Patent Grant
10271286
The present application is based on PCT/CN2016/073850 filed Feb. 16, 2016, and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application 20150086889.4, filed on Feb. 17, 2015, the entire contents of each of which being incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the filed of wireless communication, and particularly to a wireless communication device, method and system for sub-carrier power allocation implemented in a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system.
Interleave division multiple access is a non-orthogonal multiple access technique with a very great application prospect. As compared with other multiple access techniques such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA), the interleave division multiple access has the advantages of having high power and efficiency and low decoding complexity, and is hopeful to be applied in wireless communication systems of next generation. The high power and efficiency of the interleave division multiple access are determined by the non-orthogonality of the interleave division multiple access, and are realized by user-wise power allocation. The low decoding complexity of the interleave division multiple access is ensured by chip-by-chip detection algorithm adopted by a reception end thereof. To further reduce complexity and resist channel fading, the OFDM technique can be combined with the interleave division multiple access technique to form an OFDM-IDMA communication system, which inherits the advantages of an OFDM system and an interleave division multiple access system, thus becoming a better candidate multiple access scheme for wireless communication systems of next generation.
However, the study on a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system such as the OFDM-IDMA system relates only to a user-wise power allocation scheme, without relating to the study on the problem of sub-carrier-wise power allocation in a deeper level. In addition, the prior art does not relate to a sub-carrier-wise power allocation scheme which can improve system performance.
In view of the present situation of the foregoing prior art, it is desired to provide a technical solution for dynamical adjustment of sub-carrier power implemented in a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system.
A brief summary in regard to the present invention is given below to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the present invention. It should be understood that the summary is not an exhaustive summary in regard to the present invention; it does not intend to define a key or important part of the present invention, nor does it intend to limit the scope of the present invention. The object of the summary is only to briefly present some concepts, which serves as a preamble of the detailed description that follows.
According to one aspect of the present application, there is provided a wireless communication device for a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system, comprising: a power adjustment unit for dynamically adjusting, with respect to at least some of user equipments included in the communication system, transmission power of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments used for respective sub-carriers according to channel state information of the communication system, such that the at least some of user equipments perform uplink data transmission on corresponding sub-carriers with adjusted transmission power.
According to another aspect of the present application, there is further provided a base station for a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system, the base station comprising: the wireless communication management device as stated above, for dynamically adjusting, with respect to at least some of user equipments included in the communication system, uplink transmission power of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments used for respective sub-carriers according to channel state information of the communication system, such that each user equipment transmits data to the base station on corresponding sub-carriers with adjusted transmission power.
According to another aspect of the present application, there is provided a user equipment for non-orthogonal multiple access communication system, the user equipment comprising: the wireless communication management device as stated above, for dynamically adjusting transmission power of the user equipment used for respective sub-carriers according to channel state information of the communication system, so as to perform uplink data transmission on corresponding sub-carriers with dynamically adjusted transmission power of the user equipment used for respective sub-carriers.
According to another aspect of the present application, there is further provided a communication method for a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system, comprising: dynamically adjusting, with respect to at least some of user equipments included in the communication system, transmission power of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments used for respective sub-carriers according to channel state information of the communication system, such that the at least some of user equipments perform uplink data transmission on corresponding sub-carriers with adjusted transmission power.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is further provided a communication system, comprising the user equipment as stated above, or comprising the base station as stated above.
In accordance with other aspects of the present disclosure, there is further provided a computer program code for implementing the above method for wireless communication, and a computer program product, as well as a computer-readable storage medium having the computer program code for implementing the above method recorded thereon.
By implementing dynamic allocation of sub-carrier power in a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system, the device, method and system according to the present disclosure could obtain at least one of the following technical advantages: increasing the channel capacity of the communication system; reducing the bit error rate during the communication; and reducing the interference among corresponding user equipments in the communication system.
The above and other advantages of the present application will become more apparent from the following detailed descriptions in regard to preferred embodiments of the present invention in combination with the appended drawings.
