Patent Grant
9055533
Numerous wireless technologies utilize the Industrial Scientific and Medical frequency spectrum available for unlicensed use. Often, these wireless technologies utilize overlapping frequencies within ISM spectrum which creates the potential for interference.
In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.
Multiple protocol wireless devices include multiple transceivers (or “cores”) that implement different wireless protocols operating in overlapping frequency bands which may be susceptible to interference from one another. One method of preventing such interference utilizes a time division scheme whereby each core receives a designated time with which to communicate over its communication protocol. The designated time in many cases is based on a schedule that may be static, or may be dynamically determined by a TDM scheduling component. This solution is still less than ideal as the various wireless devices which communicate with the multiple protocol wireless device may send data during periods where the core with which it is communicating is not scheduled for communication. While the data may be received by the non-scheduled core, many communication protocols require an acknowledgement packet or other control packets to be sent in response to inform the sender that the recipient successfully received the packet. These control packets (e.g. acknowledgement packets) may not be sent without interfering with the scheduled core's communications. In various communication protocols, this can be problematic as the sending entity may assume that the receiving entity did not receive the packet and will likely resend the packet at a lower data rate. After the sending entity fails again to receive an acknowledgement, it will likely resend the packet at an even lower data rate. This downward rate spiral may continue until the sender is acknowledged or gives up. At that point, however, the data rate may be lowered unacceptably and may take a long time to recover.
A message sequence chart detailing this problem is shown in
BLUETOOTH® communications 1060 may consist of uplink and downlink packets, acknowledgements 1070, and periods of inactivity. While BLUETOOTH® communications 1060 are ongoing; the access point 1040 sends to device 1010 a downlink packet 1080 with a first sequence number (e.g., 1) at a first rate. Because device 1010 cannot interrupt the BLUETOOTH® communications 1060 (as it may be sensitive to interruptions—e.g. a voice conversation), device 1010 fails to send an acknowledgement packet to access point 1040. After a timeout period 1090 expires, the access point 1040 resends the same packet 1080 with a lower rate. After a subsequent time out period 1100, the access point again resends the same packet 1080 with an even lower data rate. After yet another subsequent timeout period 1110, the access point 1040 resends the packet 1080 again at an even lower data rate.
Other than a TDM solution to the interference problem, another solution may be to utilize a lower power for packets on one of the wireless links. In some protocols (e.g. 802.11 protocols), it is common practice for packets to be sent on the communication link at full power for better range and signal quality. Lowering the power level may decrease interference, but may introduce problems, as the node transmitting at a lower power may become “hidden” to nodes that are far away. This is because the lower the power of the transmission, the shorter the range of that transmission. This causes problems for communication protocols which depend on a node sensing that the channel is clear prior to initiating communications (e.g., Carrier Sense Multiple Access “CSMA” of the 802.11 protocol). Because the far-away node cannot detect the transmission of the low power node, the far-away node may begin transmitting even though the low power node may be currently transmitting, which leads to interference at other nodes which can detect both transmissions.
Disclosed in some examples are systems, methods, and machine-readable mediums which may be utilized by a device which communicates using multiple communication protocols to minimize interference between the protocols. This may be accomplished by utilizing a time division approach between the protocols and transmitting any control packets (e.g. acknowledgements) which are necessary to respond to a received downlink packet at a reduced power to avoid interrupting any communications of the other protocols. The transmission power of data packets sent by the cores may be unchanged (e.g., sent at full power). This allows an acknowledgement to be sent which prevents rate scaling while minimizing interference to any active communications taking place with the other protocols. This solution does not increase the prevalence of hidden nodes because the control frames (e.g. acknowledgement packets) are not generally utilized to sense the medium by the medium access and control layers of communication protocols, and because the data packets, which may be used in such a capacity, are sent at full power (and thus have greater range).
A message sequence chart showing one example method is shown in
BLUETOOTH® communications 2060 may consist of uplink and downlink packets, acknowledgements 2070, and periods of inactivity. While BLUETOOTH® communication session 2060 is ongoing; the access point 2040 sends to device 2010 a downlink packet 2080 with a first sequence number (e.g., 1) at a first rate. Despite the ongoing BLUETOOTH® communications 2060, the device 2010 acknowledges the packet 2080 using a lower power acknowledgement 2090. The lower power acknowledgement does not interfere significantly with the BLUETOOTH communications 2060 and prevents the access point or wireless station 2040 from retransmitting the packet 2080. Access point or wireless station 2040 may then send additional packets, such as data packet 2100. The device 2010 will send a low power acknowledgement packet 2110. Because the acknowledgement was sent by the device 2010, no rate reduction was made between packets 2080 and 2100.
