Wireless non-radiative energy transfer

Abstract
Described herein are embodiments of a source high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy source, a second high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy drain that may be located a distance from the source resonator. A third high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy drain that may be located a distance from the source resonator. The source resonator and at least one of the second resonator and third resonator may be coupled to transfer electromagnetic energy from said source resonator to said at least one of the second resonator and third resonator.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of oscillatory resonant electromagnetic modes, and in particular to oscillatory resonant electromagnetic modes, with localized slowly evanescent field patterns, for wireless non-radiative energy transfer.


In the early days of electromagnetism, before the electrical-wire grid was deployed, serious interest and effort was devoted towards the development of schemes to transport energy over long distances wirelessly, without any carrier medium. These efforts appear to have met with little, if any, success. Radiative modes of omnidirectional antennas, which work very well for information transfer, are not suitable for such energy transfer, because a vast majority of energy is wasted into free space. Directed radiation modes, using lasers or highly-directional antennas, can be efficiently used for energy transfer, even for long distances (transfer distance LTRANS>>LDEV, where LDEV is the characteristic size of the device), but require existence of an uninterruptible line-of-sight and a complicated tracking system in the case of mobile objects.


Rapid development of autonomous electronics of recent years (e.g. laptops, cell-phones, house-hold robots, that all typically rely on chemical energy storage) justifies revisiting investigation of this issue. Today, the existing electrical-wire grid carries energy almost everywhere; even a medium-range wireless non-radiative energy transfer would be quite useful. One scheme currently used for some important applications relies on induction, but it is restricted to very close-range (LTRANS<<LDEV) energy transfers.


SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided an electromagnetic energy transfer device. The electromagnetic energy transfer device includes a first resonator structure receiving energy from an external power supply. The first resonator structure has a first Q-factor. A second resonator structure is positioned distal from the first resonator structure, and supplies useful working power to an external load. The second resonator structure has a second Q-factor. The distance between the two resonators can be larger than the characteristic size of each resonator. Non-radiative energy transfer between the first resonator structure and the second resonator structure is mediated through coupling of their resonant-field evanescent tails.


According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of transferring electromagnetic energy. The method includes providing a first resonator structure receiving energy from an external power supply. The first resonator structure has a first Q-factor. Also, the method includes a second resonator structure being positioned distal from the first resonator structure, and supplying useful working power to an external load. The second resonator structure has a second Q-factor. The distance between the two resonators can be larger than the characteristic size of each resonator. Furthermore, the method includes transferring non-radiative energy between the first resonator structure and the second resonator structure through coupling of their resonant-field evanescent tails.


In another aspect, a method of transferring energy is disclosed including the steps of providing a first resonator structure receiving energy from an external power supply, said first resonator structure having a first resonant frequency ω1, and a first Q-factor Q1, and characteristic size L1. Providing a second resonator structure being positioned distal from said first resonator structure, at closest distance D, said second resonator structure having a second resonant frequency ω2, and a second Q-factor Q2, and characteristic size L2, where the two said frequencies of and ω2 are close to within the narrower of the two resonance widths Γ1, and Γ2, and transferring energy non-radiatively between said first resonator structure and said second resonator structure, said energy transfer being mediated through coupling of their resonant-field evanescent tails, and the rate of energy transfer between said first resonator and said second resonator being denoted by κ, where non-radiative means D is smaller than each of the resonant wavelengths λ1 and λ2, where c is the propagation speed of radiation in the surrounding medium.


Embodiments of the method may include any of the following features. In some embodiments, said resonators have Q1>100 and Q2>100, Q1>200 and Q2>200, Q1>500 and Q2>500, or even Q1>1000 and Q2>1000. In some such embodiments, κ/sqrt(Γ12) may be greater than 0.2, greater than 0.5, greater than 1, greater than 2, or even grater than 5. In some such embodiments D/L2 may be greater than 1, greater than 2, greater than 3, greater than 5.


In another aspect, an energy transfer device is disclosed which includes: a first resonator structure receiving energy from an external power supply, said first resonator structure having a first resonant frequency ω1, and a first Q-factor Q1, and characteristic size L1, and a second resonator structure being positioned distal from said first resonator structure, at closest distance D, said second resonator structure having a second resonant frequency ω2, and a second Q-factor Q2, and characteristic size L2.


The two said frequencies of and ω2 are close to within the narrower of the two resonance widths Γ1, and Γ2. The non-radiative energy transfer between said first resonator structure and said second resonator structure is mediated through coupling of their resonant-field evanescent tails, and the rate of energy transfer between said first resonator and said second resonator is denoted by κ. The non-radiative means D is smaller than each of the resonant wavelengths λ1 and λ2, where c is the propagation speed of radiation in the surrounding medium.


Embodiments of the device may include any of the following features. In some embodiments, said resonators have Q1>100 and Q2>100, Q1>200 and Q2>200, Q1>500 and Q2>500, or even Q1>1000 and Q2>1000. In some such embodiments, κ/sqrt(Γ12) may be greater than 0.2, greater than 0.5, greater than 1, greater than 2, or even grater than 5. In some such embodiments D/L2 may be greater than 1, greater than 2, greater than 3, or even greater than 5.


In some embodiments, the resonant field in the device is electromagnetic.


In some embodiments, the first resonator structure includes a dielectric sphere, where the characteristic size L1 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the first resonator structure includes a metallic sphere, where the characteristic size L1 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the first resonator structure includes a metallodielectric sphere, where the characteristic size L1 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the first resonator structure includes a plasmonic sphere, where the characteristic size L1 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the first resonator structure includes a polaritonic sphere, where the characteristic size L1 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the first resonator structure includes a capacitively-loaded conducting-wire loop, where the characteristic size L1 is the radius of the loop.


In some embodiments, the second resonator structure includes a dielectric sphere, where the characteristic size L2 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the second resonator structure includes a metallic sphere where the characteristic size L2 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the second resonator structure includes a metallodielectric sphere where the characteristic size L2 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the second resonator structure includes a plasmonic sphere where the characteristic size L2 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the second resonator structure includes a polaritonic sphere where the characteristic size L2 is the radius of the sphere.


In some embodiments, the second resonator structure includes a capacitively-loaded conducting-wire loop where the characteristic size L2 is the radius of the loop.


In some embodiments, the resonant field in the device is acoustic.


It is to be understood that embodiments of the above described methods and devices may include any of the above listed features, alone or in combination.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS


FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of the invention;



FIG. 2A is a numerical FDTD result for a high-index disk cavity of radius r along with the electric field; FIG. 2B a numerical FDTD result for a medium-distance coupling between two resonant disk cavities: initially, all the energy is in one cavity (left panel); after some time both cavities are equally excited (right panel).



FIG. 3 is schematic diagram demonstrating two capacitively-loaded conducting-wire loops;



FIGS. 4A-4B are numerical FDTD results for reduction in radiation-Q of the resonant disk cavity due to scattering from extraneous objects;



FIG. 5 is a numerical FDTD result for medium-distance coupling between two resonant disk cavities in the presence of extraneous objects; and



FIGS. 6A-6B are graphs demonstrating efficiencies of converting the supplied power into useful work (ηw), radiation and ohmic loss at the device (ηd), and the source (ηs), and dissipation inside a human (ηh), as a function of the coupling-to-loss ratio κ/Γd; in panel (a) Γw is chosen so as to minimize the energy stored in the device, while in panel (b) Γw is chosen so as to maximize the efficiency ηw for each κ/Γd.



FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a feedback mechanism to correct the resonators exchanging wireless energy for detuning because of the effect of an extraneous object.



FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a source resonator 810 provides wireless non-radiative energy transfer with a device module 820 in a vehicle 830.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In contrast to the currently existing schemes, the invention provides the feasibility of using long-lived oscillatory resonant electromagnetic modes, with localized slowly evanescent field patterns, for wireless non-radiative energy transfer. The basis of this technique is that two same-frequency resonant objects tend to couple, while interacting weakly with other off-resonant environmental objects. The purpose of the invention is to quantify this mechanism using specific examples, namely quantitatively address the following questions: up to which distances can such a scheme be efficient and how sensitive is it to external perturbations. Detailed theoretical and numerical analysis show that a mid-range (LTRANS≈few*LDEV) wireless energy-exchange can actually be achieved, while suffering only modest transfer and dissipation of energy into other off-resonant objects.


The omnidirectional but stationary (non-lossy) nature of the near field makes this mechanism suitable for mobile wireless receivers. It could therefore have a variety of possible applications including for example, placing a source connected to the wired electricity network on the ceiling of a factory room, while devices, such as robots, vehicles, computers, or similar, are roaming freely within the room. Other possible applications include electric-engine buses, RFIDs, and perhaps even nano-robots. In one example, shown schematically in FIG. 8, a source resonator 810 provides wireless non-radiative energy transfer with a device module 820 in a vehicle 830. Similarly, in some embodiments multiple sources can transfer energy to one or more device objects. For example, as explained at in the paragraph bridging pages 4-5 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/698,442 to which the present application claims benefit and which is incorporated by reference above, for certain applications having uneven power transfer to the device object as the distance between the device and the source changes, multiple sources can be strategically placed to alleviate the problem, and/or the peak amplitude of the source can be dynamically adjusted.


The range and rate of the inventive wireless energy-transfer scheme are the first subjects of examination, without considering yet energy drainage from the system for use into work. An appropriate analytical framework for modeling the exchange of energy between resonant objects is a weak-coupling approach called “coupled-mode theory”. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a general description of the invention. The invention uses a source and device to perform energy transferring. Both the source 1 and device 2 are resonator structures, and are separated a distance D from each other. In this arrangement, the electromagnetic field of the system of source 1 and device 2 is approximated by F(r,t)≈a1(t)F1(r)+a2(t)F2(r), where F1,2(r)=[E1,2(r) H1,2(r)] are the eigenmodes of source 1 and device 2 alone, and then the field amplitudes a1(t) and a2(t) can be shown to satisfy the “coupled-mode theory”:












da
1

dt

=



-

i


(


ω
1

-

i






Γ
1



)





a
1


+

i






κ
11



a
1


+

i






κ
12



a
2













da
2

dt

=



-

i


(


ω
2

-

i






Γ
2



)





a
2


+

i






κ
22



a
2


+

i






κ
21



a
1




,





(
1
)








where ω1,2 are the individual eigen-frequencies, Γ1,2 are the resonance widths due to the objects' intrinsic (absorption, radiation etc.) losses, κ12,21 are the coupling coefficients, and κ11,22 model the shift in the complex frequency of each object due to the presence of the other.


The approach of Eq. 1 has been shown, on numerous occasions, to provide an excellent description of resonant phenomena for objects of similar complex eigen-frequencies (namely |ω1−ω2|<<|κ12,21| and Γ1≈Γ2), whose resonances are reasonably well defined (namely Γ1,2&Im{κ11,22}<<|κ12,21|) and in the weak coupling limit (namely |κ12,21|<<ω1,2). Coincidentally, these requirements also enable optimal operation for energy transfer. Also, Eq. (1) show that the energy exchange can be nearly perfect at exact resonance (ω12 and Γ12), and that the losses are minimal when the “coupling-time” is much shorter than all “loss-times”. Therefore, the invention requires resonant modes of high Q=ω/(2Γ) for low intrinsic-loss rates Γ1,2, and with evanescent tails significantly longer than the characteristic sizes L1 and L2 of the two objects for strong coupling rate |κ12,21| over large distances D, where D is the closest distance between the two objects. This is a regime of operation that has not been studied extensively, since one usually prefers short tails, to minimize interference with nearby devices.