To further describe the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, detailed embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail in combination with the appended drawings below. The appended drawings together with the following detailed descriptions are comprised in the present specification and form a part thereof. Elements having identical functions and structures will be denoted by identical reference numerals. As should be appreciated, these figures only describe typical examples of the present invention, but shall be regarded as limiting the scope of the present invention. In the appended drawings:
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail combined with the appended drawings below. For the sake of clarity and conciseness, the specification does not describe all features of actual embodiments. However, it should be understood that in developing any such actual embodiment, many decisions specific to the embodiments must be made, so as to achieve specific objects of a developer; for example, those limitation conditions related to the system and services are met, and these limitation conditions possibly will vary as embodiments are different. In addition, it should be appreciated that although developing tasks are possibly complicated and time-consuming, such developing tasks are only routine tasks for those skilled in the art benefiting from the contents of the disclosure.
It should also be noted herein that, to avoid the present invention from being obscured due to unnecessary details, only those device structures and/or processing steps closely related to the solution according to the present invention are shown in the appended drawings, while omitting other details not closely related to the present invention.
<First Embodiment>
In the present disclosure, the at least some of user equipments included in the communication system refer to active user equipments, i.e. user equipments in a data link communication process. The wireless communication device according to the present disclosure can perform adjustment of sub-carrier power for the at least some of these active user equipments. All user equipments mentioned hereinafter refer to active user equipments in a data link communication process, unless otherwise indicated.
For the sake of clarify, various detailed embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with use of a specific application scenario where an OFDM-IDMA communication system is used as a non-orthogonal multiple access communication system. However, as should be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the technical solution configured according to the embodiment of the present disclosure may be applicable to various non-orthogonal multiple access communication systems other than the OFDM-IDMA communication system, for example to SC-FDMA-IDMA and SCMA.
In the conventional OFDM-IDMA communication systems, power allocations for respective sub-carriers of respective user equipments are fixed and unchanged, thus making it impossible to perform dynamic adjustment. After the method of dynamically adjusting sub-carrier power according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is used, users whose sub-carrier power is adjusted can perform uplink transmission using different power on different sub-carriers. Since the dynamic adjustment of the sub-carriers considers the channel state information of the communication system, communication efficiency is improved. The used channel state information of the communication system for example may be represented by at least one of: information about a channel condition of users on respective sub-channels of the communication system and/or information about interference among at least some of user equipments.
In one specific implementation, the power adjustment unit 12 can adjust transmission power of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments used for respective sub-carriers, according to channel state information of the communication system, taking the channel capacity of the communication system as an object.
As to with respect to which user equipments in the communication system the adjustment of sub-carrier power is performed, it can for example be determined by a base station that at least some of the user equipments satisfying a predefined conditions perform the adjustment of sub-carrier power. Specifically, the predefined conditions may include at least one of the following: user equipments in which a requirement on the quality of service (QoS) is determined to satisfy a predefined condition (for example to be higher than a predefined condition); user equipments in which the quality of sub-channel is determined to be higher than a predefined condition; and user equipments that are randomly selected. The quality of sub-channel can be measured by parameters such as variance of a sub-channel gain and so on. For example, if the variance of the sub-channel gain is greater than a predetermined threshold, it is regarded that the predefined condition is satisfied.
According to one specific implementation, a dynamic adjustment scheme of transmission power of sub-carriers can also be performed for all the user equipments in the communication system. Among the following descriptions in regard to detailed examples of the dynamic adjustment scheme of transmission power of sub-carriers according to the present invention, some descriptions are made directed to a scenario where the dynamic adjustment scheme of transmission power of sub-carriers is performed for all the user equipments in the communication system, and some descriptions are made directed to a scenario where the dynamic adjustment scheme of transmission power of sub-carriers is performed for some of the user equipments in the communication system; however, the core operating principles involved in the descriptions directed to both the scenarios are similar.
It should be noted herein that, the adjustment of sub-carrier power according to the present disclosure relates to adjustment of transmission power of sub-carriers when the user equipments perform uplink data transmission to a base station, so those skilled in the art could understand that all sub-carrier power mentioned in the specification refer to transmission power of sub-carriers.
