotor 126.
The electrical generators 234 and 235 are mounted on wheels 242 and 243, respectively, and the wheels engage rails 245.
It is anticipated that the diameter of the turbine wheel 20A shall be large, in some instances more than 100 feet in diameter. Because of the great size of the turbine wheel and because of slight lateral movement of the turbine wheel induced by intensity and direction of the atmospheric winds, the perimeter rim 226 is likely to move laterally, as well as in its circular path. The arrangement of the support system for the rotary members 230 and 231 is formed so as to compensate for the lateral movement. For example, if the perimeter rim 226 at its lower arc of
When the floatable support 266 rolls, the lines connected to the sea anchors on the side of the floatable support that tilts downwardly tend to go slack while the lines connected to the sea anchors on the other side of the floatable support that tilts upwardly tend to resist upward movement. This tends to reduce the rolling of the floatable support and the wind turbine assemblies supported on the floatable support.
Although the sea anchors 272 and their riggings are disclosed in connection with the double wind turbines of
The use of the sea anchors 272 permits the use of a narrower floatable support.
Referring to
In one embodiment, the length of the streamers decreases as the streamers that are disposed along the spokes are positioned closer to the center of the turbine wheel. This allows for a consistent visual effect to allow the turbine wheel to appear to have more structure so that birds can avoid striking the turbine wheel. The streamers can be disposed in a space defined between adjacent spokes, in spaces defined between the spoke and the sail wings, and in spaces between the outer rim and the intermediate rim when the turbine wheel is rotating. The streamers can be of a length that is less than the distance between adjacent spokes, about half the distance between adjacent spokes, greater than about half the distance between adjacent spokes or any combination. The streamers can have different colors and the color of the streamers can be selected according to the surrounding environment to allow birds to use their ability to see colors and contrast. For example, a color for the streamers can be selected with a different color and brightness than the surrounding environment.
In one embodiment, the color is selected using the formula:
where I is the luminance of the streamers and Ib is the luminance of the surrounding environment. Based upon the relationship of the turbine wheel to the landscape, the color of the streamers can be different at the perimeter of the turbine wheel than the center based upon the environmental background that is present in contrast to the turbine wheel.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
In one embodiment, the drop line is removably attached to the ring at the head of the anchor. In one embodiment, the drop line is removably attached at or near the crown of the anchor as shown in
In the event that the secondary anchor needs to be removed, a hook can be attached to the drop line that can be used to hook the secondary anchor line. The secondary anchor line can then be pulled to the surface dislodging the secondary anchor. As the drop line is pulled to the surface, the trolley travel upwards along the main anchor line allowing the secondary anchor to be retrieved and removed from the main anchor line.
The trolley can be a ring that encircles the main anchor line. In one embodiment, the ring can be opened and removed from the main anchor line such as with a carbineer style design. In one embodiment, the trolley can include pulleys that are attached to a cage. The cage can partially or fully surround the main anchored line allowing the trolley to slide along the main anchor line. In one embodiment, the trolley is formed by looping on end of the secondary anchor line around the main anchor line allowing the secondary anchor line to slide along the main anchor line. The trolley can also be constructed by forming a spliced eye in the end of the secondary anchor line that can include a thimble.
While the expression “electrical generator” has been used herein, it should be understood that this term may identify other rotary devices that may be driven by the wind turbines disclosed herein, such as alternators, pumps, etc.
While several drawing figures illustrate the turbine assemblies mounted on floatable supports, it should be understood that the structures disclosed herein may be used on wind turbine assemblies that are mounted on non-floating supports. For example, the second anchor line 57 may be used on land-mounted wind turbines, by connecting the anchor line to a ground anchor.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while the foregoing description sets forth in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, modifications, additions, and changes might be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth in the following claims.
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