Patent Application
20230362666
The present disclosure relates generally to antennas and antenna selection schemes. More particularly, but not exclusively, the present disclosure relates to a wireless communication node, such as a repeater, and a method for configuring donor and service antennas for such a node.
Successful deployment of 5G systems utilizing new 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) bands are complex, having multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) antennas or other antenna structures and employing emerging standards, such as millimeter wave or C-band 5G, which require additional improvements in performance parameters. Millimeter wave 5G systems may also require more base stations due to high propagation losses of mmWave signals, especially in urban and other settings. However, the costs for deploying base stations to increase coverage and capacity of mmWave 5G networks in urban settings can be substantial when factoring in the costs of equipment, new poles, site acquisition, acquiring utility power, and running fiber backhaul for such installations. Therefore, a more cost-effective solution is needed for densification of mmWave 5G and other generally line of sight communication systems.
All of the subject matter discussed in the Background section is not necessarily prior art and should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its discussion in the Background section. Along these lines, any recognition of problems in the prior art discussed in the Background section or associated with such subject matter should not be treated as prior art unless expressly stated to be prior art. Instead, the discussion of any subject matter in the Background section should be treated as part of the inventor's approach to the particular problem, which, in and of itself, may also be inventive.
According to one exemplary embodiment, a wireless communication node includes, inter alia, donor and service antennas, an actuator (e.g., a rotary actuator, such as a servo, stepper, induction, or other type of motor), one or more processors, and a memory. The donor and service antennas may be implemented as phased array antennas, each with an array of electronically controllable antenna elements. The donor and service antennas are positioned in a predetermined arrangement about a central axis, which may be a central axis of a support structure to which the antennas are coupled. Each donor antenna is operable to communicate wireless signals with (e.g., transmit wireless signals to and receive wireless signals from) a base station after the base station (e.g., a 5G gNodeB or gNB) has been discovered by the wireless communication node. Each service antenna is operable to communicate wireless signals in one or more service or coverage areas (e.g., transmit signals to and receive signals from mobile devices, tablet computes, wireless routers, or other user equipment located in the service area or areas). In one exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node is aerially mountable, such as to a streetlight, pole, or other structure. In another exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node may function as an infrastructure component, such as a repeater, a relay node, a small cell node, an access point, a gateway, or a router of a wireless communication system (e.g., a mmWave or C-band 5G system) or as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node in a 5G IAB network. In a further exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node may include four antennas in total, one donor antenna and three services antennas, with each antenna being configured substantially orthogonal to its neighboring antenna to form a generally rectangular arrangement. Such an arrangement serves to improve radio frequency isolation between the antennas. In another exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node may include three antennas in total, one donor antenna and two service antennas, with each antenna being configured approximately 120-degrees from its neighboring antenna to form a generally triangular arrangement. In other embodiments, two antennas or five or more antennas may be used depending on the quantities and geographies of the coverage areas to be serviced by the service antennas.
The processor(s) is operable to, inter alia, communicate control signals to the actuator and process wireless signals received by at least the donor antenna. For example, the processor may be operably coupled, directly or indirectly, to the actuator and through conventional wireless transceiver circuitry to the donor antenna and/or the service antennas. The memory stores instructions (e.g., executable code) for execution by the processor. Such instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform various steps or tasks. For example, such instructions may cause the processor to process a first wireless signal received by the donor antenna and determine whether the first wireless signal meets base station discovery criteria to enable discovery of the base station. In the context of the present disclosure, a wireless signal received by the donor antenna meets base station discovery criteria if the wireless signal meets or exceeds the base station discovery criteria. The base station discovery criteria may include one or more of a base station identifier, signal strength or other signal quality criteria (e.g., threshold or level), channel loading criteria, and bandwidth criteria. For example, the base station discovery criteria may include parameters, thresholds or other criteria for establishing whether the wireless signal received by the donor antenna: (a) is of sufficient quality for decoding by the wireless communication node or user equipment with an acceptable level of accuracy, (b) meets or exceeds a threshold for signal strength, (c) includes a base station identifier, (d) includes data or information from which base station loading can be determined, and/or (e) includes data or information relating to channel frequencies and bandwidths supported by the base station.
When the first wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions may cause the processor to provide one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a beam pattern in a direction of the base station. According to the present disclosure, formation of a beam includes any one or more of beamforming, beam steering, spatial filtering, or other known or future developed beam formation techniques. In an exemplary embodiment, the formed beam pattern is sufficient to achieve signal strength above a threshold for subsequent signals received from the base station.
When the first wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions cause the processor to communicate a first control signal to the actuator. The actuator is operable to rotate the donor and service antennas as a group about the central axis in response to control signals from the processor. The first control signal received by the actuator from the processor may cause the actuator to rotate the antennas as a group incrementally clockwise (e.g., to the right) or counterclockwise (e.g., to the left) by an angular displacement relative to the current position of the group of antennas. In one exemplary embodiment, such angular displacement may be between about five and about ten degrees clockwise or counterclockwise relative to the current position of the group of antennas. Where the group of donor and service antennas are coupled to a support structure defining the central axis, the actuator may rotate the support structure about the central axis to thereby rotate the donor and service antennas as a group about the central axis.
After the group of antennas has been collectively rotated by the angular displacement, the stored instructions cause the processor to process a second wireless signal received by the donor antenna and determine whether the second wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When the second wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions may cause the processor to provide one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a beam pattern in a direction of the base station. When the second wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions may cause the processor to communicate a second control signal to the actuator. The second control signal may cause the actuator to rotate the antennas as a group incrementally by another angular displacement, which may be the same angular displacement as was used upon determining that the first wireless signal did not meet the base station discovery criteria or a different angular displacement. For example, where the stored instructions implement a coarse and fine tuning methodology, the angular displacement used after determining that the second wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria may be less than the angular displacement used in response to determining that the first wireless signal did not meet the base station discovery criteria. By contrast, where the stored instructions implement a uniform rotation methodology, the angular displacement used after determining that the second wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria may be substantially the same as the angular displacement used in response to determining that the first wireless signal did not meet the base station discovery criteria. The stored instructions may cause the processor to continue an iterative process-rotate-process approach until a wireless signal is received by the donor antenna that meets the base station discovery criteria.