The reduced power level with which the control packets are transmitted may be a power level that is less than the power level used to transmit non-control packets (e.g. data packets). The reduction in power may be a static reduction relative to the normal (non-control packet) power level, or may be determined by analyzing a received signal strength indication (RSSI) of the received downlink packet and determining a power level for the reply based upon the RSSI. Using an RSSI to set the power level ensures that the control packet is transmitted at the lowest possible setting which ensures reception of the control packet by the node that sent the data packet with the smallest chance of interference with other wireless protocols. For example, the following table may be used to determine the appropriate power for the control packets:
Notice that in some examples, if the RSSI is too low (between −70 and −100), then the control packet may not be sent at a reduced power (otherwise the packet will not be received by the destination wireless device). In these examples, the device may send the control packet at full power (and risk interfering with other communications on other wireless protocols), or may decide not to send the control packet at all.
In some examples, the control packets (e.g., the ack packets) are sent in a reduced power mode regardless of the communications states of the other protocols. This simplifies the design of the device because the device need not ascertain the communications states of the other protocols. In yet other examples, the control packets may be sent at a reduced power only when other protocols are currently communicating. To determine whether the other communications protocol is currently communicating, the device may utilize the TDM schedule to determine which protocol is scheduled (and authorized) to use the spectrum at a particular time. In other examples the device may sense when the other communication protocols are busy and when they are free based upon sensing the carrier. Note that in some examples, only one of the cores may utilize this reduced power control packet method in order to minimize interference with other cores, but in other examples, multiple cores may utilize this method.
While the above examples illustrate control packets in the form of acknowledgement packets, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art with the benefit of Applicants' disclosure that the control packets may be any packet necessary to maintain a connection or state with a communicating peer device or entity. For example, a Request to Send (RTS) control packet may also be sent at reduced power. The RTS packet is sent by a node who wishes to send data. The destination node replies with a Clear To Send (CTS). Other nodes which receive either packet should refrain from sending data for a given time. In addition, while the above examples utilized 802.11 and BLUETOOTH® protocols, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art with the benefit of Applicants' disclosure that the protocols may be any set of protocols which utilize similar frequency bands and which have the potential for interference.
Examples, as described herein, can include, or can operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities capable of performing specified operations and can be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits can be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors can be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software can reside (1) on a non-transitory machine-readable medium or (2) in a transmission signal. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations.
Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor can be configured as one or more modules that can change over time respective different modules at different times. Software can accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.
Machine (e.g., computer system) 5000 can include a hardware processor 5002 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 5004 and a static memory 5006, some or all of which can communicate with each other via a bus 5008. The machine 5000 can further include a display unit 5010, an alphanumeric input device 5012 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 5011 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit 5010, input device 5017 and UI navigation device 914 can be a touch screen display. The machine 5000 can additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit) 5016, a signal generation device 5018 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 5020, and one or more sensors 5021, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 5000 can include an output controller 5028, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR)) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.).
The storage device 5016 can include a machine-readable medium 5022 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 5024 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 5024 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 5004, within static memory 5006, or within the hardware processor 5002 during execution thereof by the machine 5000. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 5002, the main memory 5004, the static memory 5006, or the storage device 5016 can constitute machine readable media.
While the machine-readable medium 5022 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” can include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that configured to store the one or more instructions 5024.
The term “machine-readable medium” can include any tangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 5000 and that cause the machine 5000 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine-readable medium examples can include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable media can include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
The instructions 5024 can further be transmitted or received over a communications network 5026 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 5020. Network interface device 5020 may connect the machine 5000 to a network of other machines in order to communicate with the other machines in the network by utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks can include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device 5020 can include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 5026. In an example, and as shown in
The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.
All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.
In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.
The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled
The following are additional examples:
Disclosed in some examples is a method including receiving a downlink data packet over a first wireless link using a first wireless protocol during communications over a second wireless link using a second wireless protocol, the first and second wireless protocols being different; and sending a control packet in response to the downlink data packet over the first wireless link using a reduced power setting during the communications over the second wireless link, the reduced power setting being less than a non-control packet power setting.
Disclosed in other examples is a communication apparatus including a first communications module configured to communicate over a first wireless link using a first wireless protocol; a second communications module configured to communicate over a second wireless link using a second wireless protocol, the first and second wireless protocols being different; and wherein the first communications module is configured to send a control packet in response to a downlink data packet received over the first wireless link using a reduced power setting while the second communications module is communicating over the second wireless link, the reduced power setting being less than a non-control packet power setting.
Disclosed in yet other examples is a machine readable medium that stores instructions which when performed by a machine, cause the machine to perform certain operations. In some examples the operations include receiving a downlink data packet over a first wireless link using a first wireless protocol during communications over a second wireless link using a second wireless protocol, the first and second wireless protocols being different; and sending a control packet in response to the downlink data packet over the first wireless link using a reduced power setting during the communications over the second wireless link, the reduced power setting being less than a non-control packet power setting.
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