Wireless transmission of temperature data for a geographic area

Abstract

A user obtains an individual's body temperature data and transmits the data to a medical monitor (e.g., a medical device) for display. Additional data includes a timestamp and location of the body temperature data. Once the data is transmitted, a user may view the medical monitor for a temperature reading. For example, a doctor may take a patient's temperature and the temperature reading is displayed on a medical monitor. The body temperature data of each patient is detected using a preferred temperature detector, such as a temporal artery thermometer using an arterial heat balance approach. After collecting an individual's body temperature data, the body temperature data can be transferred to a processor. By sending body temperature data for many individuals for a geographic region, the processor can identify a pattern (e.g., a pandemic) in the body temperature data.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, thermometers have been used in connection with medical monitors. For example, in 1994 a BCI ear thermometer was introduced by BioChem International using RS-232 to communicate with a monitor. Similarly, in 1996 DATASCOPE™ introduced an infrared ear thermometer having an infrared LED for the wireless transmission of the acquired temperature reading to the patient monitor. This thermometer was designed for use as a stand alone temperature measuring device or to be used with medical monitors via an serial or asynchronous serial connection. In 1996, the temporal artery thermometer was introduced in the form of the LTXA. The LTXA is an infrared temporal artery thermometer using an RS-232 cable data link for data transmission. The Temporal Artery thermometer may also be used with medical monitors.

For example, FIG. 2 shows a way of collecting and transmitting temperature data that includes a body portion 205, a temperature detector 210, a communications path 215, and a medical device 220. In one embodiment, a cradle 225 may be used to store the temperature detector 210. In use, the temperature detector 210 obtains a temperature reading from a body portion 205 and sends the temperature reading to the medical device 220 for display. In particular embodiments, the temperature detector 210 uses an RS-232 output and transmits the temperature reading to the medical device 220.

In this example embodiment, the temperature detector 210 obtains body temperature data from the body portion 205. With the body temperature data, an internal core temperature can be computed using an arterial heat balance. The teachings of calculating body temperature data is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,685, which is hereby incorporated by reference. It is useful to note that embodiments of the present invention are not limited to temporal artery readings. Instead, any type of temperature detector may be used, including axillary, ear, or non-radiation detectors. Moreover, the medical device 220, instead of the temperature detector 210, may also calculate the temperature reading upon receiving the raw temperature data such as heat flux and ambient temperature data. One such example is shown in FIG. 1.

In particular, FIG. 1 illustrates the temporal arteries 12 and 14 that extend upwardly toward the side of the human face and bifurcate at 16 and 18 in the forehead region. In that region, the temporal artery passes over the skull bone very close to the skin and is thus termed the superficial temporal artery. The superficial temporal artery is, therefore, particularly accessible for providing temperature readings and, as an artery, has a temperature close to the heart temperature. Further, there are no known arterial/venus anastomoses, that is, shunts between the artery and veins for regulation of skin temperature. Accordingly, the blood flow is relatively stable, varying a maximum of only 50% as opposed to as much as 500% in other areas of the skin.

To locate the temporal artery, a temperature sensor, preferably a radiation detector 20, is scanned across the side of the forehead over the temporal artery while electronics in the detector search for the peak reading which indicates the temporal artery. Preferably, that temperature reading is then further processed in accordance with an algorithm specific to the temporal artery for providing a display temperature which may, for example, correspond to core, oral or rectal temperature.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

By sending body temperature data for many individuals, preferably over geographic regions, the processor can identify a pattern (e.g., a pandemic) in the body temperature data.

In an example embodiment a pattern is determined for body temperature data of multiple individuals. More accurately, a process detects body temperature data of a plurality of individuals and transmits the body temperature data over a wireless communications path to a processor. The processor also receives or determines a timestamp and location for the body temperature data. Analyzing the data, the processor determines a pattern in the body temperature data. For convenience, the processor stores the body temperature data in a database, determines a pattern (e.g., an epidemic, pandemic, or an outbreak in an identified geographic location), and displays the pattern to a user of the processor.

In one convenient implementation, a transmitter sends body temperature data using a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card or General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) to send a Short Message Service (SMS), text message, or email message to the processor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an infrared thermometer scanning the temporal artery.

FIG. 2 is a high level view of collecting and transmitting temperature data.

FIG. 3 is a high level view of a medical monitor for displaying and transmitting temperature data.

