Wire Mesh Thermal Radiative Element and Use in a Radiative Oven

Abstract

A high speed cooking apparatus employing a low voltage high current system for heating foods employing a novel wire mesh heating element. The system herein described providing the benefits of high speed cooking like that further described by U.S. Provisional Application 60/822,028 filed on Aug. 10, 2006, but yet providing significant cost benefit and simplicity over said system.

Description

The following invention relates to the use of stored energy in combination with an infrared heating source consisting of a wire screen mesh element for the purpose of cooking or toasting.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

U.S. Provisional Application 60/822,028 filed on Aug. 10, 2006 and co-pending patent application describe an oven capable of cooking foods at accelerated times compared to conventional ovens.

Specifically, the oven described consists of a stored energy system, a switching system, a food holder, and radiant heat bulbs used to cook the food. Typical cook times (in seconds) for a system running about 20 KW of power are described below:

Thin Slice Toast (white bread)   3.5
Bagel Half (plain)               5
Hog Dog (directly from refrigerator) 20
Pizza (directly from freezer)    22
Bacon Strips (grilled in fat)    30-40
Grilled Cheese Sandwich          10-15

The radiant heat bulbs are central to the prior art as they produce the appropriate wavelength of infrared energy required (in the range of 1 to 3 nanometers) and the multiple bulbs provide the intensity. Typical bulbs include halogen based bulbs similar to those produced by companies such as Ushio, Sylvania, or Soneko with power density of approximately 100 w/in2. Although these bulbs are effective at reducing cook times, they have several primary draw backs which have to this point deterred the prior art from successful introduction in the marketplace. Specifically;

• • 1) The price for bulbs is high relative to the entire price required to commercialize a unit such as a toaster.
  • 2) Bulbs can easily get damaged by oils and grease common in the cooking process.
  • 3) Use of glass shielding over the bulbs decreases the intensity of the radiant energy.
  • 4) Although fewer, longer, high voltage bulbs can be used, the voltage poses safety risks and therefore, low voltages are preferable. Unfortunately though, the use of smaller bulbs further requires that many bulbs be used; complicating manufacturing and overall pricing issues.

Another method for heating involves the use of Nichrome wire. Nichrome wire is commonly used in appliances such as hair dryers and toasters as well as used in embedded ceramic heaters. The wire has a high tensile strength and can easily operate at temperatures as high as 1250 degrees Celsius.

Nichrome has the following physical properties:

Material property	Value	Units
Tensile Strength	2.8 × 108	Pa
Modulus of elasticity	2.2 × 1011	Pa
Specific gravity	8.4	None
Density	8400	kg/m3
Melting point	1400	° C.
Electrical resistivity at room temperature	1.08 × 10−6[1]	Ω · m
Specific heat	450	J/kg° C.
Thermal conductivity	11.3	W/m/° C.
Thermal expansion	14 × 10−6	m/m/° C.
Standard ambient temperature and pressure used unless otherwise noted.

When considering the use of Nichrome within an oven it is important to consider not only the resistive characteristics but also the black body emission of the element when hot.

With Regard to the General Characterization of Resistive Elements,

The resistance is proportional to the length and resistivity, and inversely proportional to the area of the conductor.

$\begin{array}{cc}R=\frac{L}{A}·\rho =\frac{L}{A}·{\rho }_0\left(\alpha \left(T-T_0\right)+1\right)& \mathrm{Eq}.1\end{array}$

where ρ is the resistivity:

$\rho =\frac{1}{\sigma }.,$

L is the length of the conductor, A is its cross-sectional area, T is its temperature, T₀ is a reference temperature (usually room temperature), ρ₀ is the resistivity at T₀, and α is the change in resistivity per unit of temperature as a percentage of ρ₀. In the above expression, it is assumed that L and A remain unchanged within the temperature range. Also note that ρ₀ and α are constants that depend on the conductor being considered. For Nichrome, ρ₀ is the resistivity at 20 degrees C. or 1.10×10⁻⁶ and α=0.0004. From above, the increase in radius of a resistive element by a factor of two will decrease the resistance by a factor of four; the converse is also true.

Regarding the power dissipated from a resistive element, where, I is the current and R is the resistance in ohms, v is the voltage across the element, from Ohm's law it can be seen that, since v=iR,

P=i²R

In the case of an element with a constant voltage electrical source, such as a battery, the current passing throught the element is a function of its resistance. Replacing R from above, and using ohms law,

P=v ² /R=v ² A/ρ ₀ L   Eq. 2

In the case of a resistive element such as a nichrome wire the heat generated within the element quickly dissipates as radiation cooling the entire element.