After the donor antenna has received a wireless signal that meets the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions may cause the processor to provide one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a beam pattern in a direction of the base station. The stored instructions may also cause the processor to establish a wireless connection with the base station (e.g., where the wireless communication node is a small cell node). Additionally, the stored instructions may cause the processor to provide one or more beam control signals to each service antenna to cause the service antenna to form a respective beam pattern to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas or a respective service area. According to one exemplary embodiment, the beam control signals provided to the donor and service antennas are such that they cause the donor antenna to form a beam pattern with a higher gain and narrower beam width than a gain and beam width of a beam pattern formed by one or more of the service antennas. Accordingly, the beamforming control signals provided to a donor antenna or a service antenna may be used to form a beam pattern of a desired gain and a desired beam width directed or steered to a desired azimuth and/or a desired elevation. Further, the donor antenna, the services antennas, or both may include respective arrays of antenna elements configured into a respective phased antenna array. In such a case, the processor may provide beam control signals to the respective phased antenna array to cause the phased antenna array to form a desired beam pattern directed toward the base station (for the donor antenna) or directed toward a service area (for a service antenna).
According to an alternative embodiment, the donor and service antennas may form part of, or be contained in, an antenna module that includes a housing, a cover, or some other protective enclosure. The antenna module may also include a support structure to which the donor and service antennas are coupled. Further, the antenna module and/or the support structure may be attached to another electronic device or module, such as a streetlight mountable device, which includes other circuitry of the wireless communication node and optionally circuitry for performing other functions, such as streetlight luminaire control, power metering, location services, and so forth. In such a case, or where the antennas are coupled to a support structure without the antenna module, the antenna module or the support structure may include a light pipe that directs ambient light to a photo sensor in the antenna module, the support structure, or an electronic device to which the antenna module or the support structure is attached. For example, where the antenna module or the support structure is attached to an electronic device mounted to a luminaire of a streetlight and the electronic device includes a photo sensor to facilitate performance of light control functions, the antenna module or the support structure may include a light pipe to permit ambient light to reach the photo sensor of the electronic device. In this embodiment, the electronic device and the antenna module or the support structure may form all or part of the wireless communication node and the electronic device may include the one or more processors, the memory, and various other components of the wireless communication node.
According to a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the stored processor-executable instructions may cause the processor to communicate an initial control signal to the actuator after detecting that the wireless communication node is powered on. In this case, the initial control signal may be part of an automatic configuration operation for the wireless communication node and cause the actuator to rotate the donor and service antennas as a group (e.g., rotate a support structure to which the antennas are coupled) by predetermined angular displacement increments (e.g., 5-10 degree increments) until completing a predetermined amount of displacement or rotation (e.g., 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees, or 360 degrees). At each angular displacement increment, the processor may process one or more wireless signals received by the donor antenna to determine whether the signal or signals meet base station discovery criteria to enable base station discovery. The processor may discover a base station on which to lock or to which to establish a connection prior to completion of the automatic configuration process or may collect candidate base station data during the automatic configuration process and select (discover) the base station on which to lock or to which to establish a connection upon completion of the automatic configuration (e.g., after the group of antennas have been rotated through the entire predetermined amount of angular displacement).
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a wireless communication node includes an antenna module, donor and service antennas, an actuator, one or more processors, and a memory. The antenna module includes a support structure defining a central axis. The antennas are oriented in a predetermined arrangement about the central axis and coupled to the support structure. The actuator is operable to rotate the support structure about the central axis in response to one or more control signals. The processor(s) is operable to communicate the control signals to the actuator and process wireless signals received by at least the donor antenna. The memory stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform an antenna configuration routine.
For example, according to this exemplary embodiment, the stored instructions cause the processor to process a first wireless signal received by the donor antenna and determine whether the first wireless signal meets base station discovery criteria to enable a connection with a base station. A wireless signal received by the donor antenna meets the base station discovery criteria if the wireless signal meets or exceeds the base station discovery criteria. When the first wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions cause the processor to communicate a first control signal to the actuator, which causes the actuator to rotate the support structure by an angular displacement. After the support structure has been rotated by the angular displacement, the stored instructions cause the processor to process a second wireless signal received by the donor antenna to determine whether the second wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When the second wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the stored instructions cause the processor to communicate additional actuation control signals to the actuator to rotate the support structure incrementally by angular displacements until the processor determines that at least one received wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When a wireless signal received by the donor antenna meets the base station discovery criteria, the wireless communication node, through operation of the processor, may establish a connection with the base station that transmitted the criteria-meeting wireless signal. After or as part of establishing the connection, the stored instructions may cause the processor to provide beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a desired beam pattern in a direction of the base station.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a wireless communication node includes donor and service antennas positioned in a predetermined arrangement about a central axis, an actuator, one or more processors, and a memory. The actuator is operable to rotate the antennas as a group about the central axis in response to one or more control signals. The processor(s) is operable to communicate the control signals to the actuator and process wireless signals received by at least the donor antenna. The memory stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform an antenna configuration routine.