Objects of nearly infinite extent, such as dielectric waveguides, can support guided modes whose evanescent tails are decaying exponentially in the direction away from the object, slowly if tuned close to cutoff, and can have nearly infinite Q. To implement the inventive energy-transfer scheme, such geometries might be suitable for certain applications, but usually finite objects, namely ones that are topologically surrounded everywhere by air, are more appropriate.


Unfortunately, objects of finite extent cannot support electromagnetic states that are exponentially decaying in all directions in air, since in free space: {right arrow over (k)}22/c2. Because of this, one can show that they cannot support states of infinite Q. However, very long-lived (so-called “high-Q”) states can be found, whose tails display the needed exponential-like decay away from the resonant object over long enough distances before they turn oscillatory (radiative). The limiting surface, where this change in the field behavior happens, is called the “radiation caustic”, and, for the wireless energy-transfer scheme to be based on the near field rather than the far/radiation field, the distance between the coupled objects must be such that one lies within the radiation caustic of the other.


The invention is very general and any type of resonant structure satisfying the above requirements can be used for its implementation. As examples and for definiteness, one can choose to work with two well-known, but quite different electromagnetic resonant systems: dielectric disks and capacitively-loaded conducting-wire loops. Even without optimization, and despite their simplicity, both will be shown to exhibit fairly good performance. Their difference lies mostly in the frequency range of applicability due to practical considerations, for example, in the optical regime dielectrics prevail, since conductive materials are highly lossy.


Consider a 2D dielectric disk cavity of radius r and permittivity E surrounded by air that supports high-Q whispering-gallery modes, as shown in FIG. 2A. Such a cavity is studied using both analytical modeling, such as separation of variables in cylindrical coordinates and application of boundary conditions, and detailed numerical finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations with a resolution of 30 pts/r. Note that the physics of the 3D case should not be significantly different, while the analytical complexity and numerical requirements would be immensely increased. The results of the two methods for the complex eigen-frequencies and the field patterns of the so-called “leaky” eigenmodes are in an excellent agreement with each other for a variety of geometries and parameters of interest.


The radial modal decay length, which determines the coupling strength κ≡|κ21|=|κ12|, is on the order of the wavelength, therefore, for near-field coupling to take place between cavities whose distance is much larger than their size, one needs subwavelength-sized resonant objects (r<<λ). High-radiation-Q and long-tailed subwavelength resonances can be achieved, when the dielectric permittivity ε is as large as practically possible and the azimuthal field variations (of principal number m) are slow (namely m is small).


One such TE-polarized dielectric-cavity mode, which has the favorable characteristics Qrad=1992 and λ/r=20 using ε=147.7 and m=2, is shown in FIG. 2A, and will be the “test” cavity 18 for all subsequent calculations for this class of resonant objects. Another example of a suitable cavity has Qrad=9100 and λ/r=10 using ε=65.61 and m=3. These values of E might at first seem unrealistically large. However, not only are there in the microwave regime (appropriate for meter-range coupling applications) many materials that have both reasonably high enough dielectric constants and low losses, for example, Titania: ε≈96, Im{ε}/ε≈10−3; Barium tetratitanate: ε≈37, Im{ε}/ε≈10−4; Lithium tantalite: ε≈40, Im{ε}/ε≈10−4; etc.), but also ε could instead signify the effective index of other known subwavelength (λ/r>>1) surface-wave systems, such as surface-plasmon modes on surfaces of metal-like (negative-ε) materials or metallodielectric photonic crystals.


With regards to material absorption, typical loss tangents in the microwave (e.g. those listed for the materials above) suggest that Qabs˜ε/Im{ε}˜10000. Combining the effects of radiation and absorption, the above analysis implies that for a properly designed resonant device-object d a value of Qd˜2000 should be achievable. Note though, that the resonant source s will in practice often be immobile, and the restrictions on its allowed geometry and size will typically be much less stringent than the restrictions on the design of the device; therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the radiative losses can be designed to be negligible allowing for Qs˜10000, limited only by absorption.


To calculate now the achievable rate of energy transfer, one can place two of the cavities 20, 22 at distance D between their centers, as shown in FIG. 2B. The normal modes of the combined system are then an even and an odd superposition of the initial modes and their frequencies are split by the coupling coefficient κ, which we want to calculate. Analytically, coupled-mode theory gives for dielectric objects κ122/2·∫d3rE1*(r)E2(r)ε1(r)/∫d3r|E1(r)|2ε(r), where ε1,2(r) denote the dielectric functions of only object 1 alone or 2 alone excluding the background dielectric (free space) and ε(r) the dielectric function of the entire space with both objects present. Numerically, one can find κ using FDTD simulations either by exciting one of the cavities and calculating the energy-transfer time to the other or by determining the split normal-mode frequencies. For the “test” disk cavity the radius rC of the radiation caustic is rC≈11 r, and for non-radiative coupling D<rC, therefore here one can choose D/r=10, 7, 5, 3. Then, for the mode of FIG. 3, which is odd with respect to the line that connects the two cavities, the analytical predictions are ω/2κ=1602, 771, 298, 48, while the numerical predictions are ω/2κ=1717, 770, 298, 47 respectively, so the two methods agree well. The radiation fields of the two initial cavity modes interfere constructively or destructively depending on their relative phases and amplitudes, leading to increased or decreased net radiation loss respectively, therefore for any cavity distance the even and odd normal modes have Qs that are one larger and one smaller than the initial single-cavity Q=1992 (a phenomenon not captured by coupled-mode theory), but in a way that the average Γ is always approximately Γ≈ω/2 Q. Therefore, the corresponding coupling-to-loss ratios are κ/Γ=1.16, 2.59, 6.68, 42.49, and although they do not fall in the ideal operating regime κ/Γ>>1, the achieved values are still large enough to be useful for applications.


Consider a loop 10 or 12 of N coils of radius r of conducting wire with circular cross-section of radius a surrounded by air, as shown in FIG. 3. This wire has inductance L=μoN2r[ ln(8 r/a)−2], where μo is the magnetic permeability of free space, so connecting it to a capacitance C will make the loop resonant at frequency ω=1√{square root over (LC)}. The nature of the resonance lies in the periodic exchange of energy from the electric field inside the capacitor due to the voltage across it to the magnetic field in free space due to the current in the wire. Losses in this resonant system consist of ohmic loss inside the wire and radiative loss into free space.


For non-radiative coupling one should use the near-field region, whose extent is set roughly by the wavelength λ, therefore the preferable operating regime is that where the loop is small (r<<λ). In this limit, the resistances associated with the two loss channels are respectively Rohm=√{square root over (μoρω/2)}·Nr/a and Rrad=π/6·ηoN2(ωr/c)4, where ρ is the resistivity of the wire material and ηo≈120πΩ is the impedance of free space. The quality factor of such a resonance is then Q=ωL/(Rohm+Rrad) and is highest for some frequency determined by the system parameters: at lower frequencies it is dominated by ohmic loss and at higher frequencies by radiation.


To get a rough estimate in the microwave, one can use one coil (N=1) of copper (ρ=1.69·10−8 Ωm) wire and then for r=1 cm and a=1 mm, appropriate for example for a cell phone, the quality factor peaks to Q=1225 at f=380 MHz, for r=30 cm and a=2 mm for a laptop or a household robot Q=1103 at f=17 MHz, while for r=1 m and a=4 mm (that could be a source loop on a room ceiling) Q=1315 at f=5 MHz. So in general, expected quality factors are Q≈1000-1500 at λ/r≈50-80, namely suitable for near-field coupling.


The rate for energy transfer between two loops 10 and 12 at distance D between their centers, as shown in FIG. 3, is given by κ12=ωM/2√{square root over (L1L2)}, where M is the mutual inductance of the two loops 10 and 12. In the limit r<<D<<A one can use the quasi-static result M=π/4·μoN1N2 (r1r2)2/D3, which means that ω/2κ˜(D/√{square root over (r1r2)})3. For example, by choosing again D/r=10, 8, 6 one can get for two loops of r=1 cm, same as used before, that ω/2κ=3033, 1553, 655 respectively, for the r=30 cm that ω/2κ=7131, 3651, 1540, and for the r=1 m that ω/2κ=6481, 3318, 1400. The corresponding coupling-to-loss ratios peak at the frequency where peaks the single-loop Q and are κ/Γ=0.4, 0.79, 1.97 and 0.15, 0.3, 0.72 and 0.2, 0.4, 0.94 for the three loop-kinds and distances. An example of dissimilar loops is that of a r=1 m (source on the ceiling) loop and a r=30 cm (household robot on the floor) loop at a distance D=3 m (room height) apart, for which κ/√{square root over (γ12)}=0.88 peaks at f=6.4 MHz, in between the peaks of the individual Q's. Again, these values are not in the optimal regime κ/Γ>>1, but will be shown to be sufficient.


It is important to appreciate the difference between this inductive scheme and the already used close-range inductive schemes for energy transfer in that those schemes are non-resonant. Using coupled-mode theory it is easy to show that, keeping the geometry and the energy stored at the source fixed, the presently proposed resonant-coupling inductive mechanism allows for Q approximately 1000 times more power delivered for work at the device than the traditional non-resonant mechanism, and this is why mid-range energy transfer is now possible. Capacitively-loaded conductive loops are actually being widely used as resonant antennas (for example in cell phones), but those operate in the far-field regime with r/λ˜1, and the radiation Q's are intentionally designed to be small to make the antenna efficient, so they are not appropriate for energy transfer.


Clearly, the success of the inventive resonance-based wireless energy-transfer scheme depends strongly on the robustness of the objects' resonances. Therefore, their sensitivity to the near presence of random non-resonant extraneous objects is another aspect of the proposed scheme that requires analysis. The interaction of an extraneous object with a resonant object can be obtained by a modification of the coupled-mode-theory model in Eq. (1), since the extraneous object either does not have a well-defined resonance or is far-off-resonance, the energy exchange between the resonant and extraneous objects is minimal, so the term κ12 in Eq. (1) can be dropped. The appropriate analytical model for the field amplitude in the resonant object a1(t) becomes:











da
1

dt

=



-

i


(


ω
1

-

i






Γ
1



)





a
1


+

i






κ
11



a
1







(
2
)







Namely, the effect of the extraneous object is just a perturbation on the resonance of the resonant object and it is twofold: First, it shifts its resonant frequency through the real part of κ11 thus detuning it from other resonant objects. As shown in FIG. 7, this is a problem that can be fixed rather easily by applying a feedback mechanism 710 to every device (e.g., device resonators 720 and 730) that corrects its frequency, such as through small changes in geometry, and matches it to that of the source resonator 740. Second, it forces the resonant object to lose modal energy due to scattering into radiation from the extraneous object through the induced polarization or currents in it, and due to material absorption in the extraneous object through the imaginary part of κ11. This reduction in Q can be a detrimental effect to the functionality of the energy-transfer scheme, because it cannot be remedied, so its magnitude must be quantified.


In the first example of resonant objects that have been considered, the class of dielectric disks, small, low-index, low-material-loss or far-away stray objects will induce small scattering and absorption. To examine realistic cases that are more dangerous for reduction in Q, one can therefore place the “test” dielectric disk cavity 40 close to: a) another off-resonance object 42, such as a human being, of large Re{ε}=49 and Im{ε}=16 and of same size but different shape, as shown in FIG. 4A; and b) a roughened surface 46, such as a wall, of large extent but of small Re{ε}=2.5 and Im{ε}=0.05, as shown in FIG. 4B.