Now, Considering the Blackbody Characterization of the Element:

Assuming the element behaves as a blackbody, the Stefan-Boltzmann equation characterizes the power dissipated as radiation:

W=σ·A·T ⁴   Eq. 3

Further, the wavelength λ, for which the emission intensity is highest, is given by Wien's Law as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\lambda }_{\max }=\frac{b}{T}& \mathrm{Eq}.4\end{array}$

Where,

• • σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant of 5.670×10⁻⁸ W·m⁻²·K⁻⁴ and,
  • b is the Wien's displacement constant of 2.897×10−3 m·K.

In an application such as a cooking oven, requiring a preferred operating wavelength of 2 microns (2×10E−6) for maximum efficiency, the temperature of the element based on Wein's Law should approach 1400 degrees K. or 1127 degrees C. From the Stefan-Boltzmann equation, a small oven with two heating sides would have an operating surface area of approximately 4×0.25m×0.25 m or 0.25 m2. Thus, W should aproach 20,000 Watts for the oven.

In the case of creating a safe high power toaster or oven it is necessary for the system to operate at a low voltage of no more than 24 volts. Thus, using Eq. 2 with 20,000 W, the element will have a resistance of approximately 0.041 ohms, if 100% efficient at the operating temperature. Based on Eq. 1, a decrease in operating temperature to room temperature (from 1400 to 293k) represents an approximate decrease in the resistivity of the element by about 1.44 times, and therefore an element whose resistance at room temperature is 0.0284 ohms is required.

Now, Considering the Relationship of the Resistance of the Element and the Characterization of the Element as a Blackbody:

The ratio of the resistance of the heater to the black body raditive area of the same heater becomes the critical design constraint for the oven; herein termed the De Luca Element Ratio. The ideal oven for foods operating over a 0.25 square meter area at 2 micron wavelength has a De Luca Element Ratio (at room temperature), of 0.1137 ohms/m2 (0.0284 ohms/0.25 m2). The De Luca Element Ratio is dependant soley on the resistance of the material and the radiative surface area but is independent of the voltage the system is operated. In addition, for wire, the length of the wire will not change the ratio.

Table 1 lists the resistance per meter of several common nichrome wire sizes as well as the De Luca Element Ratio for these elements. It is important to note that all these wires have a De Luca Element Ratio far greater than the 0.1137 required for an oven operated at 1400K, 24V, and over 0.25 m2. Clearly the use of a single wire with a voltage placed from end-to-end in order to achieve the power requirement is not feasible.

In contrast, a houshold pop-toaster, operated at 120V and 1500 W, over a smaller 0.338 m2 area at 500K would require a De Luca Element Ratio of 35.5. Thus a 1 meter nichrome wire of 0.001 m radius with a 120V placed across it would work appropriately.

TABLE 1
			Surface		De Luca	Time
		Resistance	Area of		Element	To Reach
Wire	Cross	Per Meter	1 meter		Ratio	1400 K
Radius	Sectional	Length	length	Weight Per	(at room	At 20 kw
(m)	Area (m2)	(ohms)	(m2)	Meter (g)	temp)	(sec)
0.01	3.14E−04	0.0034	0.0628	2637	0.1	65.4
0.0015	7.06E−06	0.15	0.00942	59.3	16.2	1.47
0.001	3.14E−06	0.30	.00628	26.3	47.7	0.654
.0005	7.85E−07	1.38	.00314	6.6	438	0.163
0.000191	1.139E−07	11.60	0.00120	0.957	9670	0.024
0.000127	5.064E−08	24.61	0.00079	0.425	30856	0.010
0.000022	1.551E−09	771.21	0.000138	0.013	5580486	0.0003

Clearly a lower resistance or a higher surface area is required to achieve a De Luca Element Ratio of close to 0.1137.

One way to achieve the De Luca Ratio of 0.1137 would be to use a large element of 2 cm radius. The problem with this relates to the inherent heat capacity of the element. Note from Table 1 that to raise the temperature to 1400K from room temperature would require 65.4 seconds and thus about 0.36 KWH of energy.

This Calculation is Derived from the Equation Relating Heat Energy to Specific Heat Capacity, where the Unit Quantity is in Terms of Mass is:

ΔQ=mcΔT

where ΔQ is the heat energy put into or taken out of the element (where P×time=ΔQ), m is the mass of the element, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the temperature differential where the initial temperature is subtracted from the final temperature.