For example, according to this exemplary embodiment, the stored instructions cause the processor to communicate at least one control signal to the actuator to cause the actuator to rotate the plurality of antennas as a group in angular displacement increments until completing a predetermined angular displacement (e.g., 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees, or 360 degrees). The stored instructions also cause the processor to process one or more wireless signals received by the donor antenna at each angular displacement increment to collect candidate base station data. The stored instructions further cause the processor to select a candidate base station to which establish a connection from the candidate base station data and provide beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a desired beam pattern in a direction of the selected base station. The stored instructions may also cause the processor to compare the candidate base station data for each candidate base station to base station discovery criteria and select the candidate base station having candidate base station data that meets the base station discovery criteria. Where the candidate base station data indicates that signals from two or more base stations meet the base station discovery data, the stored instructions may cause the processor to select the base station with the best overall candidate base station data. The stored instructions may further cause the processor to provide beam control signals to each service antenna to cause the service antenna to form a desired beam pattern directed to a respective service area. In this embodiment, where the predetermined angular displacement is greater than 180 degrees, the stored instructions may cause the processor to send control signals to the actuator so as to rotate the donor and service antennas as a group no greater than 180 degrees in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) from a starting position in order to mitigate any twisting of cables that may be connected to the antennas, an antenna module that includes the antennas, or a support structure to which the antennas are coupled.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, an exemplary method is provided for configuring donor and service antennas of a wireless communication node for operation in a wireless communication system that includes at least one base station and at least the wireless communication node. The method may be performed by one or more processors and/or other components of the wireless communication node. According to this embodiment, the donor and service antennas are configured in a predetermined arrangement about a central axis.
According to the exemplary method, a wireless signal received by the donor antenna is processed and a determination is made as to whether the wireless signal meets base station discovery criteria. When the wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the donor and service antennas are rotated as a group about the central axis by an angular displacement. After the rotation, another wireless signal received by the donor antenna is processed and a determination is made as to whether that wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When the wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria, a beam pattern is formed for the donor antenna in a direction from which the wireless signal was received (e.g., in a direction of the base station). The donor antenna beam pattern may be formed to achieve signal strength above a threshold for subsequent signals received from the base station. When the wireless signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the donor and service antennas are rotated as a group about the central axis by another angular displacement. The latter angular displacement may be the same as or different than the former angular displacement (e.g., when using a coarse tune/fine tune process, the angular displacements may change (e.g., become smaller) over the course of the configuration process). After or during formation of the donor antenna's beam pattern, a respective beam pattern is formed for each service antenna to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas or its respective service area.
Thus, according to this exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node uses an iterative signal processing and antenna group rotation methodology to automatically configure or position the group of donor and service antennas to enable the donor antenna to establish a high quality wireless communication signal path with a base station. Such a methodology may be very beneficial, both performance-wise and economically, where the wireless communication node is installed in the system at a location where a support structure for the node and utility power are already available, such as at or on a streetlight or other aerial lighting fixture, a utility pole, a building, and so on.
According to a further embodiment of the present disclosure, another exemplary method is provided for configuring donor and service antennas of a wireless communication node for operation in a wireless communication system that includes at least one base station and at least the wireless communication node. The method may be performed by one or more processors and/or other components of the wireless communication node. According to this embodiment, the donor and service antennas are configured in a predetermined arrangement about a central axis.
According to this exemplary method, the donor and service antennas are rotated as a group in angular displacement increments until completing a predetermined angular displacement (e.g., 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees, 360 degrees, etc.). At each angular displacement increment, one or more wireless signals received by the donor antenna are processed to collect candidate base station data. Upon completing the predetermined angular displacement, a base station is selected or discovered from the candidate base station data. A beam pattern is then formed for the donor antenna in a direction of the selected based station (e.g., to achieve signal strength or signal quality above a desired level for subsequent signals received from the base station). Additionally, a respective beam pattern is formed for each service antenna to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas. Where the predetermined angular displacement is greater than 180 degrees, rotation of the donor and service antennas as a group may be limited to no greater than 180 degrees in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) from a starting position in order to mitigate any twisting of cables that may be connected to the antennas, an antenna module that includes the antennas, or a support structure to which the antennas are coupled.
Thus, according to this exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node uses a more comprehensive analysis approach to automatically configure or position the group of donor and service antennas to enable the donor antenna to establish a high quality wireless communication path with a base station. According to this embodiment, signals received by the donor antenna over a larger angular displacement or rotation are processed before selecting a base station to which to establish a connection. Such a methodology may be very useful where the wireless communication node is installed in the system at a fixed location where a support structure for the node and utility power are already available, such as at or on a streetlight or other aerial lighting fixture, a utility pole, a building, and so forth.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a wireless communication node includes a plurality of antennas positioned in a predetermined arrangement, one or more processors operable to process wireless signals received by the antennas and communicate one or more control signals to the antennas, and a memory storing processor-executable instructions. In accordance with the stored instructions, the processor processes at least one wireless signal received by a first antenna to produce at least one processed first antenna signal. The processor then determines whether the at least one processed first antenna signal meets base station discovery criteria. The base station discovery criteria may include one or more of a base station identifier, signal strength or other signal quality criteria, channel loading criteria, and bandwidth criteria.
When the at least one processed first antenna signal meets base station discovery criteria, the processor designates the first antenna as a donor antenna, where the donor antenna is operable to communicate subsequent wireless signals with a base station that transmitted a wireless signal received by the first antenna (e.g., a base station discovered by the wireless communication node). In addition, the processor designates some or all of the remaining antennas as one or more service antennas when the first antenna is designated as the donor antenna. When the at least one processed first antenna signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the processor processes at least one wireless signal received by a second antenna to produce at least one processed second antenna signal and designates the second antenna as the donor antenna when a processed second antenna signal meets the base station discovery criteria. In such a case, the processor may further designate the other remaining antennas, including the first antenna, as one or more service antennas. Each service antenna is operable to communicate wireless signals in one or more service or coverage areas (e.g., transmit signals to and receive signals from mobile devices, tablet computes, wireless routers, or other user equipment located in the service coverage area or areas).