According to the present disclosure, the power adjustment unit 12 is configured to dynamically adjust transmission power of respective sub-carriers of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments according to the channel state information of the communication system, so as to optimize the channel capacity of the communication system.
According to one specific implementation, the power adjustment unit 12 as shown in
A detailed example of performing dynamic adjustment of sub-carrier power according to an embodiment of the present invention will be introduced in detail below. For the sake of clarity, in the example below, a specific application scenario is an OFDM-TDMA communication system. However, this is not limitative; as stated above, the technical solution of the embodiment according to the present disclosure can also be applied to other non-orthogonal multiple access communication systems, as long as such systems have a feature that a plurality of user equipments can share the same resource block.
The existing systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing or orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique will also relate to dynamic adjustment of power of sub-carriers, for example “water-filling” algorithm in the OFDM system. In these systems, however, any data sub-carrier can only be exclusively occupied by a certain one of users in any symbol period. Differing from the existing systems based on the OFDM or OFDMA technique, in the OFDM-TDMA communication system any data sub-carrier is simultaneously shared by all active users in any symbol period, so the involved problem of allocation of sub-carrier power is substantively different from that involved in the existing systems, thus making construction of a sub-unit by an optimization model construction sub-unit completely different from that in the existing systems. As can be seen, some of the existing sub-carrier power allocation methods are not applicable to the OFDM-IDMA communication system involved in the embodiment of the present disclosure. Besides, in the existing systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing or orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique, the dynamic adjustment of power of sub-carriers will not cause the performance or the communication efficiency of the communication systems to be improved. The target of the user-wise power allocation is giving average power of data streams of each user, and the target of the sub-carrier-wise power allocation is giving average power of data streams of each user on each sub-carrier. Assuming that there are K users and each user uses N sub-carriers, in view of signaling, the user-wise power allocation is that a base station sends one power numerical value to each user, totaling K power numerical values; while the sub-carrier-wise power allocation is that a base station sends K numerical values to each user, totaling K groups of numerical values.
The above OFDM-IDMA communication system according to the present disclosure differs from the existing systems in that: in the existing systems, the processing of dynamically adjusting power of sub-carriers is not performed, and the modulated symbol vectors Xk are transmitted with equal power, that is, {tilde over (X)}k(n)=√{square root over (Pk)}Xk(n) where {tilde over (X)}k(n) is the nth element of {tilde over (X)}k; Xk(n) is the nth element of Xk; and Pk is average transmission power of the userk, which does not change along with the sub-carrier serial number n. Comparatively speaking, in the above communication system according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, instantaneous transmission power of respective sub-carriers of at least some of users can be dynamically adjusted according to an estimation value of state information of a frequency domain channel, that is, {tilde over (X)}k(n)=√{square root over (pk,n)}Xk(n), wherein instantaneous power pk,n on the nth sub-carrier changes along with the serial number n. As stated previously, the communication device 12 according to the embodiment of the present invention as shown in
where, hk,n is channel state information of the nth sub-carrier of the kth user, and Z(n) is noise on the nth sub-carrier.
Since Xk(n) is obtained by modulating adjacent chips, the ESE 408 will estimate the Extrinsic soft information, represented by {eESE({tilde over (c)}k(j))}, of the respective chips of the respective users by Chip-by-Chip detection algorithm, according to a signal relationship on the above nth sub-carrier. The soft information sequence {eESE({tilde over (c)}k(j))} is subjected to a corresponding de-interleaving operation by a de-interleaver k 410, so as to obtain corresponding soft information {eESE(ck(j))} of the chip sequence before the interleaving, the corresponding soft information is fed into a decoder k 416 to be decoded, so as to obtain new Extrinsic soft information {eESE(ck(j))}, which is again interleaved by an interleaver k 412 to obtain software information {eESE({tilde over (c)}k(j))} of the interleaved chip sequence, and the obtained software information is inputted as A Priori information into the ESE 408. At the time of iteration of the first time, the A Priori soft information sequence {eESE({tilde over (c)}k(j))} is zeroed. After iteration of the last time ends, the output of the decoder k 416 is subjected to a hard decision to obtain an estimation value {circumflex over (b)}k of transmission information. As can be seen, the operations of the reception end may be regarded as performing iterative soft interference elimination on the respective sub-carriers. The ESE 408 correlatively performs adjustment in terms of configuration parameters, in correspondence to the sub-carrier power dynamic allocation operation of the sub-carrier power allocator 310 at the reception end of the user as shown in
It should be noted herein that, although
It should be noted herein that, although in the above example the method of dynamically adjusting transmission power of sub-carriers according to the present invention is implemented at the transmission end of the user equipment, those skilled in the art could readily understand that this method of dynamically adjusting transmission power of sub-carriers can also be implemented at a base station or can be implemented in independent devices other than the user equipment and the base station.