Analytically, for objects that interact with a small perturbation the reduced value of radiation-Q due to scattering could be estimated using the polarization ∫d3r|PX1(r)|2∝∫d3r|E1(r)·Re{εX(r)}|2 induced by the resonant cavity 1 inside the extraneous object X=42 or roughened surface X=46. Since in the examined cases either the refractive index or the size of the extraneous objects is large, these first-order perturbation-theory results would not be accurate enough, thus one can only rely on numerical FDTD simulations. The absorption-Q inside these objects can be estimated through Im{κ11}=ω1/2·∫d3r E1(r)|2Im{εX(r)}/∫d3r|E1(r)|2ε(r).


Using these methods, for distances D/r=10, 7, 5, 3 between the cavity and extraneous-object centers one can find that Qrad=1992 is respectively reduced to Qrad=1988, 1258, 702, 226, and that the absorption rate inside the object is Qabs=312530, 86980, 21864, 1662, namely the resonance of the cavity is not detrimentally disturbed from high-index and/or high-loss extraneous objects, unless the (possibly mobile) object comes very close to the cavity. For distances D/r=10, 7, 5, 3, 0 of the cavity to the roughened surface we find respectively Qrad=2101, 2257, 1760, 1110, 572, and Qabs>4000, namely the influence on the initial resonant mode is acceptably low, even in the extreme case when the cavity is embedded on the surface. Note that a close proximity of metallic objects could also significantly scatter the resonant field, but one can assume for simplicity that such objects are not present.


Imagine now a combined system where a resonant source-object s is used to wirelessly transfer energy to a resonant device-object d but there is an off-resonance extraneous-object e present. One can see that the strength of all extrinsic loss mechanisms from e is determined by |Es(re)|2, by the square of the small amplitude of the tails of the resonant source, evaluated at the position re of the extraneous object. In contrast, the coefficient of resonant coupling of energy from the source to the device is determined by the same-order tail amplitude |Es(rd)|, evaluated at the position rd of the device, but this time it is not squared! Therefore, for equal distances of the source to the device and to the extraneous object, the coupling time for energy exchange with the device is much shorter than the time needed for the losses inside the extraneous object to accumulate, especially if the amplitude of the resonant field has an exponential-like decay away from the source. One could actually optimize the performance by designing the system so that the desired coupling is achieved with smaller tails at the source and longer at the device, so that interference to the source from the other objects is minimal.


The above concepts can be verified in the case of dielectric disk cavities by a simulation that combines FIGS. 2A-2B and 4A-4B, namely that of two (source-device) “test” cavities 50 placed 10 r apart, in the presence of a same-size extraneous object 52 of ε=49 between them, and at a distance 5 r from a large roughened surface 56 of ε=2.5, as shown in FIG. 5. Then, the original values of Q=1992, ω/2κ=1717 (and thus κ/Γ=1.16) deteriorate to Q=765, ω/2κ=965 (and thus κ/Γ=0.79). This change is acceptably small, considering the extent of the considered external perturbation, and, since the system design has not been optimized, the final value of coupling-to-loss ratio is promising that this scheme can be useful for energy transfer.


In the second example of resonant objects being considered, the conducting-wire loops, the influence of extraneous objects on the resonances is nearly absent. The reason for this is that, in the quasi-static regime of operation (r<<λ) that is being considered, the near field in the air region surrounding the loop is predominantly magnetic, since the electric field is localized inside the capacitor. Therefore, extraneous objects that could interact with this field and act as a perturbation to the resonance are those having significant magnetic properties (magnetic permeability Re{μ}>1 or magnetic loss Im{μ}>0). Since almost all common materials are non-magnetic, they respond to magnetic fields in the same way as free space, and thus will not disturb the resonance of a conducting-wire loop. The only perturbation that is expected to affect these resonances is a close proximity of large metallic structures.


An extremely important implication of the above fact relates to safety considerations for human beings. Humans are also non-magnetic and can sustain strong magnetic fields without undergoing any risk. This is clearly an advantage of this class of resonant systems for many real-world applications. On the other hand, dielectric systems of high (effective) index have the advantages that their efficiencies seem to be higher, judging from the larger achieved values of κ/Γ, and that they are also applicable to much smaller length-scales, as mentioned before.


Consider now again the combined system of resonant source s and device d in the presence of a human h and a wall, and now let us study the efficiency of this resonance-based energy-transfer scheme, when energy is being drained from the device for use into operational work. One can use the parameters found before: for dielectric disks, absorption-dominated loss at the source Qs˜104, radiation-dominated loss at the device Qd˜103 (which includes scattering from the human and the wall), absorption of the source- and device-energy at the human Qs-h, Qd-h˜104-105 depending on his/her not-very-close distance from the objects, and negligible absorption loss in the wall; for conducting-wire loops, Qs˜Qd˜103, and perturbations from the human and the wall are negligible. With corresponding loss-rates Γ=ω/2 Q, distance-dependent coupling κ, and the rate at which working power is extracted σw, the coupled-mode-theory equation for the device field-amplitude is











da
d

dt

=



-

i


(

ω
-

i






Γ
d



)





a
d


+

i





κ






a
s


-


Γ

d
-
h




a
d


-


Γ
w




a
d

.







(
3
)







Different temporal schemes can be used to extract power from the device and their efficiencies exhibit different dependence on the combined system parameters. Here, one can assume steady state, such that the field amplitude inside the source is maintained constant, namely as(t)=Ase−iωt, so then the field amplitude inside the device is ad(t)=Ade−iωt with Ad=iκ/(Γdd-hw)As. Therefore, the power lost at the source is Ps=2Γs|As|2, at the device it is Pd=2Γd|Ad|2, the power absorbed at the human is Ph=2Γs-h|As|2+2Γd-h|Ad|2, and the useful extracted power is Pw=2Γw|Ad2. From energy conservation, the total power entering the system is Ptotal=Ps+Pd+Ph+Pw. Denote the total loss-rates Γstotss-h and Γdtotdd-h. Depending on the targeted application, the work-drainage rate should be chosen either Γwdtot to minimize the required energy stored in the resonant objects or Γwdtot√{square root over (1+κ2stotΓdtot)}>Γdtot such that the ratio of useful-to-lost powers, namely the efficiency ηw=Pw/Ptotal, is maximized for some value of κ. The efficiencies η for the two different choices are shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B respectively, as a function of the κ/Γd figure-of-merit which in turn depends on the source-device distance.



FIGS. 6A-6B show that for the system of dielectric disks and the choice of optimized efficiency, the efficiency can be large, e.g., at least 40%. The dissipation of energy inside the human is small enough, less than 5%, for values κ/Γd>1 and Qh>105, namely for medium-range source-device distances (Dd/r>10) and most human-source/device distances (Dh/r>8). For example, for Dd/r=10 and Dh/r=8, if 10 W must be delivered to the load, then, from FIG. 6B, ˜0.4 W will be dissipated inside the human, ˜4 W will be absorbed inside the source, and ˜2.6 W will be radiated to free space. For the system of conducting-wire loops, the achieved efficiency is smaller, ˜20% for κ/Γd≈1, but the significant advantage is that there is no dissipation of energy inside the human, as explained earlier.


Even better performance should be achievable through optimization of the resonant object designs. Also, by exploiting the earlier mentioned interference effects between the radiation fields of the coupled objects, such as continuous-wave operation at the frequency of the normal mode that has the larger radiation-Q, one could further improve the overall system functionality. Thus the inventive wireless energy-transfer scheme is promising for many modern applications. Although all considerations have been for a static geometry, all the results can be applied directly for the dynamic geometries of mobile objects, since the energy-transfer time κ−1˜1 μs, which is much shorter than any timescale associated with motions of macroscopic objects.


The invention provides a resonance-based scheme for mid-range wireless non-radiative energy transfer. Analyses of very simple implementation geometries provide encouraging performance characteristics for the potential applicability of the proposed mechanism. For example, in the macroscopic world, this scheme could be used to deliver power to robots and/or computers in a factory room, or electric buses on a highway (source-cavity would in this case be a “pipe” running above the highway). In the microscopic world, where much smaller wavelengths would be used and smaller powers are needed, one could use it to implement optical inter-connects for CMOS electronics or else to transfer energy to autonomous nano-objects, without worrying much about the relative alignment between the sources and the devices; energy-transfer distance could be even longer compared to the objects' size, since Im{ε(ω)} of dielectric materials can be much lower at the required optical frequencies than it is at microwave frequencies.


As a venue of future scientific research, different material systems should be investigated for enhanced performance or different range of applicability. For example, it might be possible to significantly improve performance by exploring plasmonic systems. These systems can often have spatial variations of fields on their surface that are much shorter than the free-space wavelength, and it is precisely this feature that enables the required decoupling of the scales: the resonant object can be significantly smaller than the exponential-like tails of its field. Furthermore, one should also investigate using acoustic resonances for applications in which source and device are connected via a common condensed-matter object.


Although the present invention has been shown and described with respect to several preferred embodiments thereof, various changes, omissions and additions to the form and detail thereof, may be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims
  • 1. An apparatus for a wireless power system for providing power to a vehicle, the wireless power system including a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and for powering the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)≥200, the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, the apparatus comprising:a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)>200, the source resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance,wherein the source resonator and the device resonator are configured to resonantly and wirelessly couple electromagnetic power from the source resonator to the device resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, and wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over a range of distances D, andwherein the source resonator and the device resonator each have a characteristic size, and the characteristic size of the source resonator is not more than 100/30 times the characteristic size of the device resonator.
  • 2. An apparatus for use in a wireless power system for providing for providing power to a vehicle, the wireless power system including a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)>200, the apparatus comprising:a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and for powering the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)>200, the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance,wherein the source resonator and the device resonator are configured to resonantly and wirelessly couple electromagnetic power from the source resonator to the device resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, and wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over a range of distances D, andwherein the source resonator and the device resonator each have a characteristic size, and the characteristic size of the source resonator is not more than 100/30 times the characteristic size of the device resonator.
  • 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be dynamically set as a function of the energy transfer rate κ between the first and second resonators as the device resonator is movable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
  • 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be dynamically set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
  • 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be set such that Γw=Γ2 √{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} for said value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
  • 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be dynamically set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
  • 7. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
  • 8. A method for providing power wirelessly to a vehicle, wherein the vehicle is configured for use with a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)≥200, the method comprising: providing the vehicle with a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and provide power to the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)>200, the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, wherein the device resonator is spaced from the source resonator and configured to move freely relative to the source resonator over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator; andresonantly and wirelessly receiving electromagnetic power at the device resonator from the source resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over the range of distances D,wherein the source resonator and the device resonator each have a characteristic size, and the characteristic size of the source resonator is not more than 100/30 times the characteristic size of the device resonator.
  • 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is dynamically set as a function of the energy transfer rate κ between the first and second resonators as the device resonator moves relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
  • 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is dynamically set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
  • 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is dynamically set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
  • 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
  • 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing the source resonator.
  • 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising providing the power supply.
  • 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the range of distances D includes D=6 cm.
  • 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising providing the source resonator and the power supply.
  • 17. The method of claim 8, further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
  • 18. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing the source resonator.
  • 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising providing the power supply.
  • 20. The method of claim 8, wherein the power provided to the load is at least 10 watts.
  • 21. The method of claim 8, wherein each intrinsic loss rate comprises a resistive component and a radiative component.
  • 22. The method of claim 8, wherein the range of distances D includes D=6 cm.
  • 23. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing the source resonator and the power supply.
  • 24. A method for providing power wirelessly to a vehicle, wherein the vehicle is configured for use with a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1)>200, the method comprising: providing the source resonator coupled to the power supply;providing the vehicle with a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and provide power to the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2)>200, the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, wherein the device resonator is spaced from the source resonator and configured to move freely relative to the source resonator over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator; andresonantly and wirelessly receiving electromagnetic power at the device resonator from the source resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over the range of distances D.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation and claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC § 120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/083,726, filed on Mar. 29, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/629,709, filed Feb. 24, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,450,421, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/302,662, filed Jun. 12, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,065,286, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/639,963, filed Dec. 16, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,760,007, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/553,957, filed Sep. 3, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/481,077 filed Jul. 5, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,734, which claims priority under 35 USC § 119(e) to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/698,442 filed Jul. 12, 2005. The contents of the prior applications mentioned above are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support awarded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-0213282. The government has certain rights in this invention.