After designating an antenna as the donor antenna, the processor may provide one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a beam pattern in a direction of the base station. Such beam control signals may also cause the donor antenna to form a beam pattern to achieve a signal strength above a threshold for subsequent signals received from the base station. Additionally, the processor may provide one or more beam control signals to each service antenna to cause the service antenna to form a respective beam pattern to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas (e.g., a respective service area). According to another exemplary embodiment, the beam pattern of the donor antenna has a higher gain and a narrower beam width than a gain and a beam width of a beam pattern of a service antenna.
According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the antennas include a total of four antennas, and each antenna is configured substantially orthogonal to a neighboring antenna so as to generally form a rectangular arrangement. Alternatively or additionally, the antennas may be contained in an antenna module, which includes a light pipe that directs ambient light to a photo sensor. In such a case or in other embodiments, the wireless communication node may be constructed to be mountable to a streetlight. The wireless communication node may be a repeater in a radio access network, a relay node in a radio access network, or an IAB node in an IAB network. In another exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication node may include three antennas in total, with each antenna being configured approximately 120-degrees from its neighboring antenna to form a generally triangular arrangement. In other embodiments, two antennas or five or more antennas may be used depending on the quantities and geographies of the coverage areas to be serviced by the service antennas.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a wireless communication node includes a plurality of antennas positioned in a predetermined arrangement, one or more processors operable to process wireless signals received by the antennas and communicate one or more control signals to the antennas, and a memory storing processor-executable instructions. In accordance with the stored instructions, the processor processes at least one wireless signal received by a first antenna to collect first candidate base station data and processes at least one wireless signal received by a second antenna to collect second candidate base station data. The processor selects a base station to which to communicate based on the first candidate base station data and the second candidate base station data. When the base station is selected from the first candidate base station data, the processor designates the first antenna as a donor antenna operable to communicate subsequent wireless signals with the base station. The processor also designates remaining antennas as one or more service antennas. On the other hand, when the base station is selected from the second candidate base station data, the processor designates the second antenna as the donor antenna and may designate the remaining antennas, including the first antenna, as one or more service antennas. Designation or selection of the donor antenna may be based on whether the candidate base station data meets base station discovery criteria, such as one or more of a base station identifier, signal strength or other signal quality criteria, channel loading criteria, and bandwidth criteria.
After designating the donor antenna, the processor may provide beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a desired beam pattern in a direction of the base station. Additionally, the processor may provide beam control signals to each service antenna to cause the service antenna to form a desired beam pattern directed to a respective service area of one or more service areas.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, the wireless communication node has a total of four antennas, wherein each of the antennas is configured substantially orthogonal to a neighboring one of the antennas in a generally rectangular arrangement. Alternatively or additionally, the antennas may be contained in an antenna module, which includes a light pipe that directs ambient light to a photo sensor.
According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a wireless communication node includes four antennas, one or more processors operable to process wireless signals received by the antennas and communicate one or more control signals to the antennas, and a memory storing processor-executable instructions. Each of the four antennas is configured substantially orthogonal to a neighboring one of the antennas. In accordance with the stored instructions, the processor processes at least one wireless signal received by a first antenna to produce at least one processed first antenna signal. The processor determines whether the at least one processed first antenna signal meets base station discovery criteria. If so, the processor designates the first antenna as a donor antenna operable to communicate subsequent wireless signals with a base station that transmitted a wireless signal received by the first antenna (i.e., a base station discovered by the wireless communication node). The processor also designates the three remaining antennas as service antennas.
When at least one processed first antenna signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the processor processes at least one wireless signal received by a second antenna to produce at least one processed second antenna signal and designates the second antenna as the donor antenna when the at least one processed second antenna signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When the second antenna is the donor antenna, the processor designates the other three remaining antennas, including the first antenna, as the service antennas.
According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, an exemplary method is provided for configuring antennas of a wireless communication node for operation in a wireless communication system that includes at least one base station and the wireless communication node. The method may be performed by one or more processors and/or other components of the wireless communication node. According to this embodiment, the antennas are configured at fixed locations in a predetermined arrangement.
According to the exemplary method, at least one wireless signal received by a first antenna is processed and a determination is made as to whether the wireless signal meets base station discovery criteria. When a wireless signal received by the first antenna meets the base station discovery criteria, the first antenna is designated as a donor antenna operable to communicate subsequent wireless signals with a base station that transmitted the wireless signal. When the first antenna has been designated as the donor antenna, some or all of the remaining antennas are designated as one or more service antennas. However, when the wireless signal received by the first antenna does not meet the base station discovery criteria, at least one wireless signal received by a second antenna is processed and a determination is made as to whether the wireless signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When a wireless signal received by the second antenna meets the base station discovery criteria, the second antenna is designated as a donor antenna and some or all of the remaining antennas, including the first antenna, may be designated as one or more service antennas.
According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, an exemplary method is provided for configuring antennas of a wireless communication node for operation in a wireless communication system that includes at least one base station and the wireless communication node. The method may be performed by one or more processors and/or other components of the wireless communication node. According to this embodiment, the antennas are configured at fixed locations in a predetermined arrangement.
According to this exemplary method, at least one wireless signal received by a first antenna is processed to collect first candidate base station data. Additionally, at least one wireless signal received by a second antenna is processed to collect second candidate base station data. A base station to which to communicate is selected based on the first candidate base station data and the second candidate base station data.
When the base station is selected from the first candidate base station data, the first antenna is designated as a donor antenna operable to communicate subsequent wireless signals with the base station. Additionally, some or all of the remaining antennas are designated as service antennas. When the base station is selected from the second candidate base station data, the second antenna is designated as the donor antenna and some or all of the remaining antennas, including the first antenna, are designated as service antennas.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with reference to the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts or elements throughout the various views unless otherwise specified. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements are selected, enlarged, and positioned to improve drawing legibility. The particular shapes of the elements as drawn have been selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.
In the following description, certain specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. Also in these instances, well-known structures have been omitted or shown and described in reduced detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.