Hereinafter, one specific implementation of the dynamic adjustment of sub-carrier power implemented by the sub-carrier power adjustment unit 12 as shown in
It is assumed that the number of the user equipments included in the communication system whose transmission power of sub-carriers is adjusted is K, that the average transmission power of the kth user is k=1, 2, . . . , K and that the number of the sub-carriers is N. A parameter determination unit 124 determines the channel state information of the communication system, including an estimation value ĥk,n of the frequency domain channel state information of the nth sub-carrier of the kth user, where k=1, 2, . . . , K, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1. Noise variance σn2 and a planisphere modulation manner of the system are known, and the instantaneous transmission power of the nth sub-carrier of the kth user is defined as pk,n (where, k=1, 2 . . . , K, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1).
According to the present disclosure, the estimation value ĥk,n of the channel state information can be represented by the channel condition of the at least some of user equipments on respective sub-channels of the communication system and/or the multiuser interference among the at least some of user equipments.
An optimization model construction sub-unit 122 constructs an optimization model to be calculated. Instantaneous transmission power pk,n (k=1, 2 . . . , K, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1) of respective sub-carriers of respective users in the K users are taken as variants to be optimized, and maximizing Sum Channel Capacity in the communication system is taken as an optimization object. Average transmission power of respective sub-carriers of respective users are taken as a first group of constraint conditions, that is,
where k=1, 2, . . . , K. Instantaneous transmission power of respective sub-carriers being negative real numbers are taken as a second group of constraint conditions, that is, pk,n≥0, k=1, 2, . . . , K, where n=0, 1, . . . , N−1.
A power determination sub-unit 126 determines, based on the optimization model, the transmission power of respective sub-carriers of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments according to the channel state information of the communication system, such that the channel capacity of the communication system is maximized. According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the power determination sub-unit 126 obtains the instantaneous transmission power pk,n (k=1, 2, . . . , K, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1) of respective sub-carriers of respective users, for use in the transmission end of the corresponding user equipment in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing interleave division multiple access communication system, by calculating the optimization model constructed by the optimization model construction sub-unit 122, based on the channel state information of the communication system determined by the parameter determination sub-unit 12.
According to the present disclosure, the transmission power pk,n of each user equipment used for respective sub-carriers determined by the power determination sub-unit 126 satisfies the following predefined constraint condition: the sum of transmission power of respective sub-carriers with respect to the user equipment is equal to the product of average transmission power of the user equipment and the number of the sub-carriers, that is,
where k=1, 2, . . . , K.
According to the present disclosure, the average transmission power of each user equipment is obtained from a base station serving the user equipment.
The Sum Channel Capacity mentioned above is composed of the sum of sub-channel capacity on all the sub-carriers, and a calculation manner of the capacitance of each sub-channel is determined by the planisphere modulation manner of the system. The OFDM-IDMA system generally adopts M-order orthogonal amplitude modulation (M-QAM), and what is most generally used is a planisphere for which M=4, i.e. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation. The Sum Channel Capacity corresponding thereto by this modulation manner is given by the following equation:
where, C0 represents the channel capacity of the communication system which is taken as the optimization object; γn represents a signal-to-noise ratio of multiuser signals on the nth sub-channel, which is determined based on the channel state information and the transmission power of each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments used for respective sub-carriers; n is the serial number of the sub-carriers, and N is the number of the sub-carriers.