FIG. 4 is a detailed view of a wireless unit transmitting body temperature data.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an example temperature reading and wireless transmission process.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cellular cradle connected to a temperature detector.

FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting multiple locations communicating with a processor.

FIG. 8 is a detailed view of a processor displaying pattern information.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A description of example embodiments of the invention follows.

The teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIG. 3 is a high level view of a medical device 305 for displaying and transmitting temperature data. The medical device 305 provides a user (e.g., a doctor) multiple attachments, such as a temperature detector 315, blood pressure cuff, and oxygen pulse sensor, for obtaining medical data. The medical monitor 305 displays the medical data on a display screen 310 to allow a user to monitor a patient's medical data. One useful piece of medical data that is collected and displayed is temperature 320. In operation, the temperature detector 315 obtains body temperature data from a body portion and provides the medical device 305 with a temperature reading via a connection, such as RS-232. In a convenient embodiment, the temperature detector 315 includes a wireless module 325 for transmission. For example, the wireless module 325 may be used to transmit the temperature reading from the temperature detector to a processor 330.

The processor 330 may access the temperature data to create a histogram for an aggregate data collection. In particular, data may be used to evaluate screening programs at airports, schools, factories and other populated environments, during perceived potential epidemics for persons who may be at risk for transmitting epidemic diseases. Such evaluations may be aided by the analysis of the data statistically to identify persons with unexpectedly high temperatures, indicating possible fever. Such identified persons would be detained briefly for closer examination by a medically trained person. The data would allow use of mathematical routines which would maximize the sensitivity for detecting sick individuals to prevent the spread of disease, while minimizing false positives, which unnecessarily inconveniences people and adds delay.

FIG. 4 shows a wireless module 405 that transmits data from a temperature detector to a processor 425. In one embodiment, the wireless module 405 may be a printed circuit board incorporating the features of a commercial cell phone module. Further, the printed circuit board of the wireless module 405 may be in a plastic wall-mounted enclosure, such as the cradle shown in FIG. 6. In a convenient embodiment, the wall-mounted enclosure serves as a cradle for a temperature detector, such as a temporal artery thermometer. The wireless module 405 may be a tri-band global use including a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card 410, memory 415 to store an email address or account information, and an antenna 420. It is useful to note that the wireless module 405 may be operated using battery or AC/DC adapter power.

In operation, the wireless module 405 transmits data via email using the wireless module 405 and SIM card 410. More specifically, the wireless module 405 obtains an email account address stored in the SIM card 410, memory 415, or a microchip within the wireless module 405. The wireless module 405 transmits a temperature reading, the time of the temperature reading, and the location of the temperature reading via an email message to the processor 425 for processing. During transmission, the wireless module 405 may use an antenna 420 that is either external as shown or an on-board antenna. After transmission, the processor processes the data. It is useful to note that the data may be received by a database on the processor 425 instead of an email account. Further, the data may be time stamped by the processor 425 or receiving email account. Likewise, the location of the data may be determined by the processor 425 or receiving email account based on specified information, such as a registration card for the wireless module 405. In a convenient embodiment, the wireless module 405 also includes a real-time clock for time stamping the data and a Global Positioning System (GPS) module to identify location of the data.

In an alternative embodiment, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) may be used for transmitting data and data is sent over a cell phone network using an authenticated account. GPRS is a mobile data service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile units. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of transferred data, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user has actually transferred data or he has been in an idle state. GPRS can be utilized for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, and SMS, but also for Internet communication services such as email and web access. GPRS costs are directly proportionate to the amount of data sent. Thus, when sending small amounts of data, GPRS may be more cost effective than using an email account. One additional way to increase cost effectiveness is to transmit a group of temperature readings and associated information in a batch. Using a batch to transmit data, allows fewer packets of data to be transmitted resulting in a cost reduction.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram 500 illustrating an example temperature reading and wireless transmission process. After beginning, the process detects body temperature data for multiple individuals (505). Next, the process transmits the body temperature data over a wireless communications path to a processor (510). After transmitting the body temperature data, the process determines a pattern in the body temperature data using the processor (515). For example, mathematical routines may be applied to the data to identify a pattern and, in turn, indicate a pandemic outbreak in a geographic area.