Referring to
In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in
In
The memory 109 stores instructions that are executable by the processor 107 during operation of the wireless communication node 200. The instructions may be implemented as firmware, software, or any set of data that is executable or usable by the processor 107 to cause the processor 107 to perform various routines, algorithms, processes, or methods. The memory 109 may be used for other purposes too, including storing reported data from sensors within or attached to the wireless communication node 200, storing additional instructions to cause the processor 107 to perform artificial intelligence or other functions, and for other purposes. The processor 107 may be any known processor and, in some embodiments, may be field programmable. Where the processor 107 is field programable, the processor 107 may be implemented as or include a field programmable gate array.
As very generally illustrated in
One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize and appreciate that the block diagram of
To protect the antennas 101-104 from weather and other environmental effects, the antennas 101-104 may form part of an antenna module 105, which may include a housing 201 and/or a support structure. Where the wireless communication node 200 also performs functions based on an amount of ambient light that is detected, such as providing control of a streetlight luminaire 206 or other aerial lighting fixture to or for which the wireless communication node 200 is mounted, attached or configured to control, the wireless communication node 200 may include a photo sensor 130. In some embodiments, the photo sensor 130 may be positioned in the antenna module 105 or another electronic device or module 202 of the wireless communication node 200 to which the antenna module 105 is attached. The electronic module 202 may be a small cell node or a multi-function device that includes, for example, small cell functionality, light control functionality, power metering, tilt and/or vibration sensing, image capture functionality, and/or general Internet of Things (IoT) functionality. Where the wireless communication node 200 includes an antenna module 105 and/or an electronic module 202 to which the antenna module 105 is attached, the wireless communication node 200 or its antenna module 105 (e.g., as part of the antenna module's support structure) may further include a light pipe 120 for directing ambient light to the wireless communication node's photo sensor 130. In the case where the photo sensor 130 is included within the electronic module 202 to which the antenna module 105 is attached and the electronic module 202 and its photo sensor 130 are positioned below (or above, depending on installation configuration) the antenna module 105, the light pipe 120 may be routed through the antenna module housing 201 or through an antenna module support structure, such as a post configured between the antenna module housing 201 and an aperture in the electronic module 202 aligned with the photo sensor 130.
As illustrated in
Referring again to
According to the logic flow of
In some embodiments, multiple wireless signals may be detected from the first antenna (e.g., antenna 101) or any subsequently evaluated antenna (e.g., antennas 102-104). For example, as part of the evaluation of the first antenna, the processor 107 may send control signals to the antenna 101 to form a beam pattern having predetermined or intelligently-selected beam width or conical field of view (e.g., a 15-degree conical field of view). The processor 107 may then send control signals to the antenna 101 to electronically steer the beam pattern across its entire azimuth range seeking to receive any base station signals. Where the wireless communication node 200 includes four antennas 101-104 configured as illustrated in
When the processor 107 determines (303) that a wireless signal received from the first antenna (e.g., antenna 101) meets base station discovery criteria, the processor 107 designates (305) the antenna 101 as the donor antenna for the wireless communication node 200 and forms (305) a beam pattern for the donor antenna 101 in a direction of the wireless signal or from which the wireless signal was received, which also has a high probability of being the direction of the discovered base station. To form the donor antenna's beam pattern, the processor 107 may provide one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna 101 (e.g., to antenna elements of the antenna's phased array) to cause the beam pattern to have a desired gain, beam width, and/or conical field of view, or to achieve a signal strength above a threshold for subsequent signals received from the base station. After or contemporaneous with designating the donor antenna 101, the processor 107 designates (307) some or all of the remaining antennas (e.g., antennas 102-104) as service antennas and forms (307) beam patterns for one or more of those antennas 102-104 so as to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas. To form the beam patterns for the service antennas 102-104, the processor 107 may provide one or more beam control signals to each service antenna 102-104 (e.g., to antenna elements of the antenna's phased array) to cause the service antenna 102-104 to form a respective beam pattern to provide wireless coverage to the one or more service areas.
When the processor 107 determines (303) that a wireless signal received from the first antenna 101 does not meet the base station discovery criteria, or that no wireless signal received from the first antenna 101 meets the base station discovery criteria (e.g., where wireless signals are received from the first antenna 101 for a preset or variable period of time), the processor 107 determines (309) whether all the antennas 101-104 of the wireless communication node 200 have been processed. If all the antennas 101-104 have not yet been processed, then the processor 107 processes (301) one or more wireless signals received from another one of the antennas 102-104 and the signal analysis process repeats until either the antennas 101-104 have been designated as donor and service antennas and their beam patterns have been formed or no wireless signal has been received that meets the base station discovery criteria. If the latter condition occurs, the instructions stored in the memory 109 may cause the processor 107 to wait a predetermined period of time (e.g., 30 seconds to 5 minutes) and then repeat the logic flow of
Where the wireless communication node 200 includes four fixed antennas 101-104 as generally illustrated in
According to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the processor 107 may process at least one wireless signal received by a first antenna (e.g., antenna 101) to collect first candidate base station data and processes at least one wireless signal received by a second antenna (e.g., antenna 102, antenna 103, or antenna 104)) to collect second candidate base station data. The processor 107 then selects a base station to which to communicate based on the first candidate base station data and the second candidate base station data. When the base station is selected from the first candidate base station data, the processor 107 designates the first antenna (e.g., antenna 101) as a donor antenna operable to communicate subsequent wireless signals with the base station. The processor 107 also designates some or all of the remaining antennas (e.g., antennas 102-104) as one or more service antennas. On the other hand, when the base station is selected from the second candidate base station data, the processor 107 designates the second antenna (e.g., antenna 102, antenna 103, or antenna 104, as applicable) as the donor antenna and may designate some or all of the remaining antennas (e.g., antenna 101, antenna 102, and antenna 104 where antenna 103 was selected as the donor antenna), including the first antenna, as one or more service antennas. Designation or selection of the donor antenna may be based on whether the candidate base station data meets base station discovery criteria, such as one or more of a base station identifier, signal strength or other signal quality criteria, channel loading criteria, and bandwidth criteria. After designating the donor antenna, the processor 107 may provide beam control signals to the donor antenna to cause the donor antenna to form a desired beam pattern in a direction of the base station. Additionally, the processor 107 may provide beam control signals to each service antenna to cause the service antenna to form a desired beam pattern directed to one or more service areas. Determination of which antenna 101-104 of the donor antenna may be based on whether the candidate base station data meets base station discovery criteria.