US Referenced Citations (428)
Number Name Date Kind
645576 Tesla Mar 1900 A
649621 Tesla May 1900 A
787412 Tesla Apr 1905 A
1119732 Tesla Dec 1914 A
2133494 Waters Oct 1938 A
2266262 Polydoroff Dec 1941 A
3517350 Beaver Jun 1970 A
3535543 Dailey Oct 1970 A
3780425 Penn et al. Dec 1973 A
3871176 Schukei Mar 1975 A
4088999 Fletcher et al. May 1978 A
4095998 Hanson Jun 1978 A
4180795 Matsuda et al. Dec 1979 A
4280129 Wells Jul 1981 A
4441210 Hochmair et al. Apr 1984 A
4450431 Hochstein May 1984 A
4588978 Allen May 1986 A
4621243 Harada Nov 1986 A
4679560 Galbraith Jul 1987 A
5027709 Slagle Jul 1991 A
5033295 Schmid et al. Jul 1991 A
5034658 Hiering et al. Jul 1991 A
5053774 Schuermann et al. Oct 1991 A
5070293 Ishii et al. Dec 1991 A
5118997 El-Hamamsy Jun 1992 A
5216402 Carosa Jun 1993 A
5229652 Hough Jul 1993 A
5287112 Schuermann Feb 1994 A
5293308 Boys et al. Mar 1994 A
5341083 Klontz et al. Aug 1994 A
5367242 Hulman Nov 1994 A
5374930 Schuermann Dec 1994 A
5408209 Tanzer et al. Apr 1995 A
5437057 Richley et al. Jul 1995 A
5455467 Young et al. Oct 1995 A
5493691 Barrett Feb 1996 A
5522856 Reineman Jun 1996 A
5528113 Boys et al. Jun 1996 A
5541604 Meier Jul 1996 A
5550452 Shirai et al. Aug 1996 A
5565763 Arrendale et al. Oct 1996 A
5630835 Brownlee May 1997 A
5631660 Higashiguchi et al. May 1997 A
5697956 Bornzin Dec 1997 A
5703461 Minoshima et al. Dec 1997 A
5703573 Fujimoto et al. Dec 1997 A
5710413 King et al. Jan 1998 A
5742471 Barbee, Jr. et al. Apr 1998 A
5821728 Schwind Oct 1998 A
5821731 Kuki et al. Oct 1998 A
5864323 Berthon Jan 1999 A
5898579 Boys et al. Apr 1999 A
5903134 Takeuchi May 1999 A
5923544 Urano Jul 1999 A
5940509 Jovanovich et al. Aug 1999 A
5957956 Kroll et al. Sep 1999 A
5959245 Moe et al. Sep 1999 A
5986895 Stewart et al. Nov 1999 A
5993996 Firsich Nov 1999 A
5999308 Nelson et al. Dec 1999 A
6012659 Nakazawa et al. Jan 2000 A
6028429 Green et al. Feb 2000 A
6047214 Mueller et al. Apr 2000 A
6066163 John May 2000 A
6067473 Greeninger et al. May 2000 A
6101300 Fan et al. Aug 2000 A
6108579 Snell et al. Aug 2000 A
6127799 Krishnan Oct 2000 A
6130591 Tsuzuki Oct 2000 A
6176433 Uesaka et al. Jan 2001 B1
6184651 Fernandez et al. Feb 2001 B1
6207887 Bass et al. Mar 2001 B1
6225800 Zhang et al. May 2001 B1
6232841 Bartlett May 2001 B1
6238387 Miller, III May 2001 B1
6240318 Phillips May 2001 B1
6252762 Amatucci Jun 2001 B1
6262639 Shu et al. Jul 2001 B1
6300760 Schubert et al. Oct 2001 B1
6407470 Seelig Jun 2002 B1
6436299 Baarman et al. Aug 2002 B1
6450946 Forsell Sep 2002 B1
6452465 Brown et al. Sep 2002 B1
6459218 Boys et al. Oct 2002 B2
6473028 Luc Oct 2002 B1
6483202 Boys Nov 2002 B1
6515878 Meins et al. Feb 2003 B1
6533178 Gaul et al. Mar 2003 B1
6535133 Gohara Mar 2003 B2
6561975 Pool et al. May 2003 B1
6563425 Nicholson et al. May 2003 B2
6597076 Scheible et al. Jul 2003 B2
6609023 Fischell et al. Aug 2003 B1
6631072 Paul et al. Oct 2003 B1
6650227 Bradin Nov 2003 B1
6664770 Bartels Dec 2003 B1
6673250 Kuennen et al. Jan 2004 B2
6683256 Kao Jan 2004 B2
6696647 Ono et al. Feb 2004 B2
6703921 Wuidart et al. Mar 2004 B1
6731071 Baarman May 2004 B2
6749119 Scheible et al. Jun 2004 B2
6772011 Dolgin Aug 2004 B2
6798716 Charych Sep 2004 B1
6803744 Sabo Oct 2004 B1
6806649 Mollema et al. Oct 2004 B2
6812645 Baarman Nov 2004 B2
6825620 Kuennen et al. Nov 2004 B2
6831417 Baarman Dec 2004 B2
6839035 Addonisio et al. Jan 2005 B1
6844702 Giannopoulos et al. Jan 2005 B2
6856291 Mickle et al. Feb 2005 B2
6858970 Malkin et al. Feb 2005 B2
6906495 Cheng et al. Jun 2005 B2
6917163 Baarman Jul 2005 B2
6917431 Soljacic et al. Jul 2005 B2
6937130 Scheible et al. Aug 2005 B2
6960968 Odendaal et al. Nov 2005 B2
6961619 Casey Nov 2005 B2
6967462 Landis Nov 2005 B1
6975198 Baarman Dec 2005 B2
6988026 Breed et al. Jan 2006 B2
7027311 Vanderelli et al. Apr 2006 B2
7035076 Stevenson Apr 2006 B1
7042196 Ka-Lai et al. May 2006 B2
7058357 Wuidart et al. Jun 2006 B1
7069064 Govorgian et al. Jun 2006 B2
7084605 Mickle et al. Aug 2006 B2
7116200 Baarman et al. Oct 2006 B2
7118240 Baarman et al. Oct 2006 B2
7126450 Baarman et al. Oct 2006 B2
7127293 MacDonald Oct 2006 B2
7132918 Baarman et al. Nov 2006 B2
7147604 Allen et al. Dec 2006 B1
7180248 Kuennen et al. Feb 2007 B2
7191007 Desai et al. Mar 2007 B2
7193418 Freytag Mar 2007 B2
7212414 Baarman May 2007 B2
7233137 Nakamura et al. Jun 2007 B2
7239110 Cheng et al. Jul 2007 B2
7248017 Cheng et al. Jul 2007 B2
7251527 Lyden Jul 2007 B2
7288918 DiStefano Oct 2007 B2
7375492 Calhoon et al. May 2008 B2
7375493 Calhoon et al. May 2008 B2
7378817 Calhoon et al. May 2008 B2
7382636 Baarman et al. Jun 2008 B2
7385357 Kuennen et al. Jun 2008 B2
7443135 Cho Oct 2008 B2
7462951 Baarman Dec 2008 B1
7466213 Lobl et al. Dec 2008 B2
7474058 Baarman Jan 2009 B2
7492247 Schmidt et al. Feb 2009 B2
7514818 Abe et al. Apr 2009 B2
7518267 Baarman Apr 2009 B2
7525283 Cheng et al. Apr 2009 B2
7545337 Guenther Jun 2009 B2
7599743 Hassler, Jr. et al. Oct 2009 B2
7615936 Baarman et al. Nov 2009 B2
7639514 Baarman Dec 2009 B2
7741734 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2010 B2
7795708 Katti Sep 2010 B2
7825543 Karalis et al. Nov 2010 B2
7843288 Lee et al. Nov 2010 B2
7863859 Soar Jan 2011 B2
8022576 Joannopoulos et al. Sep 2011 B2
8076800 Joannopoulos et al. Dec 2011 B2
8076801 Karalis et al. Dec 2011 B2
8077485 Lee Dec 2011 B2
8084889 Joannopoulos et al. Dec 2011 B2
8097983 Karalis et al. Jan 2012 B2
8131378 Greenberg et al. Mar 2012 B2
8178995 Amano et al. May 2012 B2
8362651 Hamam et al. Jan 2013 B2
8395282 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8395283 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400018 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400019 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400020 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400021 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400022 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400023 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8400024 Joannopoulos et al. Mar 2013 B2
8760007 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2014 B2
8760008 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2014 B2
8766485 Joannopoulos et al. Jul 2014 B2
8772971 Joannopoulos et al. Jul 2014 B2
8772972 Joannopoulos et al. Jul 2014 B2
8791599 Joannopoulos et al. Jul 2014 B2
8836172 Hamam et al. Sep 2014 B2
9065286 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2015 B2
9444265 Karalis et al. Sep 2016 B2
9450421 Joannopoulos et al. Sep 2016 B2
9450422 Karalis et al. Sep 2016 B2
9509147 Karalis et al. Nov 2016 B2
9831722 Joannopoulos Nov 2017 B2
20010012208 Boys Aug 2001 A1
20020032471 Loftin et al. Mar 2002 A1
20020105343 Scheible et al. Aug 2002 A1
20020118004 Scheible et al. Aug 2002 A1
20020130642 Ettes et al. Sep 2002 A1
20020167294 Odaohhara Nov 2002 A1
20030038641 Scheible Feb 2003 A1
20030062794 Scheible et al. Apr 2003 A1
20030062980 Scheible et al. Apr 2003 A1
20030071034 Thompson et al. Apr 2003 A1
20030124050 Yadav et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030126948 Yadav et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030160590 Schaefer et al. Aug 2003 A1
20030199778 Mickle et al. Oct 2003 A1
20030214255 Baarman et al. Nov 2003 A1
20040000974 Odenaal et al. Jan 2004 A1
20040026998 Henriott et al. Feb 2004 A1
20040100338 Clark May 2004 A1
20040113847 Qi et al. Jun 2004 A1
20040130425 Dayan et al. Jul 2004 A1
20040130915 Baarman Jul 2004 A1
20040130916 Baarman Jul 2004 A1
20040142733 Parise Jul 2004 A1
20040150934 Baarman Aug 2004 A1
20040189246 Bulai et al. Sep 2004 A1
20040201361 Koh et al. Oct 2004 A1
20040222751 Mollema et al. Nov 2004 A1
20040227057 Tuominen et al. Nov 2004 A1
20040232845 Baarman Nov 2004 A1
20040233043 Yazawa et al. Nov 2004 A1
20040267501 Freed et al. Dec 2004 A1
20050007067 Baarman et al. Jan 2005 A1
20050020224 Locatelli et al. Jan 2005 A1
20050021134 Opie Jan 2005 A1
20050027192 Govari et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050030251 Okamura et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050033382 Single Feb 2005 A1
20050085873 Gord et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050093475 Kuennen et al. May 2005 A1
20050104064 Hegarty et al. May 2005 A1
20050104453 Vanderelli et al. May 2005 A1
20050116650 Baarman Jun 2005 A1
20050116683 Cheng et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050122058 Baarman et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050122059 Baarman et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050125093 Kikuchi et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050127849 Baarman et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050127850 Baarman et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050127866 Hamilton et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050135122 Cheng et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050140482 Cheng et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050151511 Chary Jul 2005 A1
20050156560 Shimaoka et al. Jul 2005 A1
20050189945 Reiderman Sep 2005 A1
20050194926 Di Stefano Sep 2005 A1
20050253152 Klimov et al. Nov 2005 A1
20050288739 Hassler, Jr. et al. Dec 2005 A1
20050288740 Hassler, Jr. et al. Dec 2005 A1
20050288741 Hassler, Jr. et al. Dec 2005 A1
20050288742 Giordano et al. Dec 2005 A1
20060001509 Gibbs Jan 2006 A1
20060022636 Xian et al. Feb 2006 A1
20060044188 Tsai et al. Mar 2006 A1
20060053296 Busboom et al. Mar 2006 A1
20060061323 Cheng et al. Mar 2006 A1
20060066443 Hall Mar 2006 A1
20060090956 Peshkovskiy et al. May 2006 A1
20060132045 Baarman Jun 2006 A1
20060159392 Popovic Jul 2006 A1
20060164866 Vanderelli et al. Jul 2006 A1
20060164868 Weber Jul 2006 A1
20060181242 Freed et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060184209 John et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060184210 Singhal et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060185809 Elfrink et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060199620 Greene et al. Sep 2006 A1
20060202665 Hsu Sep 2006 A1
20060205381 Beart et al. Sep 2006 A1
20060214626 Nilson et al. Sep 2006 A1
20060219448 Grieve et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060238365 Vecchione et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060270440 Shearer et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060281435 Shearer et al. Dec 2006 A1
20060284708 Reeves Dec 2006 A1
20070008140 Saarisalo et al. Jan 2007 A1
20070010295 Greene et al. Jan 2007 A1
20070013483 Stewart Jan 2007 A1
20070016089 Fischell et al. Jan 2007 A1
20070021140 Keyes, IV et al. Jan 2007 A1
20070024246 Flaugher Feb 2007 A1
20070064406 Beart Mar 2007 A1
20070069687 Suzuki Mar 2007 A1
20070096875 Waterhouse et al. May 2007 A1
20070105429 Kohl et al. May 2007 A1
20070117596 Greene et al. May 2007 A1
20070126650 Guenther Jun 2007 A1
20070145830 Lee et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070171681 Baarman Jul 2007 A1
20070176840 Pristas et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070178945 Cook et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070182367 Partovi Aug 2007 A1
20070208263 John et al. Sep 2007 A1
20070222542 Joannopoulos et al. Sep 2007 A1
20070247005 Tetlow Oct 2007 A1
20070267918 Gyland Nov 2007 A1
20070276538 Kjellsson et al. Nov 2007 A1
20080012569 Hall et al. Jan 2008 A1
20080014897 Cook et al. Jan 2008 A1
20080030415 Homan et al. Feb 2008 A1
20080067874 Tseng Mar 2008 A1
20080191638 Kuennen et al. Aug 2008 A1
20080197710 Kreitz et al. Aug 2008 A1
20080211320 Cook et al. Sep 2008 A1
20080265684 Farkas Oct 2008 A1
20080266748 Lee Oct 2008 A1
20080278264 Karalis et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080294208 Willis et al. Nov 2008 A1
20090010028 Baarmen et al. Jan 2009 A1
20090015075 Cook et al. Jan 2009 A1
20090033564 Cook et al. Feb 2009 A1
20090045772 Cook et al. Feb 2009 A1
20090051224 Cook et al. Feb 2009 A1
20090058189 Cook et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090067198 Graham et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090072627 Cook et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090072628 Cook et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090072629 Cook et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090079268 Cook et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090085408 Bruhn Apr 2009 A1
