Wnt and frizzled receptors as targets for immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] This application relates to proteins involved in the Wnt/frizzled signaling pathway. More specifically, it involves the role of these proteins in proliferative disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Many cancers arise from differentiated tissues that are slowly dividing. The initial malignant population may have developed from a small, rapidly proliferating population of residual tissue stem cells or cells with a less differentiated subcellular profile. A strategy for targeting tumor cells that are antigenically distinct from mature differentiated cells could be useful in the treatment of cancer, particularly for controlling microscopic spread of disease. Malignant cells may express receptors used in embryonic patterning, which may serve as immunologic targets distinct from mature differentiated tissue.

[0005] In embryogenesis body patterning is related to the axial expression of different proteins. The proximal-distal axis is controlled by fibroblast growth factor (Vogel, A. et al., “Involvement of FGF-8 in initiation, outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb,” Development 122:1737-1750 (1996); Vogel, A. and Tickle, C., “FGF-4 maintains polarizing activity of posterior limb bud cells in vivo and in vitro,” Development 119:199-206 (1993); Niswander, L. et al., “FGF-4 replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb,” Cell 75:579-587 (1993)), anterior-posterior axis by Sonic hedgehog (Riddle, R. D. et al., “Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA,” Cell 75:1401-1416 (1993)), and the dorsal ventral axis by wingless (Parr, B. A. et al., “Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds,” Development 119:247-261 (1993); Riddle, R. D. et al., “Induction of the LIM homeobox gene Lmx1 by Wnt7a establishes dorsoventral pattern in the vertebrate limb,” Cell 83:631-640 (1995); Vogel, A. et al, “Dorsal cell fate specified by chick Lmx1 during vertebrate limb development,” Nature 378:716-720 (1995)). These factors are closely cross-regulated in development. The secretion of Wnt (wingless) is stimulated by Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling and conversely the expression of SHH is supported by the continued presence of wingless. SHH in turn influences fibroblast growth factor (FGF) expression (Niswander, L. et al., “A positive feedback loop coordinates growth and patterning in the vertebrate limb,” Nature 371:609-612 (1994); Niswander, L., et al. “Function of FGF-4 in limb development,” Mol Reprod Dev 39:83-88; discussion 88-89 (1994); Laufer, E. et al., “Sonic hedgehog and Fgf-4 act through a signaling cascade and feedback loop to integrate growth and patterning of the developing limb bud,” Cell 79:993-1003 (1994)). Wingless is a ligand for a G-coupled protein receptor named frizzled, which mediates a complex signaling cascade (Vinson, C. R. and Adler, P. N., “Directional non-cell autonomy and the transmission of polarity information by the frizzled gene of Drosophila,” Nature 329:549-551 (1987)). Transcriptional regulation is also mediated by SHH cell surface interaction with its ligand, Patched. Patched tonically inhibits signaling through Smoothened until it binds to SHH. These pathways are illustrated in FIG. 1, which has been adapted from reviews by others (Hunter, T., “Oncoprotein networks,” Cell 88:333-346 (1997); Ng, J. K. et al., “Molecular and cellular basis of pattern formation during vertebrate limb development,” Curr Top Dev Biol 41:37-66 (1999); Ramsdell, A. F. and Yost, H. J., “Molecular mechanisms of vertebrate left-right development,” Trends Genet 14:459-465 (1998)).

[0006] Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in developed countries, and of the 44,000 annual cases reported in the United States approximately 11,000 will result in an unfavorable outcome (Landis, S. H. et al., “Cancer statistics,” CA Cancer J Clin. 49, 8-31 (1999); Parkin, D. M. et al., “Global cancer statistics,” CA Cancer J Clin. 49, 33-64 (1999)). Although metastatic HNSCC can respond to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, it is seldom adequately controlled. Therefore, it is important to identify new molecular determinants on HNSCC that may be potential targets for chemotherapy or immunotherapy.

[0007] In APC-deficient colon carcinoma, beta-catenin accumulates and is constitutively complexed with nuclear Tcf-4 (Sparks, A. B. et al., “Mutational analysis of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer,” Cancer Res 58:1130-1134 (1998)). Other colon carcinomas and melanomas also contain constitutive nuclear Tcf-4/beta-catenin complexes as a result of mutations in the N terminus of beta-catenin that render it insensitive to downregulation by APC, and GSK3 beta (Morin, P. J. et al., “Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC,” Science 275:1787-1790 (1997); Rubinfeld, B. et al. “Stabilization of beta-catenin by genetic defects in melanoma cell lines,” Science 275:1790-1792 (1997)). This results in the unregulated expression of Tcf-4 oncogenic target genes, such as c-myc, cyclin D1, and c-jun (He, T. C. et al., “Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway,” Science 281:1509-1512 (1998); Shtutman, M. et al, “The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway,” Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5522-5527 (1999); Li, L. et al., “Disheveled proteins lead to two signaling pathwvays. Regulation of LEF-1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in mammalian cells,” J Biol Chem 274:1129-134 (1999)). The expression of covalently linked beta-catenin and LEF-1 has been directly demonstrated to result in the oncogenic transformation of chicken fibroblasts (Aoki, M. et al., “Nuclear endpoint of Wnt signaling: neoplastic transformation induced by transactivating lymphoid-enhancing factor 1,” Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 96:139-144 (1999)). Similar mechanisms leading to deregulation of Tcf target gene activity are likely to be involved in melanoma (Rimm, D. L. et al., “Frequent nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin without exon 3 mutations in malignant melanoma,” Am J Pathol 154:325-329 (1999)), breast cancer (Bui, T. D. et al., “A novel human Wnt gene, WNT10B, maps to 12q13 and is expressed in human breast carcinomas,” Oncogene 14:1249-1253 (1997)),heptocellular carcinoma (de La Coste, A. et al., “Somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human heptocellular carcinomas,” Proc Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 95:8847-8851 (1998)), ovarian cancer (Palacios, J., and Gamallo, C., “Mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in endometrioid ovarian carcinomas,” Cancer Res 58:1344-1347 (1998)), endometrial cancer (Ikeda, T., “Mutational analysis of the CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) gene in human endometrial cancer: frequent mutations at codon 34 that cause nuclear accumulation,” Oncol Rep. 7:323-326 (2000)), medulloblastoma (Hamilton, S. R. et al., “The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome,” N. Engl J Med 332:839-847 (1995)), pilomatricomas (Chan, E. F et al. “A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin,” Nat. Genet 21:410-413 (1999)), and prostate cancer (Iozzo, R. V. et al., “Aberrant expression of the growth factor Wnt-5A in human malignancy,” Cancer Res 55:3495-3499 (1995)).