Alternatively, the processor 107 may process wireless signals received by all the antennas 101-104 on an antenna-by-antenna basis to collect candidate base station data. The processor 107 may then select or designate a base station to which to communicate based on the candidate base station data and designate the antenna that received the wireless signal or signals from the selected base station as the donor antenna. The processor 107 may also designate the remaining antennas as service antennas, although not all of the service antennas may be used. Designation or selection of the donor antenna may be based on whether candidate base station data meets base station discovery criteria. After the donor and service antennas have been designated, the processor may send beam control signals to the antennas 101-104 to form a desired beam pattern in a direction of the selected base station (for the donor antenna) or form desired beam patterns directed to a one or more service areas (for the service antennas).
Referring to
In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in
The antennas 401-404 of the exemplary wireless communication node 400 are illustrated as being generally coplanar. However, in alternative embodiments, the antennas 401-404 may be positioned in different planes (e.g., different parallel planes) relative to one another, such as in a stacked arrangement, an offset stacked arrangement, or other multiplanar configurations.
The memory 409 stores instructions that are executable by the processor 407 during operation of the wireless communication node 400. The instructions may be implemented as firmware, software, or any set of data that is executable by the processor 407 to cause the processor 407 to perform various routines, algorithms, processes, or methods. The memory 409 may be used for other purposes too, including storing data reported from sensors within or attached to the wireless communication node 400, storing additional instructions to cause the processor 407 to perform artificial intelligence or other functions, and for other purposes. The processor 407 may be any known processor or processors and, in some embodiments, may be field programmable. Where the processor 407 is field programmable, the processor 407 may be implemented as or include a field programmable gate array.
As very generally illustrated in
One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the block diagram of
To protect the antennas 401-404 from weather and other environmental effects, the antennas 401-404 may form part of an antenna module 405, which may include a housing 616 and/or a support structure. When included, the support structure may be or include a platform 428, a post 418, a combination thereof, or any other elements or components that may support the antennas 401-404 and facilitate their rotation as a group. For example, the support structure may be or include a post 418 or other structure or structures to which the antennas 401-404 may be coupled to facilitate their rotation as a group by the actuator 408. The antenna module 405 or its support structure or a portion thereof (e.g., the post 418) may define a central axis 606 for the antenna module 405 about which the donor and service antennas 401-404 are configured in a predetermined arrangement (e.g., orthogonal to their neighboring antennas when a total of four antennas 401-404 are used).
Where the wireless communication node 400 also performs functions based on an amount of ambient light that is detected, such as providing control of a streetlight luminaire 206 or other aerial lighting fixture to of for which the wireless communication node 400 is mounted, attached or configured to control, the wireless communication node 400 may include a photo sensor 430. In some embodiments, the photo sensor 430 may be positioned in the antenna module 405 or another electronic device or module 440 of the wireless communication node 400 to which the antenna module 405 is attached. The electronic module 440 may be a small cell node or a multi-function device that includes, for example, small cell functionality, light control functionality, power metering, tilt and/or vibration sensing, image capture functionality, and/or general Internet of Things (IoT) functionality. Where the wireless communication node 400 includes an antenna module 405 and/or an electronic module 440 to which the antenna module 405 is attached, the wireless communication node 400 or its antenna module 405 may further include a light pipe 420 for directing ambient light to the wireless communication node's photo sensor 430. In the case where the photo sensor 430 is included within the electronic module 440 to which the antenna module 405 is attached and the electronic module 440 and its photo sensor 430 are positioned below (or above, depending on installation configuration) the antenna module 405, the light pipe 420 may be routed through the antenna module housing 616 or through an antenna module support structure, such as a post 418 configured between the antenna module housing 616 and an aperture in the electronic module 440 aligned with the photo sensor 430.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
In some embodiments, one or more of the donor and service antennas 101-104, 401-404 may be implemented or include a phased antenna array 611 containing an array of antenna elements 612. For example, as illustrated in
According to the logic flow of
When the processed signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the processor 407 rotates (805) the donor and service antennas 401-404 as a group about a central axis 606 by an angular displacement. The angular displacement may be any desired displacement. In one exemplary embodiment, the angular displacement is in a range of five to fifteen degrees in a particular direction (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise). The processor 407 may perform the rotation by providing one or more control signals to an actuator 408 configured to turn a support structure to which the antennas 401-404 are coupled.
After the antennas 401-404 have been rotated by the angular displacement, the processor processes (801) another signal received by the donor antenna 401 while oriented in its new direction and determines (803) whether the received signal meets the base station discovery criteria. When this received signal does not meet the base station discovery criteria, the rotate and process routine continues until a wireless signal received by the donor antenna 401 meets the base station discovery criteria. The angular displacement during each rotation phase of the antenna configuration process may be the same or different than the previous angular displacement depending on the algorithm or method selected for base station discovery. For example, where a coarse/fine tuning discovery approach is implemented, the angular displacement of the group of antennas 401-404 may be larger earlier in the process and then get progressively smaller.