20090085706 Baarman et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090096413 Patovi et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090102292 Cook et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090108679 Porwal Apr 2009 A1
20090108997 Patterson et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090127937 Widmer et al. May 2009 A1
20090134712 Cook et al. May 2009 A1
20090146892 Shimizu et al. Jun 2009 A1
20090153273 Chen Jun 2009 A1
20090160261 Elo Jun 2009 A1
20090167449 Cook et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090174263 Baarman et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090179502 Cook et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090189458 Kawasaki Jul 2009 A1
20090195332 Joannopoulos et al. Aug 2009 A1
20090195333 Joannopoulos et al. Aug 2009 A1
20090212636 Cook et al. Aug 2009 A1
20090213028 Cook et al. Aug 2009 A1
20090224608 Cook et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090224609 Cook et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090224856 Karalis et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090230777 Baarman et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090237194 Waffenschmidt et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090243394 Levine Oct 2009 A1
20090243397 Cook et al. Oct 2009 A1
20090251008 Sugaya Oct 2009 A1
20090267558 Jung Oct 2009 A1
20090267709 Joannopoulos et al. Oct 2009 A1
20090267710 Joannopoulos et al. Oct 2009 A1
20090271047 Wakamatsu Oct 2009 A1
20090271048 Wakamatsu Oct 2009 A1
20090273242 Cook Nov 2009 A1
20090281678 Wakamatsu Nov 2009 A1
20090284082 Mohammadian Nov 2009 A1
20090284083 Karalis et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090284218 Mohammadian et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090284220 Toncich et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090284227 Mohammadian et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090284245 Kirby et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090284369 Toncich et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090286470 Mohammadian et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090286475 Toncich et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090286476 Toncich et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090289595 Chen et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090299918 Cook et al. Dec 2009 A1
20100038970 Cook et al. Feb 2010 A1
20100096934 Joannopoulos et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100102639 Joannopoulos et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100102640 Joannopoulos et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100102641 Joannopoulos et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100117455 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100117456 Karalis et al. May 2010 A1
20100123353 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100123354 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100123355 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100127573 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100127574 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100127575 Joannopoulos et al. May 2010 A1
20100133918 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2010 A1
20100133919 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2010 A1
20100133920 Joannopoulos et al. Jun 2010 A1
20100148589 Hamam et al. Jun 2010 A1
20100171370 Karalis et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100181844 Karalis et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100187911 Joannopoulos et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100201205 Karalis et al. Aug 2010 A1
20100207458 Joannopoulos et al. Aug 2010 A1
20100225175 Karalis et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100231053 Karalis et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100231163 Mashinsky Sep 2010 A1
20100237706 Karalis et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100237707 Karalis et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100237708 Karalis et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100253152 Karalis et al. Oct 2010 A1
20100264745 Karalis et al. Oct 2010 A1
20100277005 Karalis et al. Nov 2010 A1
20100289449 Elo Nov 2010 A1
20100327660 Karalis et al. Dec 2010 A1
20100327661 Karalis et al. Dec 2010 A1
20110012431 Karalis et al. Jan 2011 A1
20110018361 Karalis et al. Jan 2011 A1
20110025131 Karalis et al. Feb 2011 A1
20110043046 Joannopoulos et al. Feb 2011 A1
20110049996 Karalis et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110049998 Karalis et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110074218 Karalis et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110074347 Karalis et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110089895 Karalis et al. Apr 2011 A1
20110140544 Karalis et al. Jun 2011 A1
20110148219 Karalis et al. Jun 2011 A1
20110162895 Karalis et al. Jul 2011 A1
20110169339 Karalis et al. Jul 2011 A1
20110181122 Karalis et al. Jul 2011 A1
20110193419 Karalis et al. Aug 2011 A1
20110198939 Karalis et al. Aug 2011 A1
20110221278 Karalis et al. Sep 2011 A1
20110227528 Karalis et al. Sep 2011 A1
20110227530 Karalis et al. Sep 2011 A1
20110241618 Karalis et al. Oct 2011 A1
20120068549 Karalis et al. Mar 2012 A1
20120228960 Karalis et al. Sep 2012 A1
20130181541 Karalis et al. Jul 2013 A1
20140354071 Hamam et al. Dec 2014 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (95)
Number Date Country
142352 Aug 1912 CA
1309793 Aug 2001 CN
1370341 Sep 2002 CN
1703823 Nov 2005 CN
1993863 Jul 2007 CN
30 43 441 Jun 1982 DE
38 24 972 Jan 1989 DE
100 29147 Dec 2001 DE
200 16 655 Mar 2002 DE
102 21 484 Nov 2003 DE
103 04584 Aug 2004 DE
10 2005 036290 Feb 2007 DE
102006044057 Apr 2008 DE
1 296 407 Mar 2003 EP
1335477 Aug 2003 EP
1 521 206 Apr 2005 EP
1 524 010 Apr 2005 EP
2 307 379 May 1997 GB
61-159804 Jul 1986 JP
02-097005 Apr 1990 JP
4-265875 Sep 1992 JP
6-341410 Dec 1994 JP
7-50508 Feb 1995 JP
9-147070 Jun 1997 JP
9-182323 Jul 1997 JP
9-298847 Nov 1997 JP
10-84304 Mar 1998 JP
10-164837 Jun 1998 JP
11-25238 Jan 1999 JP
11-75329 Mar 1999 JP
11-155245 Jun 1999 JP
11-188113 Jul 1999 JP
2001-309580 Nov 2001 JP
2002-10535 Jan 2002 JP
2002-508916 Mar 2002 JP
2003-179526 Jun 2003 JP
2004-166459 Jun 2004 JP
2004-201458 Jul 2004 JP
2005-57444 Mar 2005 JP
2005-149238 Jun 2005 JP
2006-074848 Mar 2006 JP
2007-505480 Mar 2007 JP
2007-537637 Dec 2007 JP
2009-501510 Jan 2009 JP
2012-105537 May 2012 JP
2000-0046258 Jul 2000 KR
10-2004-0072581 Aug 2004 KR
10-2007-0017804 Feb 2007 KR
112842 Jul 2005 SG
WO 9217929 Oct 1992 WO
WO 9323908 Nov 1993 WO
WO 9428560 Dec 1994 WO
WO 9511545 Apr 1995 WO
WO 9602970 Feb 1996 WO
WO 9850993 Nov 1998 WO
WO 0077910 Dec 2000 WO
WO 03036761 Jan 2003 WO
WO 03081324 Oct 2003 WO
WO 03092329 Nov 2003 WO
WO 03096361 Nov 2003 WO
WO 03096512 Nov 2003 WO
WO 2004015885 Feb 2004 WO
WO 2004038888 May 2004 WO
WO 2004055654 Jul 2004 WO
WO 2004073150 Aug 2004 WO
WO 2004073166 Aug 2004 WO
WO 2004073176 Aug 2004 WO
WO 2004073177 Aug 2004 WO
WO 2004112216 Dec 2004 WO
WO 2005024865 Mar 2005 WO
WO 2005060068 Jun 2005 WO
WO 2005109597 Nov 2005 WO
WO 2005109598 Nov 2005 WO
WO 2005124962 Dec 2005 WO
WO 2006011769 Feb 2006 WO
WO 2007008646 Jan 2007 WO
WO 2007020583 Feb 2007 WO
WO 2007042952 Apr 2007 WO
WO 2007075058 Jul 2007 WO
WO 2007084716 Jul 2007 WO
WO 2007084717 Jul 2007 WO
WO 2008109489 Sep 2008 WO
WO 2008118178 Oct 2008 WO
WO 2009009559 Jan 2009 WO
WO 2009018568 Feb 2009 WO
WO 2009023155 Feb 2009 WO
WO 2009023646 Feb 2009 WO
WO 2009033043 Mar 2009 WO
WO 2009070730 Jun 2009 WO
WO 2009140506 Nov 2009 WO
WO 2010030977 Mar 2010 WO
WO 2010039967 Apr 2010 WO
WO 2010090538 Aug 2010 WO
WO 2010090539 Sep 2010 WO
WO 2011062827 May 2011 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (322)
Entry
“Intel CTO Says Gap between Humans, Machines Will Close by 2050”, Intel News Release, (See intel.com/.../20080821comp.htm?iid=S . . . ) (Printed Nov. 6, 2009).
“Intel Moves to Free Gadgets of Their Recharging Cords”, by John Markoff, The New York Times—nytimes.com, Aug. 21, 2008.
“Physics Update, Unwired Energy”, Physics Today, pp. 26, (Jan. 2007) (See http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0611063.).
“Unwired energy questions asked, answered”, Physics Today, pp. 16-17 (Sep. 2007).
“Wireless Energy Transfer Can Potentially Recharge Laptops, Cell Phones Without Cords”, by Marin Soljacic of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Davide Castelvecchi of American Institute of Physics (Nov. 14, 2006).
“‘Evanescent coupling’ could power gadgets wirelessly” by Celeste Biever, NewScientistsTech.com, (see http://www.newscientisttech.com/article.ns?id=dn10575&print=true), (Nov. 15, 2006).
“Air Power—Wireless data connections are common—now scientists are working on wireless power”, by Stephen Cass, Sponsored by Spectrum, (See http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/air-power) (Nov. 2006).
“Automatic Recharging, From a Distance” by Anne Eisenberg, The New York Times, (see www.nytimes.com/2012/03/11/business/built-in-wireless-chargeing-for-electronic-devices.html?_r=0) (published on Mar. 10, 2012).
“Electro-nirvana? Not so fast”, by Alan Boyle, MSNBC, (Jun. 8, 2007).
“How Wireless Charging Will Make Life Simpler (and Greener)” by David Ferris, Forbes (See forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2012/07/24/how-wireless-charging-will-make-life-simpler-and-greener/print/) (dated Jul. 24, 2012).
“In pictures: A year in technology”, BBC News, (Dec. 28, 2007).
“Lab report: Pull the plug for a positive charge”, by James Morgan, The Herald, Web Issue 2680 (Nov. 16, 2006).
“Look, Ma—no wires!—Electricity Broadcast through the air may someday run your home”, by Gregory M. Lamb, Staff writer. The Christian Science Monitor, (See http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1116/p14s01-stct.html) (Nov. 15, 2006).
“Man tries wirelessly boosting batteries”, by Seth Borenstein, AP Science Writer, Boston.com, (See http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/11/15/man_tries_wirelessly_b . . . ) (Nov. 15, 2006).
“Man tries wirelessly boosting batteries”, by Seth Borenstein, The Associated Press, USA Today, (Nov. 16, 2006).
“MIT discovery could unplug your iPod forever”, by Chris Reidy, Globe staff, Boston.com, (See http//www.boston.com/business/ticker/2007/06/mit_discovery_c.html) (Jun. 7, 2007).
“MIT Scientists Pave the Way for Wireless Battery Charging”, by William M. Bulkeley, The Wall Street Journal. (See http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118123955549228045.html?mod=googlenews_wsj) (Jun. 8, 2007).
“MIT's wireless electricity for mobile phones”, by Miebi Senge, Vanguard, (See http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/features/gsm/gsm211062007.htm) (Jun. 11, 2007).
“Next Little Thing 2010 Electricity without wires”, CNN Money (See money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/smallbusiness/0911/gallery.next_little_thing_2010.smb/) (dated Nov. 30, 2009).
“Outlets Are Out”, by Phil Beradelli, ScienceNOW Daily News, Science Now, (See http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2006/1114/2) (Nov. 14, 2006).
“Physics Promises Wireless Power” by Jonathan Fildes, Science and Technology Reporter, BBC News, (Nov. 15, 2006).
“Recharging gadgets without cables”, Infotech Online, Printed from infotech.indiatimes.com (Nov. 17, 2006).
“Recharging, The Wireless Way—Even physicists forget to recharge their cell phones sometimes.” by Angela Chang—PC Magazine, ABC News Internet Ventures, (2006).
“Scientists light bulb with ‘wireless elctricity’”, www.Chinaview.cn, (See http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-06/08/content_6215681.htm) (Jun. 2007).
“The Big Story for CES 2007: The public debut of eCoupled Intelligent Wireless Power” Press Release, Fulton Innovation LLC, Las Vegas, NV, Dec. 27, 2006.
“The end of the plug? Scientists invent wireless device that beams electricity through your home”, by David Derbyshire, Daily Mail, (See http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=4 . . . ) (Jun. 7, 2007).
“The Power of Induction—Cutting the last cord could resonate with our increasingly gadget-dependent lives”, by Davide Castelvecchi, Science News Online, vol. 172, No. 3, (Week of Jul. 21, 2007).