Thus, the time required to heat the element would be extraordinarily long and not achieve the goal of quick cooking times.

Another way for lowering the resistance is to place multiple resistors in parallel. Kirkoff's law's predict the cumulative result of resistors placed in parallel.

$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{R_{\mathrm{total}}}=\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}+\dots +\frac{1}{R_n}& \mathrm{Eq}.5\end{array}$

The following Table 2 lists the number of conductors for each of the elements in Table 1, as derived using equation 5, that would need to be placed in parallel in order to achieve a De Luca Element Ratio of 0.1137. Clearly placing and distributing these elements evenly across the surface would be extremely difficult and impossible for manufacture. Also note that the required time to heat the combined mass of the elements to 1400K from room temperature at 20 KW for elements with a radius of greater than 0.0002 meters is too large with respect to an overall cooking time of several seconds.

TABLE 2
		Number of		Time
	De Luca	Parallel		To Reach
	Element	Elements		1400 K
	Ratio for	Required to		At 20 kw
	single	Achieve		(sec)
Wire	element	De Luca	Total	From
Radius	(@ Room	Ratio of	Weight/	Room
(m)	Temp)	0.1137	Meter (g)	Temp
0.01	0.1	1	2637	65.4
0.0015	16.2	12	711	17.6
0.001	47.7	22	579	14.4
.0005	438	63	415	10.3
0.000191	9670	267	255	6.3
0.000127	30856	493	209	5.2
0.000022	5580486	6838	88	2.18

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the current invention to:

• • 1) Find a heating element capable of delivering the same power and cooking characteristics as bulbs yet be significantly less expensive.
  • 2) It is an object of the current invention that the heating element have a temperature rise time of less than 2 seconds.
  • 3) It is further an object of the following invention that the heat generated from the element be capable of being evenly distribution over the cooking area.
  • 4) It is further an object of the current invention that the De Luca Element Ratio, as defined herein, of the element be close to 0.11.
  • 5) It is also an object of the current invention that a resistive nichrome element consist of an integral unit that is easy to assemble into a unit such as an oven.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In summary, the following invention allows for the creation of a high power oven by using a resistive mesh element. The heater element designed so as to allow for the desired wavelength output by modifying both the thickness of the mesh as well as the surface area from which heat radiates. The heater consisting of a single unit mesh that is easily assembled into the oven and having a low mass so as to allow for a very quick heat-up (on the order of less than a few seconds).

Specifically, the wire mesh cloth design calibrated to have the correct De Luca Element Ratio for a fast response (less than 2 sec) oven application operating at 1400 degrees K.

To date, the best mesh design for operating a quick response time oven consisting of a nichrome wire mesh with strand diameter of 0.3 mm, and spacing between strands of 0.3 mm, and operating voltage of 24V.

DRAWINGS

The invention will now be further described in connection with the following graphs and photographs.

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the radiative area of a mesh element as a function of the center to center spacing of the mesh strands.

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the electrical resistance of a mesh element as a function of the radius of the strand and the mesh spacing.

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the ramp up time of a two sided 125 mm×250 mm mesh element oven as a function of the radius of the strand and the mesh spacing and power drain of 20 KW.

FIG. 4 is a composite graph of FIGS. 1 and 2, indicating the regions applicable for high speed oven cooking with a De Luca Element Ratio close to 0.11 ohms/m2.

FIG. 5 is a photograph of a small 24V oven built using the mesh system.

FIG. 6 is a photograph of a 0.3 mm×0.3 mm mesh using 0.3 mm diameter nichrome wire which operates well at 24V across a 200 mm oven.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

In considering the best mesh design, it is important to evaluate the blackbody radiative area as well as the resistance of the element as a function of the following:

• • 1) The number of strands per unit area of the mesh
  • 2) The radius of the mesh strands
  • 3) The mesh strand material
  • 4) The potential for radiation occlusion between strands.

FIG. 1 describes the blackbody area as a function of the number of strands and the strand spacing of the mesh. Interestingly, the surface area is independent of the radius of the wire strand if the spacing is made a function of the radius.

Using equation 5 from above, the resistance of the mesh can be calculated for a specific wire strand radius. FIG. 2 illustrates the electrical resistance of a nichrome mesh element as a function of the radius of the strand and the mesh spacing. Limitation in Equation 5 become apparent as the number of strands becomes very high and the resistance becomes very low; thus atomic effects associated with random movement of electrons in the metal at room temperature form a minimum resistive threshold.