Once a wireless signal received by the donor antenna 401 meets the base station discovery criteria, the processor forms (807) a beam pattern for the donor antenna 401 in a direction from which the wireless signal meeting the base station discovery criteria was received (e.g., in a direction of the discovered base station 610 that transmitted the wireless signal). The processor 407 may form the donor antenna's beam pattern by providing one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna 401 (e.g., to the donor antenna's antenna elements 612) to cause the donor antenna 401 to form a beam pattern to achieve a signal strength above a threshold for subsequent signals received from the discovered base station 610.
The processor 407 also forms (809) beam patterns for the service antennas 402-404 to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas. The beam patterns for the service antennas 402-404 may have substantially less gain and wider conical fields of view than the gain and conical field of view of the donor antenna 401. The processor 407 may form each service antenna's beam pattern by providing one or more beam control signals to the respective service antenna 402-404 (e.g., to the service antenna's antenna elements 612) to cause the service antenna 402-404 to form a beam pattern having a desired gain and conical field of view.
According to the logic flow of
The processor 407 then determines (905) whether the group of antennas 401-404 have completed a predetermined rotation or angular displacement. When the group of antennas 401-404 has not completed the predetermined angular displacement, the processor 407 rotates (907) the antennas 401-404 as a group by an angular displacement increment, which may be determined based on various factors, including installation location of the wireless communication node 400, use case, quantity and locations of possible signal obstructions, and so forth. In one exemplary embodiment, the angular displacement increment is in a range of five to fifteen degrees in a particular direction (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise). The processor 407 may perform the rotation by providing one or more control signals to an actuator 408 configured to turn a support structure to which the antennas 401-404 are coupled.
After the antennas 401-404 have been rotated as a group by the angular displacement increment, the processor 407 processes (901) wireless signals, if any, received by the donor antenna 401 and collects (903) additional candidate base station data, if any, from the signal(s). The processor 407 then determines whether the group of antennas 401-404 have completed the predetermined rotation. If not, the rotation, processing, and collection functions of logic flow blocks 907, 901, and 903 continue until the antennas 401-404 have been rotated as a group by the predetermined angular displacement (e.g., 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees, 360 degrees, or some other chosen displacement amount). Where the predetermined angular displacement is greater than 180 degrees, the processor 407 may send control signals to the actuator 408 so as to rotate the donor and service antennas 401-404 as a group no greater than 180 degrees in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) from a starting position in order to mitigate any twisting of cables that may be connected to the antennas 401-404, an antenna module 405 that includes the antennas 401-404, or a support structure to which the antennas 401-404 are coupled.
After the antennas 401-404 have been rotated as a group by the predetermined angular displacement, the processor 407 selects (909) a base station based on the collected candidate base station data and forms (911) a beam pattern for the donor antenna 401 in the direction of the selected base station (e.g., in the direction from which the wireless signal from the selected base station was received during the candidate base station data collection process). The processor 407 may form the donor antenna's beam pattern by providing one or more beam control signals to the donor antenna 401 (e.g., to the donor antenna's antenna elements 612) to cause the donor antenna 401 to form a beam pattern to achieve a signal strength above a threshold for subsequent signals received from the selected base station.
The processor 407 also forms (913) beam patterns for the service antennas 402-404 to provide wireless coverage to one or more service areas. The beam patterns for the service antennas 402-404 may have substantially less gain and wider conical fields of view than the gain and conical field of view of the donor antenna 401. The processor 407 may form each service antenna's beam pattern by providing one or more beam control signals to the respective service antenna 402-404 (e.g., to the service antenna's antenna elements 612) to cause the service antenna 402-404 to form a beam pattern having a desired gain and conical field of view.
In some embodiments, the wireless communication node 200, 400 can further include at least one or more processors (not shown) mounted on a substrate that can further include a communication module or transceiver that enables wireless communication of data and control signals over one or any number of known wireless protocols (LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi, etc.).
The wireless communication node 200, 400 may provide wireless communication capability to any one or more devices having corresponding wireless transceivers. In some cases, for example, using functionality provided by the wireless communication node 200, 400, the electronic components embedded in a wireless communication node 200, 400 are arranged to operate as a Wi-Fi access point. In this way, the electronic components permit one or more mobile devices to access the Internet. Municipalities or other entities may make Internet services available over a determined geographic area (e.g., a neighborhood, a city, an arena, a construction site, a campus, or the like) to remote mobile devices that are in proximity to any one of a plurality of wireless communication nodes 200, 400. For example, if many streetlight fixtures in a neighborhood or city are equipped with a wireless communication device, such as a wireless communication node 200, 400, then Wi-Fi service can be provided to a large number of users. Further, based on seamless communication between a plurality of wireless communication device embodiments, the Wi-Fi service can be configured as a mesh that permits users to perceive constant internet connectivity even when the mobile device is in motion.
In some embodiments, the wireless communication node 200, 400 may monitor one or more sensors or conditions associated with a corresponding streetlight fixture for events. Examples of events can include, but are not limited to, light source failure (e.g., a burned out bulb), light pole tilt, external vibrations, light source temperature, external temperature, power usage, captures of images, motion detection, sound recordings, vehicular or pedestrian traffic, ambient light level, or other information that can be obtained or recorded by the wireless communication node 200, 400.
The wireless communication node 200, 400 can be part of a system or network of streetlight poles, streetlight fixtures, streetlight sources, or the like in a system level deployment controlled by a municipality or other government agency. In other cases, the system may be controlled by a private entity (e.g., private property owner, third-party service contractor, or the like). In still other cases, a plurality of entities may share control of the system of streetlight poles streetlight fixtures, streetlight sources, or the like.
In other embodiments, each wireless communication node 200, 400 may be equipped with communication capabilities, which allows for the monitoring or remote control of a light source of the streetlight fixture or of another utility device. Accordingly, each light source in each streetlight fixture or in a broader context each device in any fixture can be monitored and controlled remotely independently or in combination. In the case of a streetlight fixture, each streetlight fixture can be monitored and/or controlled as an independent light source or in combination with other light sources where the electronic apparatus can serve to provide the wireless (or wired) communication of light control signals and any other information (e.g., packetized data) between wireless communication devices.