More specifically, where, γn can be obtained according to
(where n=0, 1, . . . , N−1, k=1, 2, . . . , K, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1); ĥk,n represents channel state information of the nth sub-channel corresponding to the nth sub-carrier of the kth user, which reflects a channel condition of the kth user equipment on the nth sub-channel of the communication system and/or multiuser interference among the respective user equipments; and σn2 represents noise variance on the nth sub-channel.
That is, according to a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the optimization model construction sub-unit 122 can be configured to represent the optimization module by the above equation (2).
The reception end of the OFDM-IDMA system as shown in
where, γk,n represents a signal-to-noise ratio of the kth user equipment on the nth sub-channel corresponding to the nth sub-carrier, which can be represented by equation γk,n=pk,n|ĥk,n|2/σn2, where k=1, 2, . . . , K, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1.
By calculating the above optimization problem using C1 as an expression for the Sum Channel Capacity, the following result of instantaneous power allocation can be obtained, that is, the power determination sub-unit 126 determines the transmission power of each user equipment in the multiple users used for respective sub-carriers according to the following equation:
where, pk,n represents transmission power of the kth user in the plurality of users used for th nth sub-carrier; max is taking a maximum function, which ensures the property of pk,n being a non-negative real number; the parameter λk is Lagrange operator introduced to calculate pk,n, whose value enables pk,n to satisfy the first group of constraint conditions, that is, the sum of transmission power of respective sub-carriers with respect to the user equipment is equal to the product of average transmission power of the user equipment and the number of the sub-carriers, i.e.,
where k=1, 2, . . . , K.
As can be seen from the above equation (4), the system capacity is related to pk,n, ĥk,n and σ2, and ĥk,n and σ2 are parameters related to the configuration of the system, that is, ĥk,n and σ2 are nonadjustable once the configuration of the system is determined, so when taking the system capacity as an optimization object, the optimization object can be realized by adjusting the power of the sub-carriers.
Differing from the expression CG,n=log2(1+γn) for the conventional sub-channel capacity, the expression for the respective sub-channel capacity adopted in the present disclosure is C0,n=2(1−2−γ
It should be noted that, the wireless communication device for implementing dynamic adjustment of transmission power of sub-carriers according to the embodiment of the present disclosure which is described above in combination with
According to one embodiment, the communication device 504 can send the identifier of the allocated interleaver to the corresponding user equipment by a control channel of a physical layer.
According to one embodiment, the communication device 504 can further send a training sequence for estimating the channel state of the communication system to each user equipment in the at least some of user equipments in response to the data link request, wherein, the training sequence is any one of the following: an un-modulated training sequence, an interleave division multiple access modulated training sequence, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulated training sequence, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing interleave division multiple access modulated training sequence, and a training sequence to be transmitted together in combination with data.
The base station 50 as described in
According to one embodiment, the communication device 702 for example can be further configured to receive from the base station a training sequence for estimating the channel state of the communication system in response to the data link request, wherein, the training sequence is any one of the following: an un-modulated training sequence, an interleave division multiple access modulated training sequence, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulated training sequence, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing interleave division multiple access modulated training sequence, and a training sequence to be transmitted together in combination with data.
The user equipment 70 as described in
At step {circle around (1)}, the user equipment located at the user equipment initiates a data link request. At step {circle around (2)}, after the base station agrees the data link request, different interleavers are allocated to users, and a data link reply request is sent. At step {circle around (3)}, the base station sends a training sequence for channel estimation. At step {circle around (4)}, the user equipment at the user equipment performs respective channel estimation upon receipt of the training sequence, so as to obtain an estimation value ĥk,n of the channel state information, and average gains Σn=0N-1|ĥk,n|2/N of the channels are calculated and then sent to the base station. At step {circle around (5)}, the base station performs allocation processing of the average power according to the received average gains of the channels of the respective users, and calculates average transmission power Pk needed by the respective user equipments and feeds the average transmission power back to the respective users. At step {circle around (6)}, the respective users perform the method for dynamically adjusting sub-carrier power as described in the above embodiment of the present disclosure, so as to obtain respective instantaneous power pk,n, and use the adjusted power to uplink data transmission. At step {circle around (7)}, the base station processes the received data and sends downlink data according to requirements.