Using nichrome as the strand material in the mesh and operating the system at 20 KW, the ramp up time to achieve an operating temperature of 1400 degrees K. is a function of the strand radius and the mesh spacing (note that a nominal mesh size of two times 125 mm×250 mm is used). FIG. 3 illustrates the region below which a ramp up of less than 2 seconds is achievable (note that wire radius above 0.5 mm are not shown due to the long required ramp up times).

FIG. 4 is a composite graph of FIGS. 1 and 2, indicating the regions applicable for high speed oven cooking with a De Luca Element Ratio close to 0.11 ohms/m2.

FIG. 5 is a photograph of oven 3 with top and bottom wire mesh elements 1 and 2 each 125 mm×230 mm and operated at 24V. Each wire mesh (1 and 2) has 766-125 mm long filaments woven across 416-230 mm long elements, each element 0.3 mm in diameter. A 24 V battery source is placed across the length of the 766 elements at bus bars 4 and 5. The wire surface area for a single strand of 0.14 mm diameter wire is 0.000440 m2/m. Thus, a total surface area (for combined top and bottom elements) can be calculated as:

Total Blackbody Radiating Area=2×0.000440×(416×0.23+766×0.125)=0.168 m2

The resistance across bus bars 4 and 5 as well as 6 and 7 was measured at 0.04±0.01 ohms. (Note that bars 4 and 6 as well as 5 and 7 are connected by cross bars 8 and 9 respectively.) Thus calculating the De Luca Element Ratio for the elements gives:

0.02 ohms±0.01 ohms/0.168 m2=0.119±0.06 ohms/m2

which is within experimental error to the desired vale for the De Luca Element Ratio providing the most optimal cook time. These experimental values also match closely to the expected values shown in FIG. 4.

Panels 10 and 11 are reflectors used to help focus the radiation towards the item placed in area 12.

FIG. 6 is close up photograph of the wire mesh 1 from FIG. 5. Mesh 1 is a 0.3 mm×0.3 mm mesh (2×R) using 0.14 mm diameter nichrome wire and operates well at 24V. Caliper 20 has a spacing between ends 21 and 22 of 2.0 mm for reference, bounding approximately 7 strands (spacing of 0.3 mm between strands).

Claims

1. A radiant oven comprising: a cooking cavity configured for receiving a cooking load;a circuit for carrying current supplied by one or more stored energy devices; anda main heater comprising one or more wire mesh heating elements to be driven by the current, the one or more wire mesh heating elements being sized and positioned for heating the cooking load.

2. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein the stored energy devices are batteries.

3. The radiant oven of claim 2, wherein the batteries have an energy storage capacity of at least 25 watt-hours.

4. The radiant oven of claim 2, wherein the batteries have a power discharge capacity of at least 3 kilowatts.

5. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein the main heater comprises at least one wire mesh element.

6. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein the main heater comprises multiple wire mesh elements arranged in parallel in at least one plane.

7. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein the main heater comprises multiple wire mesh elements arranged in at least one planar matrix.

8. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a charger for charging the one or more stored energy devices by drawing power from an external power supply.

9. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising: a tray for supporting the cooking load in the cooking region.

10. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a relay for cycling the current connection to the main heater, and a control circuit for controlling the relay.

11. The radiant oven of claim 10, further comprising: a fan controlled by the control circuit for exhausting the cooking region;a temperature sensor in communication with the control circuit.

12. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising: a control circuit for controlling current to the main heater by cycling on and off at a duty ratio in response to a user input, or automatically in response to a measured parameter indicting a condition of the cooking load.

13. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein at least one wire mesh heating element is movable relative to the cooking load.

14. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising: a tray for supporting the cooking load, anda rotator, the rotator being configured to move the tray in a concentric motion for evenly radiating the cooking load.

15. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein the main heater comprises at least two wire mesh heaters, the at least two wire mesh heaters sharing a first bus and a second bus, wherein the first bus is in electrical communication with a positive portion of the current connection and the second bus is in electrical communication with a negative portion of the current connection.

16. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising two switches configured in series, wherein both switches must be turned on for the main heater to receive current from the current connection, and wherein the main heater will not receive current from the current connection if either switch is turned off.

17. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a sensor for monitoring gases or particles emitted by the cooking load.

18. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising an energy calculation circuit for calculating an energy consumed by the main heater by integrating power with respect to time.

19. The radiant oven of claim 18, wherein the integrating is approximated based upon discrete periodic measurements of current and voltage supplied to the main heater.

20. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a first bus and a second bus, wherein: the first bus comprises a tensioned support attached to one side of one or more mesh ends; andthe second bus comprises a tensioned support attached to the opposite mesh end or ends.

21. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a tray for supporting the cooking load, the tray being located between a top wire mesh heater and a bottom wire mesh heater, and the tray having an average thickness of less than one inch.

22. The radiant oven of claim 21, wherein the cooking load has a thickness, and: the bottom wire mesh heater is located a first distance below the tray, the first distance being approximately equal to the thickness of the cooking load; andthe top wire mesh heater is located a second distance above the tray, the second distance being approximately equal to twice the thickness of the cooking load.

23. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a measurement device for measuring a thickness of the cooking load.

24. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein a minimum distance from the cooking load to any wire mesh heater is not less than one half of an inch.

25. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a tray for supporting the cooking load, the tray being movably attached to a chassis of the radiant oven for adjusting the position of the tray manually.

26. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a tray for supporting the cooking load, wherein the tray is made of an electrically non-conductive material that is able to withstand high temperature.

27. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising one or more reflectors sized and positioned near the one or more wire mesh heaters to reflect radiation towards the cooking load.

28. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising an oven door, and one or more reflectors on or in the oven door for reflecting radiation towards the cooking load.

29. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a control circuit for preheating the one or more wire mesh heaters using a small current.

30. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a control circuit for estimating a cooking time using an initial voltage of the stored energy device as a parameter.

31. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a control circuit configured for monitoring a condition of the cooking load by measuring one or more of the following parameters: a color of the cooking load, a moisture of the surface of the cooking load, a moisture of air in the oven.

32. The radiant oven of claim 1, wherein one wire mesh is configured to emit infrared light including a wavelength of at least one micron and not more than three microns.

33. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a first wire mesh configured for operating at a first temperature and emitting a first light spectrum, and a second wire mesh configured for operating at a second temperature and emitting a second light spectrum.

34. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a voltage control circuit configured for varying the voltage of a wire mesh.

35. The radiant oven of claim 1, further comprising a safety connection surface configured to electrically couple two stored energy devices and to block access to the two stored energy devices when the safety connection surface is in a first position, and configured to electrically decouple the two stored energy devices when the safety connection surface is in a second position.

36. A radiant oven comprising: a cooking cavity for receiving a cooking load;one or more stored energy devices with an energy storage capacity of at least 25 watt-hours, and with a power discharge capacity of at least 3 kilowatts;a circuit for carrying current supplied by the one or more stored energy devices; and a heater in the circuit, the heater comprising a top array of wire mesh in a top horizontal plane, and a bottom array of wire mesh arranged in a bottom horizontal plane;a charger for charging the stored energy device;a switching device for electrically connecting and disconnecting the current connection with the heater; anda control circuit for controlling the switching device.

37. The radiant oven of claim 36, further comprising: a tray for supporting the cooking load, wherein the tray is located in a middle horizontal plane between the top horizontal plane and the bottom horizontal plane, and wherein the tray comprises materials for transmitting some infrared radiant energy from the bottom wire mesh heater to the cooking load.

38. The radiant oven of claim 36, further comprising: a sensor connected to the control circuit for monitoring the cooking load; anda fan connected to the control circuit for exhausting the cooking region.

39. The radiant oven of claim 36, wherein the charger is configured to draw power from an outlet rated at about 120 Volts Alternating Current (VAC) and 15 Amps.

40. A cooking method, comprising the steps of: locating a cooking load into a heating cavity having one or more wire mesh heaters; and discharging current from a stored energy source through the one or more wire mesh heaters.

41. The cooking method of claim 40, in which the stored energy source comprises one or more rechargeable batteries.

42. The wire mesh heater of claim 1 in which the ratio of the radiative black body area to the resistance of the element is less than 2.

43. The wire mesh heater of claim 1 in which the wire mesh heater or wire mesh heater(s) have a combined weight of less than 500 g.

44. The wire mesh heater of claim 1 in which the wire mesh heater or wire mesh heater(s) have a combined resistance of less than 10 ohms.

45. The wire mesh heater of claim 1 in which the wire mesh heater or wire mesh heater(s) has a wire spacing of less than 5 times the radius of the wire.

46. The wire mesh heater of claim 1 in which the wire mesh heater or wire mesh heater(s) has a ramp up time to heat of less than 5 seconds.

47. The wire mesh heater of claim 1 in which the wire mesh heater or wire mesh heater(s) has a radiative black body area of at least 2 times the outer bounded area of the mesh.