Patterns may be identified from a control or baseline for an average percentage of fevers per day. Temporal and spatio-temporal data can be used to assess day-to-day and day and place variability of data from an expected baseline. In some cases, about half the baseline data includes an above average temperature. Thus, approaches are used that include standard deviations of data to prevent false positives of an outbreak. One such approach that recognizes false positives is the syndromic surveillance used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC™). The syndromic surveillance, for example, may be used for outbreak detection to identify a signal corresponding to an outbreak or cluster amid substantial “background noise” in the data. Yet another example approach is the Early Aberration Reporting System™ (EARS) created by the CDC™. EARS may be used to identify influenza or other aliments based on data, such as temperature data.

In particular embodiments, a cradle is used to enclose a cellular module as shown in FIG. 6. In particular, FIG. 6 shows a cradle 605 that has a cellular module 610 within an enclosure 615. In operation, the cellular module 610 receives data from a temperature detector 620 via a connection 625. After receiving the data, the cellular module 610 transmits the data to a processor. In an embodiment, the temperature detector 620 is also placed in the cradle 605, which does not affect the cellular module 610 transmission of data to the processor.

A processor may receive data from multiple locations. More specifically, FIG. 7 shows multiple sites 705 sending data to a processor 710. For example, multiple Sentinel clinics may send temperature readings to a central processor. After sending the data to the processor 710, the processor 710 can process the data from each of the multiple sites 705 to identify one or more outbreaks over multiple geographic locations. In some cases an outbreak may be identified in multiple geographic locations. Identifying an outbreak may be done visually by viewing a processor display as shown in FIG. 8. More accurately, FIG. 8 shows a processor 805 displaying medical data information 810 in a useful way. For example, a display band 815 may indicate to a user that an outbreak exists in a geographic location. It is useful to note that indications from multiple bands may indicate an outbreak in multiple geographical locations.

It should be understood that the processes disclosed herein, such as transmitting temperature readings, such as FIG. 5, may be implemented in the form of hardware, firmware, and/or software. If implemented in software, the software may be processor instructions in any suitable software language and stored on any form of computer readable medium. The processor instructions are loaded and executed by a processor, such as a general purpose or application specific processor, that, in turn, performs the example embodiments disclosed herein.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of identifying a disease outbreak, comprising: receiving at a processor, over wireless communications paths, body temperature data from a plurality of individuals from plural clinical sites obtained by scanning across a temporal artery of the forehead of each individual using a respective common temporal artery thermometer at each clinical site, the body temperature data from each clinical site being for multiple individuals from the respective common temporal artery thermometer at each respective clinical site, the body temperature data associated with time and location data;in the processor, processing the body temperature, time and location data from the plurality of individuals at the plural clinical sites to identify a temporal and spatial pattern in percentage of fevers in the plurality of individuals at the plural clinical sites per time period; anddisplaying a disease outbreak in a geographic area from the identified pattern in percentage of fevers.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising storing the body temperature data in a database in the processor.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the body temperature data comprises receiving cell phone signal transmission.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the body temperature data is received in the form of a Short Message Service (SMS), text message, or email message.

5. The method of claim 1 further comprising displaying the pattern to a user of the processor.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the pattern identifies an epidemic.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the pattern identifies a pandemic.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the pattern identifies an outbreak in an identified geographic location.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the pattern identifies an outbreak in multiple geographic locations.

10. A system for identifying a disease outbreak, the system comprising: a processor configured to: receive data including time, location, and body temperature data for a plurality of individuals at plural clinical sites, including data for multiple individuals from a respective common temporal artery thermometer at each clinical site obtained by scanning across a temporal artery of the forehead of each individual using the respective common temporal artery thermometer at each clinical site; andprocess the body temperature data from the plurality of individuals at the plural clinical sites to identify a temporal and spatial pattern in percentage of fevers in the plurality of individuals at the plural clinical sites per time period in the received body temperature data; anda display that displays a disease outbreak in a geographic area from the identified pattern in percentage of fevers.

11. The processor of claim 10 wherein the processor stores the body temperature data in a database.

12. The processor of claim 10 wherein receiving the body temperature data uses cell phone signal transmission.

13. The processor of claim 12 wherein the body temperature data is received in the form a Short Message Service (SMS), text message, or email message to transmit body temperature data.

14. The processor of claim 10 wherein the processor displays the pattern to a user of the processor.

15. The processor of claim 10 wherein the pattern identifies an epidemic.

16. The processor of claim 10 wherein the pattern identifies a pandemic.

17. The processor of claim 10 wherein the pattern identifies an outbreak in an identified geographic location.

18. The processor of claim 10 wherein the pattern identifies an outbreak in multiple geographic locations.