“The technology with impact 2007”, by Jonathan Fildes, BBC News, (Dec. 27, 2007).
“The vision of an MIT physicist: Getting rid of pesky rechargers” by Gareth Cooks, Globe Staff, Boston.com, (Dec. 11, 2006).
“The world's first sheet-type wireless power transmission system: Will a socket be replaced by e-wall?” Press Release, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 12, 2006.
“Wireiess charging—the future for electric cars?” by Katia Moskvitch, BBC News Technology (See www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14183409) (dated Jul. 21, 2011).
“Wireless Energy Lights Bulb from Seven Feet Away—Physicists vow to cut the cord between you laptop battery and the wall socket—with just a simple loop of wire”, by JR Minkel, ScientificAmerican.com, (See http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleid=07511C52-E7F2-99DF-3FA6ED2D7DC9AA2 . . . ) (Jun. 7, 2007).
“Wireless energy promise powers up” by Jonathan Fildes, Science and Technology Report, BBC News, (See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6725955.stm) (Jun. 7, 2007).
“Wireless Energy Transfer May Power Devices at a Distance”, ScientificAmerican.com, (Nov. 14, 2006).
“Wireless Energy”, by Clay Risen, The New York Times, (Dec. 9, 2007).
“Wireless power transfer possible”, PressTV, (See http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=12754&sectionid=3510208) (Jun. 11, 2007).
“Wireless revolution could spend end of plugs”, by Roger Highfield, Science Editor, Telegraph.co.uk, (See http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/07/nwireless107.xml) (Jun. 7, 2007).
A. Mediano et al. “Design of class E amplifier with nonlinear and linear shunt capacitances for any duty cycle”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor. Tech., vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 484-492, (2007).
Abe et al. “A Noncontact Charger Using a Resonant Converter with Parallel Capacitor of the Secondary Coil”. IEEE, 36(2):444-451, Mar./Apr. 2000.
Ahmadian et al., “Miniature Transmitter for Implantable Micro Systems”, Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cancun, Mexico, pp. 3028-3031, Sep. 17-21, 2003.
Aiguo Patrick Hu, “Selected Resonant Converters for IPT Power Supplies”, Thesis submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering for The University of Auckland, New Zealand (Oct. 2001).
Altchev et al. “Efficient Resonant Inductive Coupling Energy Transfer Using New Magnetic and Design Criteria”. IEEE, pp. 1293-1298, 2005.
Amnon Yariv et al., “Coupled-resonator optical waveguide: a proposal and analysis”, Optics Letters, vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 711-713 (Jun. 1, 1999).
Andre Kurs et al., “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances”, Science vol. 317, pp. 83-86 (Jul. 6, 2007).
Andre Kurs et al., “Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 96, No. 044102 (2010).
Apneseth et al. “Introducing wireless proximity switches” ABB Review Apr. 2002.
Aristeidis Karalis et al., “Efficient Wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer”, Annals of Physics, vol. 323, pp. 34-48 (2008).
Arthur W. Kelley et al., “Connectorless Power Supply for an Aircraft-Passenger Entertainment System”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 348-354 (Jul. 1989).
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2006269374; dated Sep. 18, 2008; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2007349874; dated Apr. 27, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2009246310; dated Jun. 13, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2 pages.
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2010200044; dated May 16, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2 pages.
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2011203137; dated Apr. 18, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2011232776; dated Dec. 2, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2 pages.
Australian Office Action, Application No. 2011232776; dated Feb. 15, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
B. E. Little, et al., “Microring Resonator Channel Dropping Filters”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 998-1005 (Jun. 1997).
Baker et al., “Feedback Analysis and Design of RF Power Links for Low-Power Bionic Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 1(1):28-38 (Mar. 2007).
Balanis, C.A., “Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design,” 3rd Edition, Sections 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3 (Wiley, New Jersey, 2005).
Benjamin L. Cannon, et al., “Magnetic Resonant Coupling As a Potential Means for Wireless Power Transfer to Multiple Small Receivers”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 1819-1825 (Jul. 2009).
Bladel, “Weakly Coupled Dielectric Resonators”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 1907-1914 (Nov. 1982).
Burri et al. “Invention Description” Feb. 5, 2008.
C. Fernandez et al., “A simple dc-dc converter for the power supply of a cochlear implant”, IEEE, pp. 1965-1970 (2003).
Canadian Office Action, Application No. 2,615,123; dated Nov. 15, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 4 pages.
Canadian Office Action, Application No. 2,682,284; dated Feb. 25, 2015 Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 4 pages.
Canadian Office Action, Application No. 2,682,284; dated Nov. 25, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200680032299.2; dated Jan. 22, 2010; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200680032299.2; dated Jun. 4, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200680032299.2; dated Oct. 17, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 9 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200780053126.3; dated Aug. 6, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 11 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200780053126.3; dated Dec. 19, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 8 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200780053126.3; dated Oct. 27, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200980127634.0; dated Apr. 2, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 11 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201010214681.3; dated Feb. 13, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 4 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201010214681.3; dated Jan. 26, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 7 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201010214681.3; dated May 29, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 4 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201010214681.3; dated Nov. 2, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 7 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201010214681.3; dated Oct. 10, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201110185992.6; dated Apr. 11, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201110185992.6; dated Jan. 4, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 10 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201110311000.X; dated Dec. 6, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 20 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201110311000.X; dated Jun. 18, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 20 pages.
Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201310280724.1; dated Jun. 16, 2015; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (7 pages).
Clemens M. Zierhofer et al., “High-Efficiency Coupling-Insensitive Transcutaneous Power and Data Transmission Via an Inductive Link”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 716-722 (Jul. 1990).
Australia Patent Examination Report No. 2 for Australian Patent Application No. 2009246310 dated Aug. 21, 2014 (3 Pages).
Australian Patent Examination Report No. 1 for Australian Patent Application No. 2013203919 dated Apr. 14, 2014.
Chinese Office Action for Chinese Application No. 201210472059.1 dated Jan. 29, 2015 (13 pages).
Chinese Office Action for Chinese Application No. 201210472059.1 dated Jun. 5, 2014 (54 pages).
Chinese Office Action for Chinese Application No. 201310098809.8 dated Mar. 2, 2015 (10 pages).
Chinese Office Action for Chinese Application No. 201310585104.9 dated Mar. 2, 2015 (10 Pages).
Chinese Office Action for Chinese Patent Application No. 201110311000.X dated Jan. 19, 2015 (6 pages).
Chinese Office Action for Chinese Patent Application No. 201310280724.1 dated Oct. 8, 2014 (20 pages).
Communication from the European Patent Office for Patent Application No. 06 786 588.1 dated Oct. 20, 2014 (6 pages).
Communication from the European Patent Office for Patent Application No. 11 184 066.6 dated Oct. 20, 2014 (7 pages).
Decision to Refuse a European Patent Application for European Application No. EP 06 786 588.1 by Chairman Alan Davis dated Sep. 30, 2016 (71 pages).
Decision to Refuse a European Patent Application for European Application No. EP 11 184 066.6 by Chairman Alan Davis dated Sep. 30, 2016 (38 pags).
European Communication for Application No. 06786588.1 dated Aug. 20, 2014 (23 pages).
European Patent Office Communication for European Patent Application No. 06786588.1 dated Jun. 17, 2016 (3 pages).
European Search Report for European Application No. 11150603 dated May 23, 2017 (9 pages).
European Search Report with regard to Application Serial No. 11184066.6 dated Mar. 20, 2013.
Examination Report for Australia Application No. 2006269374, dated Sep. 18, 2008.
Extended Search Report for European Application No. 11 15 0602 dated May 31, 2017.
Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/477,459 dated Sep. 22, 2015 (18 pages).
Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/789,860 dated Nov. 20, 2015 (23 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,958 dated Jun. 6, 2013 (18 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,963 dated Jun. 18, 2013 (16 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,635 dated Jun. 20, 2013 (20 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,777 dated Jun. 26, 2013 (17 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,813 dated Jun. 24, 2013 (17 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,852 dated Jun. 27, 2013 (19 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,904 dated Sep. 26, 2013 (23 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,966 dated Oct. 9, 2012 (20 pages).
Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,967 dated Oct. 5, 2012 (21 pages).
First Examination Report from the Indian Patent Office for Indian Patent Application No. 6195/DELNP/2009 dated Feb. 9, 2017.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2006/026480, dated Jan. 29, 2008.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability with regard to International Application No. PCT/US2007/070892 dated Sep. 29, 2009.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US09/43970, dated Jul. 14, 2009.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2006/026480, dated Dec. 21, 2007.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2007/070892, dated Mar. 3, 2008.
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for International Application No. PCT/US2011/027868 dated Jul. 5, 2011.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US09/58499 dated Dec. 10, 2009.
Japanese Office Action for Japanese Application No. 2011-509705 dated Jul. 1, 2014 (28 pages).
Japanese Office Action for Japanese Office Action No. 2013-223597 dated Nov. 17, 2015 (8 pages).
Japanese Office Action for Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-084540 dated Feb. 10, 2015 (18 pages).
Japanese Office Action for Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-093460 dated May 23, 2017.
Japanese Office Action for Patent Application No. 2013-223597 dated Nov. 11, 2014 (16 pages.).
Korean Office Action for Korean Application No. 10-2009-7022442 by the Examination Bureau of the Korean Intellectual Property Office dated Oct. 18, 2012.
Korean Office Action for Korean Application No. 10-2011-7023643 by the Examination Bureau of the Korean Intellectual Property Office dated Oct. 23, 2012.