In the above signaling interaction process, most of signaling data relate only to a small amount of data, and can be transmitted by a control channel; only a training sequence and a data block have a large amount of data, and can be transmitted by a data channel.
The communication method as described in
As should be easily understood, the communication system including the base station capable of dynamically adjusting sub-carrier power of the user equipment according to the above embodiment of the present disclosure or including the user device capable of dynamically adjusting sub-carrier power of the user equipment according to the above embodiment of the present disclosure shall also be regarded as being included in the scope of protection of the present disclosure.
The basic principle of the present invention has been described above in combination with the detailed embodiment. However, it should be noted that, those skilled in the art could understand that all or any of the steps or components of the device and method according to the embodiment of the present invention can be realized in any computing device (including a processor, a storage medium, etc.) or network of computing devices in the form of hardware, firmware, software or a combination thereof, and this can be realized by those skilled in the art on the basis of the descriptions of the present invention with use of the basic circuit design knowledge or basic programming skills thereof.
As could be understood by those skilled in the art, among the respective constituent components in the device described above, components such as the optimization model construction sub-unit, the parameter determination sub-unit, the power determination sub-unit and so on can be realized by one or more processors, while components such as the communication device and so on can be realized by circuit elements and devices such as an antenna, a filter, a modem, a codec and so on.
In addition, the present invention further proposes a program product having a machine-readable instruction code stored therein. The instruction code, when read and executed by a machine, can implement the above method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Correspondingly, a storage medium for carrying the program product having the machine-readable instruction code stored therein is also included in the disclosure of the present invention. The storage medium includes but is not limited to a floppy disc, an optical disc, a magnetic optical disc, a memory card, a memory stick and the like.
In the case of carrying out the present invention by software or firmware, programs constituting the software are installed from a storage medium or a network to a computer having a special hardware structure (i.e., the universal computer 1300 as shown in
In
The following components are connected to the input/output interface 13013: an input section 1306 (including a keyboard, a mouse and the like); an output section 1307 (including a display, such as a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and the like, as well as a loudspeaker and the like); the storage section 1308 (including a hard disc and the like); and a communication section 1309 (including a network interface card such as an LAN card, a modem and so on). The communication section 1309 performs communication processing via a network such as the Internet. According to requirements, a driver 1310 may also be connected to the input/output interface 1305. A detachable medium 1311 such as a magnetic disc, an optical disc, a magnetic optical disc, a semiconductor memory and the like may be installed on the driver 1310 according to requirements, such that a computer program read therefrom is installed in the storage section 1308 according to requirements.
In the case of carrying out the foregoing series of processing by software, programs constituting the software are installed from a network such as the Internet or a storage medium such as the detachable medium 1311.
Those skilled in the art should understand that such a storage medium is not limited to the detachable medium 1311 storing therein a program and distributed separately from the apparatus to provide the program to a user as shown in
It should also be noted that, in the device, method and system according to the present invention, the respective components or the respective steps can be decomposed and/or recombined. The decomposition and/or recombination shall be regarded as being equivalent solutions of the present invention. In addition, the above series of processing may naturally be performed sequentially in the temporal order as indicated, but not necessarily performed in the temporal order. Some steps may be performed in parallel or independently upon each other.
Finally, it should also be noted that terms “include” and “comprise” or any other variants thereof aim to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, a method, an article or an apparatus including a series of elements not only includes those elements but also includes other elements not explicitly listed or but also includes elements intrinsic to such a process, method, article or apparatus. In addition, without more limitations, elements defined by expression “including one . . . ” do not exclude further existence of other identical elements in a process, a method, an article or an apparatus including the elements.
Although the embodiment of the present invention has been described above in detail in combination with the appended drawings, it should be understood that the embodiment as described above is used only to describe the present invention but does not constitute a limitation to the present invention. Those skilled in the art could carry out various modifications and alterations without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims and equivalent meanings thereof.
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| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016/131410 | 8/25/2016 | WO | A |
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