As one non-limiting, non-exhaustive example, each wireless communication node 200, 400 may operate as a small cell node, a relay node, or a repeater to provide wireless cellular-based network communication services. A mobile device provisioned by a mobile network operator or carrier can communicate with a wireless communication node 200, 400 in the same or similar manner that a mobile device communicates with a macrocell tower. In at least some cases, an active communication session formed between a wireless communication node 200, 400 and a mobile device may be handed-off to or from another wireless communication node 200, 400 as the mobile device moves into or out from the active range of the wireless communication node 200, 400. For example, a user having an active communication session enabled by a wireless communication node 200, 400 may be in motion, and when the mobile device is in motion, the active communication session may in some cases be automatically and seamlessly handed off and continue via another wireless communication node 200, 400 or via a macrocell tower.
The wireless communication node 200, 400 can be integrated with a light fixture or a light pole and may be formed of any number of materials. The wireless communication node 200, 400 can be arranged as a networking device, but in other embodiments, the wireless communication device is a smart sensor device, a combination device, some other wireless networking device, or some other control device. In some embodiments, the light fixture can include a light source that can be an incandescent light source, a light emitting diode (LED) light source, a high pressure sodium lamp, or any other type of light source.
Again, the wireless communication node 200, 400 is not limited to attaching to a streetlight, but can attach to any number of objects including, but not limited to a light pole, an LED board, a bracket, a street sign, a highway sign, a bus stop shelter, an automated teller machine (ATM), a phone booth, a building, an HVAC unit, a mailbox, a billboard, a light, a parking sign, a stop light, a speed limit sign, a solar cell, a crosswalk sign, a tunnel, a utility box, a water tower, a crane, a radio antenna tower, a store, an awning, a roof, or a parking pay station. In some embodiments, each of these items are identified in a map of a map service so that appropriate modifications can be made with base station selections and beam forming of donor and service antennas.
Note that references to “substrate” or “board” herein may refer to a circuit board, which may be a printed circuit board (“PCB”), including, without limitation, a single sided PCB, a double sided PCB, a multilayer PCB, a rigid PCB, a flex PCB, or a hybrid rigid-flex PCB or a portion of a housing serving as a substrate. As is understood, any of the above circuit boards may include various electronic components coupled to, or carried by the circuit boards, including, for example, integrated circuits, integrated circuit chips or dies (including, without limitation, semiconductor chips or dies), wires, transistors, leadframes or pads, antennas, receivers, transmitters, transceivers, or other components. Moreover, each of the electronic components described above may be in electronic communication, either via wires (e.g., to transmit power or signals, among other functionality), or wirelessly to one or more of the other electronic components. Further, it is to be understood that any of the above can be coupled to one or more of the other electronic components of the wireless communication node 200, 400 through one or more known coupling techniques or materials.
Moreover, in some cases, one or more internal or external antennas may be electrically and communicatively coupled to the wireless communication node 200, 400 and integrated into, or mounted onto, various features of an external fixture such as a light pole. In some instances, one or more wires may extend through a light pole to communicatively and electrically couple the wireless communication device and the one or more antennas.
Further, it is to be appreciated that the present disclosure includes methods for forming a wireless communication node, the forming including providing the electronic components in a housing enclosure suitable to be attached to any of the objects describe herein and other like objects, installing the wireless communication device, and connecting the wireless communication device to a power source or other utility line to pass power and data via one or more wires or cables or via a wireless communication channel.
In the absence of any specific clarification related to its express use in a particular context, where the terms “substantial” or “about” in any grammatical form are used as modifiers in the present disclosure and any appended claims (e.g., to modify a structure, a dimension, a measurement, or some other characteristic), it is understood that the characteristic may vary by up to 30 percent. For example, a wireless communication networking device may be described as being mounted “substantially vertical,” In these cases, a device that is mounted exactly vertical is mounted along a “Y” axis and a “X” axis that is normal (i.e., 90 degrees or at right angle) to a plane or line formed by a “Z” axis. Different from the exact precision of the term, “vertical,” and the use of “substantially” or “about” to modify the characteristic permits a variance of the particular characteristic by up to 30 percent.
The term “include” and variations thereof, in all of their syntactic contexts, are to be construed without limitation in an open, inclusive sense, (e.g., “including, but not limited to”). The term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or. The phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, can be understood as meaning to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising,” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense (e.g., “including, but not limited to”).
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” or “some embodiments” and variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content and context clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the conjunctive terms, “and” and “or” are generally employed in the broadest sense to include “and/or” unless the content and context clearly dictates inclusivity or exclusivity, as the case may be. In addition, the composition of “and” and “or” when recited herein as “and/or” is intended to encompass an embodiment that includes all of the associated items or ideas and one or more other alternative embodiments that include fewer than all of the associated items or idea.
In the present disclosure, conjunctive lists make use of a comma, which may be known as an Oxford comma, a Harvard comma, a serial comma, or another like term. Such lists are intended to connect words, clauses, or sentences such that the thing following the comma is also included in the list.
As the context may require in this disclosure, except as the context may dictate otherwise, the singular shall mean the plural and vice versa. All pronouns shall mean and include the person, entity, firm or corporation to which they relate.
When so arranged as described herein, each computing device may be transformed from a generic and unspecific computing device to a combination device comprising hardware and software configured for a specific and particular purpose. When so arranged as described herein, to the extent that any of the inventive concepts described herein are found by a body of competent adjudication to be subsumed in an abstract idea, the ordered combination of elements and limitations are expressly presented to provide a requisite inventive concept by transforming the abstract idea into a tangible and concrete practical application of that abstract idea.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications, and publications to provide further embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63338017 | May 2022 | US |