Korean Office Action for Patent Application 10-2011-7023643 from the Examination Bureau of the Korean Intellectual Property Office dated Sep. 26, 2014 (7 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,963 dated Feb. 27, 2014 (19 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/648,604 dated Dec. 5, 2011.
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,635 dated Feb. 27, 2014 (18 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,777 dated Feb. 26, 2014 (16 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,813 dated Feb. 27, 2014 (16 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,852 dated Feb. 27, 2014 (17 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/726,742 dated May 11, 2012.
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/030,395 dated May 17, 2012.
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/036,177 dated May 15, 2012.
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/040,810 dated May 17, 2012.
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/078,511 dated May 15, 2012.
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/477,459 dated Mar. 12, 2015 (62 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/789,860 dated Mar. 13, 2015 (51 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 14/302,662 dated Mar. 12, 2015 (42 pages).
Non-Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 14/666,683 dated Aug. 17, 2015 (42 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/949,580 dated Jun. 17, 2013 (55 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/415,667 dated Oct. 5, 2012 (20 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,958 dated Aug. 16, 2012 (21 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,963 dated Aug. 31, 2012 (20 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/646,524 dated Oct. 1, 2012 (11 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,635 dated Dec. 21, 2012 (41 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,777 dated Dec. 24, 2012 (43 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,813 dated Dec. 21, 2012 (40 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,852 dated Dec. 21, 2012 (41 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,904 dated Dec. 28, 2012 (43 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/868,852 dated Oct. 10, 2012 (26 pages).
Non-Final Office Action with regard to U.S. Appl. No. 12/949,544 dated Sep. 5, 2012 (41 pages).
Notice of Allowance from U.S. Appl. No. 13/477,459 dated Mar. 31, 2016 (13 pages).
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US09/59244, dated Dec. 7, 2009, 12 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 60/908,383, filed Mar. 27, 2007.
Submission of Publication to the Japanese Patent Office for Japanese Application No. 2011-256,729, translation received on May 2, 2013.
Submission of Publication to the Japanese Patent Office for Japanese Application No. 2011-509,705, translation received on May 2, 2013.
Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings for Application No. 06 786 588.1 dated Feb. 4, 2016 (31 pages).
Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings for Application No. 11 184 066.6 dated Feb. 8, 2016 (17 pges).
Translation of Information Statement by Third Party submitted to the Japanese Patent Office for Japanese Application No. 2011-83009, translation received on May 15, 2013.
Covic et al., “Inductive Power Transfer”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, No. 6, pp. 1276-1289 (Jun. 2013).
Covic et al., “Modern Trends in Inductive Power Transfer for Transportation Applications”, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 28-41 (Mar. 2013).
D.H.Freedman. “Power on a Chip”. MIT Technology Review, Nov. 2004.
David H. Staelin et al., Electromagnetic Waves, Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 8, pp. 46-176 and 336-405 (Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 1998).
David Schneider, “A Critical Look at Wireless Power”, IEEE Spectrum, (May 2010).
David Schneider, “Wireless Power at a distance is still far away”, A Critical Look at Wireless Power—IEEE Spectrum, http://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/mass-transit/a-critical-look-at-wireless-power, (Apr. 30, 2010) (7 pages).
David Vilkomerson et al., “Implantable Doppler System for Self-Monitoring Vascular Grafts”, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 461-465 (2004).
de Beoij et a.. “Contactless Energy Transfer to a Moving Load Part I: Topology Synthesis and FEM simulation”, IEEE ISIE, Montreal, Quebec Canada, pp. 739-744 (Jul. 9-12, 2006).
de Beoij et a., “Contactless Energy Transfer to a Moving Load Part II: Simulation of Electrical and Mechanical Transient”, IEEE ISIE, Montreal, Quebec Canada, pp. 745-750 (Jul. 9-12, 2006).
Electricity Unplugged, Feature: Wireless Energy, Physics World, pp. 23-25 (Feb. 2009).
EPO Office Action for EP Application No. 07 784 396.9 dated Nov. 7, 2016 (5 pages).
Esser et al. “A New Approach to Power Supplies for Robots”. IEEE, 27(5):872-875, Sep./Oct. 1991.
European Examination Report dated Jan. 15, 2009 in connection with Application No. 06 786 588.1-1242.
European Office Action, Application No. 06 786 588.1; dated Apr. 24, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 4 pages.
European Office Action, Application No. 06 786 588.1; dated Dec. 3, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6 pages.
European Office Action, Application No. 06 786 588.1; dated Jan. 15, 2009; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
European Office Action, Application No. 11 184 066.6; dated Dec. 3, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
F. Turki, “A wireless battery charger concept with lightweight and low cost vehicle equipment: eCPS,” in Proc. Conference on Electric Roads & Vehicles, Feb. 2013, pp. 1-21.
Faria, J. A. Brandao, “Poynting Vector Flow Analysis for Contactless Energy Transfer in Magnetic Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 4292-4300 (Oct. 2012).
Fenn et al., “Linear Array Characteristics with One-Dimensional Reactive-Region Near-Field Scanning: Simulations and Measurements”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 1305-1311 (Sep. 1991).
Fenske et al. “Dielectric Materials at Microwave Frequencies”. Applied Microwave & Wireless, pp. 92-100, 2000.
Fildes, Jonathan, “Wireless Energy Promise Powers Up”, BBC News, Jun. 7, 2007 (See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6725955.stm ).
Finkenzeller, Klaus, RFID Handbook—Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards-, Nikkan Kohgyo-sya, Kanno Taihei, first version, pp. 32-37, 253 (Aug. 21, 2001).
Fumiaki Nakao et al., “Ferrite Core Couplers for Inductive Chargers”, IEEE, PCC-Osaka 2002, pp. 850-854 (2002).
G. Scheible et al., “Novel Wireless Power Supply System for Wireless Communication Devices in Industrial Automation Systems”, IEEE, (2002).
Gary Peterson, “MIT WiTricity Not So Original After All”, Feed Line No. 9, (See http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/witricity.htm) printed Nov. 12, 2009.
Geyi, Wen. A Method for the Evaluation of Small Antenna Q. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, No. 8, Aug. 2003.
GuoMin Zhang, et al., “Wireless Power Transfer Using High Temperature Superconducting Pancake Coils”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 24, No. 3 (Jun. 2014) (5 pages).
Guoxing Wang et al., “Power Supply Topologies for Biphasic Stimulation in Inductively Powered Implants”, IEEE, pp. 2743-2746 (2005).
Gurhan Alper Kendir et al., “An Efficient Inductive Power Link Design for Retinal Prosthesis”, IEEE, ISCAS 2004, pp. IV-41-IV-44 (2004).
H. Sekiya et al. “FM/PWM control scheme in class DE inverter”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 51, No. 7 (Jul. 2004).
Haus et al., “Coupled-Mode Theory”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 79, No. 10, pp. 1505-1518 (Oct. 1991).
Haus, H.A., “Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics,” Chapter 7 “Coupling of Modes—Resonators and Couplers” (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1984).
Heikkinen et al. “Performance and Efficiency of Planar Rectennas for Short-Range Wireless Power Transfer at 2.45 GHz”. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 31(2):86-91, Oct. 20, 2001.
Hirai et al. “Integral Motor with Driver and Wireless Transmission of Power and Information for Autonomous Subspindle Drive”. IEEE, 15(1):13-20, Jan. 2000.
Hirai et al. “Practical Study on Wireless Transmission of Power and Information for Autonomous Decentralized Manufacturing System”. IEEE, 46(2):349-359, Apr. 1999.
Hirai et al. “Study on Intelligent Battery Charging Using Inductive Transmission of Power and Information”. IEEE, 15(2):335-345, Mar. 2000.
Hirai et al. “Wireless Transmission of Power and Information and Information for Cableless Linear Motor Drive”. IEEE 15(1):21-27, Jan. 2000.
Ho et al., “A Comparative Study Between Novel Witricity and Traditional Inductive Magnetic Coupling in Wireless Charging”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 1522-1525 (May 2011).
Hui et al., “A Critical Review of Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer”, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 29, No. 9, pp. 4500-4511 (Sep. 2014).
J. B. Pendry. “A Chiral Route to Negative Refraction”. Science 306:1353-1355 (2004).
J. Meins, “Inductive Power Transfer Basics, Design Optimizations, Applications”, Conference on Electric Roads & Vehicles, Institute for Electrical Machines, Traction and Drives, Technical University of Braunschweig, Park City, Utah (Feb. 4-5, 2013) (42 pages).
J. Schutz et al., “Load Adaptive Medium Frequency Resonant Power Supply”, IEEE, (2002).
J.T. Boys et al., “Stability and control of inductively coupled power transfer systems”, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., vol. 147, No. 1, pp. 37-43 (Jan. 2000).
Jackson, J. D. ,“Classical Electrodynamics”,3rd Edition, Wiley, New York,1999,pp. 201-203.
Jackson, J.D., “Classical Electrodynamics,” 3rd Edition, Sections 1.11, 5.5, 5.17, 6.9, 8.1, 8.8, 9.2, 9.3 (Wiley, New York, 1999).
Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2008-521453; dated Jan. 4, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2010-500897; dated May 29, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 7 pages.
Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2011-083009; dated Jul. 2, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2011-256729; dated May 28, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 7 pages.
Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2011-509705; dated Jul. 16, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 10 pages.
John C. Schuder “Powering an Artificial Heart: Birth of the Inductively Coupled-Radio Frequency System in 1960”, Artificial Organs, vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 909-915 (2002).
John C. Schuder et al., “An Inductively Coupled RF System for the Transmission of 1 kW of Power Through the Skin”, IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering, vol. BME-18, No. 4 (Jul. 1971).
John M. Miller et al., “Elements of Wireless Power Transfer Essential to High Power Charging of Heavy Duty Vehicles”, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 26-39 (Jun. 2015).
John T. Boys et al., “The Inductive Power Transfer Story at the University of Auckland”, IEEE Circuits and System Magazine, Second Quarter 2015, pp. 6-27 (May 21, 2015).
Joseph C. Stark III, “Wireless Power Transmission Utilizing a Phased Array of Tesla Coils”, Master Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2004).
Joyce K. S. Poon, et al., “Designing coupled-resonator optical waveguide delay lines”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 1665-1673 (Sep. 2004).
Juan C. Olivares-Galvan et al., “Wireless Power Transfer: Literature Survey”, Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC), 2013 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Nov. 13-15, 2013, Mexico City, (2013) (7 pages).
K. Kanelis et al., “Maximum Efficiency in Non-Radiative Wireless Power Transfer”, companion paper for Wireless Power Congress, Munich, Germany (Jul. 12-13, 2017) (8 pages).
K. Kanelis et al., “Maximum Efficiency in Non-Radiative Wireless Power Transfer”, Wireless Power Congress, Munich, Germany (Jul. 12-13, 2017) (28 pages).
Kawamura et al. “Wireless Transmission of Power and Information Through One High-Frequency Resonant AC Link Inverter for Robot Manipulator Applications”. IEEE, 32(3):503-508, May/Jun. 1996.
Klaus Finkenzeller, “RFID Handbook (2nd Edition)”, The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd., pp. 19, 20, 38, 39, 43, 44, 62, 63, 67, 68, 87, 88, 291, 292 (Published on May 31, 2004).
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2008-7003376; dated Mar. 7, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2009-7022442; dated Jan. 31, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2009-7022442; dated Oct. 18, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2011-7013029; dated Aug. 9, 2011; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 4 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2011-7023643; dated Jan. 31, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 3 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2011-7023643; dated Oct. 23, 2012; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 5 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2013-7013521; dated Aug. 8, 2013; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2 pages.
Korean Office Action, Application No. 10-2015-7005681; dated May 1, 2015; Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6 pages.
Lee, “Antenna Circuit Design for RFID Applications,” Microchip Technology Inc., AN710, 50 pages (2003).
Lee, “RFID Coil Design,” Microchip Technology Inc., AN678, 21 pages (1998).
Liang et al., “Silicon waveguide two-photon absorption detector at 1.5 μm wavelength for autocorrelation measurements,” Applied Physics Letters, 81(7):1323-1325 (Aug. 12, 2002).
Liu, et al., “Determining the power distribution between two coupled coils based on Poynting vector analysis”, IEEE, 6 pages, (Jun. 2017).
M. Chaoui et al, “Electrical Modeling of Inductive Links for High-Efficiency Energy Transmission”, Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2005. ICECS 2005. 12th IEEE International Conference, (Dec. 2005).
M. V. Jacob et al. “Lithium Tantalate—A High Permittivity Dielectric Material for Microwave Communication Systems”. Proceedings of IEEE TENCON—Poster Papers, pp. 1362-1366, 2003.
Marin Soljacic et al., “Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear phase sensitivity”, J. Opt. Soc. Am B, vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 2052-2059 (Sep. 2002).
Marin Soljacic, “Wireless Non-Radiative Energy Transfer—PowerPoint Presentation”, Amazing Light: Visions for Discovery, An International Symposium, Oct. 6-8, 2005, University of California, Berkeley (2005).
Marin Soljacic, “Wireless nonradiative energy transfer”, Visions of Discovery New Light on Physics, Cosmology, and Consciousness, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY pp. 530-542 (2011).
Mickel Budhia et al., “Design and Optimization of Circular Magnetic Structures for Lumped Inductive Power Transfer Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 3096-3108 (Nov. 2011).
Mickel Budhia et al., “Development and evaluation of single sided flux couplers for contactless electric vehicle charging”, IEEE, pp. 614-621 (2011).
Microchip Technology Inc., “microID 13.56 MHz Design Guide—MCRF355/360 Reader Reference Design,” 24 pages (2001).
MIT Team Experimentally Demonstrates Wireless Power Transfer, Potentially Useful for Power Laptops, Cell-Phones Without Cords—Goodbye Wires . . . , by Franklin Hadley, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Jun. 7, 2007).
Nikola Tesla, “High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 87, No. 7, pp. 1282-1292 (Jul. 1999).
Nikola Tesla, “High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes”, The Electrical Engineer, vol. XXVI, No. 50 (Nov. 17, 1898).
O'Brien et al. “Analysis of Wireless Power Supplies for Industrial Automation Systems”. IEEE, pp. 367-372, 2003.
O'Brien et al. “Design of Large Air-Gap Transformers for Wireless Power Supplies”. IEEE, pp. 1557-1562, 2003.
Phil Schewe et al., “Berkeley Symposium Celebrates Laser Pioneer”, Physics News Update, No. 749 #1, Oct. 13, 2005 (3 pages).
Powercast LLC. “White Paper” Powercast simply wire free, 2003.
R. Mecke et al., “High frequency resonant inverter for contactless energy transmission over large air gap”, 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Aachen, Germany, pp. 1737-1743 (2004).
Rudolf Mecke et al., “Analysis of inductive energy transmission systems with large air gap at high frequencies”, European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Toulouse 2003, (Jan. 2003).
S. Sensiper. Electromagnetic wave propogation on helical conductors. PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1951.
Sakamoto et al. “A Novel Circuit for Non-Contact Charging Through Electro-Magnetic Coupling”. IEEE, pp. 168-174, 1992.
Sekitani et al. “A large-area flexible wireless power transmission sheet using printed plastic MEMS switches and organic field-effect transistors”. [Publication Unknown].
Sekitani et al. “A large-area wireless power-transmission sheet using printed organic transistors and plastic MEMS switches” www.nature.com/naturematerials. Published online Apr. 29, 2007.
Shamonina et al., “Magneto-inductive waveguide”, Electronics Letters, vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 371-373 (Apr. 11, 2002).
Shanhui Fan et al., “Rate-Equation Analysis of Output Efficiency and Modulation Rate of Photomic-Crystal Light-Emitting Diodes”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 1123-1130 (Oct. 2000).
Soljacic. “Wireless Non-Radiative Energy Transfer—PowerPoint presentation”. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oct. 6, 2005.
Someya, Takao. “The world's first sheet-type wireless power transmission system”. University of Tokyo, Dec. 12, 2006.
Splashpower, “Splashpower—World Leaders in Wireless Power,” PowerPoint presentation, 30 pages (Sep. 3, 2007).
Stewart, Will, “The Power to Set you Free”, Science, vol. 317, pp. 55-56 (Jul. 6, 2007).
Syms et al., “Magneto-inductive waveguide devices”, IEEE Proc.-Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 153, No. 2., pp. 111-121 (Apr. 2006).
T. Aoki et al. Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator. Nature 443:671-674 (2006).
Takahashi Ohira, “What in the World is Q?”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, pp. 42-49 (Jun. 2016).
Takahashi et al., “A Large Air Gap 3 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles”, IEEE, pp. 269-274 (2012).
Takehiro Imura, et al., “Maximizing Air Gap and Efficiency of Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Wireless Power Transfer Using Equivalent Circuit and Neumann Formula”, IEEE Transactions on International Electronics, vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 4746-4752 (Oct. 2011).
Tang, S.C et al.,“Evaluation of the Shielding Effects on Printed-Circuit-Board Transformers Using Ferrite Plates and Copper Sheets”,IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,vol. 17, No. 6,Nov. 2002.,pp. 1080-1088.
Texas Instruments, “HF Antenna Design Notes—Technical Application Report,” Literature No. 11-08-26-003, 47 pages (Sep. 2003).
Thomsen et al., “Ultrahigh speed all-optical demultiplexing based on two-photon absorption in a laser diode,” Electronics Letters, 34(19):1871-1872 (Sep. 17, 1998).
UPM Rafsec, “Tutorial overview of inductively coupled RFID Systems,” 7 pages (May 2003).
Vandevoorde et al. “Wireless energy transfer for stand-alone systems: a comparison between low and high power applicability”. Sensors and Actuators, A 92:305-311, 2001.
Villeneuve, Pierre R. et al.,“Microcavities in photonic crystals: Mode symmetry, tunability, and coupling efficiency”,Physical Review B, vol. 54, No. 11 ,Sep. 15, 1996,pp. 7837-7842.
Wang et al., “Load models and their application in the design of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems”, IEEE, pp. 1053-1058 (2000).
Xun Liu, “Qi Standard Wireless Power Transfer Technology Development Toward Spatial Freedom”, IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, Second Quarter 2015, pp. 32-39 (May 21, 2015).
Yates , David C. et al., “Optimal Transmission Frequency for Ultralow-Power Short-Range Radio Links”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—1, Regular Papers, vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 1405-1413 (Jul. 2004).
Yoshihiro Konishi, Microwave Electronic Circuit Technology, Chapter 4, pp. 145-197 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY 1998).
Ziaie, Babak et al., “A Low-Power Miniature Transmitter Using a Low-Loss Silicon Platform for Biotelemetry”, Proceedings—19th International Conference IEEE/EMBS, pp. 2221-2224; Oct. 30-Nov. 2, 1997 (4 pages).
U.S. Appl. No. 11/481,077, filed Jul. 5, 2006, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/055,963, filed Mar. 26, 2008, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/415,650, filed Mar. 31, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/415,616, filed Mar. 31, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/415,655, filed Mar. 31, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/415,667, filed Mar. 31, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/437,641, filed May 9, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/466,065, filed May 14, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/553,957, filed Sep. 3, 2009, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/571,949, filed Oct. 1, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,958, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,961, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,962, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,963, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,966, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,967, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/639,972, filed Dec. 16, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/646,442, filed Dec. 23, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/646,524, filed Dec. 23, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,635, filed Dec. 30, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,777, filed Dec. 30, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,813, filed Dec. 30, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12,649,852, filed Dec. 30, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,904, filed Dec. 30, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/649,973, filed Dec. 30, 2009, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/688,305, filed Jan. 15, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/688,339, filed Jan. 15, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/708,850, filed Feb. 19, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/713,556, filed Feb. 26, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/717,559, filed Mar. 4, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/726,742, filed Mar. 18, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/726,913, filed Mar. 18, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/726,953, filed Mar. 18, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/732,399, filed Mar. 26, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/949,504, filed Nov. 18, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/949,544, filed Nov. 18, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/949,580, filed Nov. 18, 2010, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/036,177, filed Feb. 28, 2011, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/288,308, filed Nov. 3, 2011, Abandoned.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/302,662, filed Jun. 12, 2014, Issued.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/629,709, filed Feb. 24, 2015, Issued.
Indian Examination Report for Indian Application No. 735/DELNP/2008 dated Apr. 5, 2018.
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20180138751 A1 May 2018 US
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
60698442 Jul 2005 US
Continuations (6)
Number Date Country
Parent 15083726 Mar 2016 US
Child 15793198 US
Parent 14629709 Feb 2015 US
Child 15083726 US
Parent 14302662 Jun 2014 US
Child 14629709 US
Parent 12639963 Dec 2009 US
Child 14302662 US
Parent 12553957 Sep 2009 US
Child 12639963 US
Parent 11481077 Jul 2006 US
Child 12553957 US