[0008] Other growth regulation pathways in tumors have also attracted recent interest. Many epithelial tumors express excess amounts of epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinases, particularly epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, or ErbB-1), and HER2 (ErbB-2) (Coussens, L. et al., “Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene,” Science 230:1132-1139 (1985); King, C. R. et al., “Amplification of a novel v-erbB-related gene in a human mammary carcinoma,” Science 229:974-976 (1985)). HER2 is transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, which dimerizes with another member of the EGFR family to form an active dimeric receptor (Akiyama, T. et al., “The product of the human c-erbB-2 gene: a 185-kilodalton glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity,” Science 232:1644-1646 (1986)). The resulting phosphorylation of tyrosine residues initiates complex signaling pathways that ultimately lead to cell division. HER2 is overexpressed in 25 to 30 percent of breast cancers, usually as a result of gene amplification (Slamon, D. J. et al., “Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer,” Science 244:707-712 (1989)). High levels of this protein is associated with an adverse prognosis (Slamon, D. J. et al., “Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene,” Science 235:177-182 (1987); Ravdin, P. M. and Chamness, G. C., “The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene as a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer: a paradigm for the development of other macromolecular markers—a review,” Gene 159:19-27 (1995)).

[0009] In the past decade there has been tremendous progress in identifying genetic and molecular changes that occur during transformation of malignant cells. Many malignant cells have a less differentiated phenotype, and a higher growth fraction than normal in adult tissues. These basic characteristics are similar to immature or embryonic cells. During the development of the embryo, various cell surface receptors and ligands direct tissue pattern formation, and cellular differentiation (Hunter, T., “Oncoprotein networks,” Cell 88, 333-346 (1997); Ng, J. K. et al., “Molecular and cellular basis of pattern formation during vertebrate limb development,” Curr Top Dev Biol. 41, 37-66 (1999); Ramsdell, A. F. and Yost, H. J., “Molecular mechanisms of vertebrate left-right development,” Trends Genet. 14, 459-465 (1998)). The expression of these receptors and ligands is often no longer required in fully matured adult tissues. Because they are expressed on the cell surface, the receptors and ligands important for morphologic patterning and tissue differentiation could be targets for the immunotherapy of tumors that have arisen from residual immature cells, or that have undergone de-differentiation.

[0010] Genes of the wingless (Wnt) and frizzled (Fzd) class have an established role in cell morphogenesis and cellular differentiation (Parr, B. A. et al., “Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds,” Development, 119, 247-261 (1993); Riddle, R. D. et al., “Induction of the LIM homeobox gene Lmx1 by WNT7a establishes dorsoventral pattern in the vertebrate limb,” Cell 83, 631-640 (1995); Vogel, A. et al., (1995) “Dorsal cell fate specified by chick Lmx1 during vertebrate limb development,” Nature 378, 716-720 (1995)). The Wnt proteins are extracellular ligands for the Fzd receptors, which resemble typical G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The first member of the 19 known human Wnt genes, Wnt-1, was initially discovered because of its oncogenic properties (Nusse, R. and Varmus, H. E., “Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome,” Cell 31, 99-109 (1982)). The Wnt glycoproteins bind to one or more of the 9 known, 7 transmembrane domain G-protein coupled Fzd receptors, to initiate a chain of signaling events that often culminates in the stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, with resultant heterodimerization with one of the four members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors (Cadigan, K. M. and Nusse, R., “Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development,” Genes Dev., 11, 3286-3305 (1997); Miller, J. R. et al., “Mechanism and function of signal transduction by the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways,” Oncogene 18, 7860-7872 (1999)). These transcription factor complexes control the activities of specific Wnt target genes, including developmental regulators and other genes involved in coordinating cell proliferation, cell-cell interactions, and cell-matrix interactions (Vogel, A. and Tickle, C., “FGF-4 maintains polarizing activity of posterior limb bud cells in vivo and in vitro,” Development 119:199-206 (1993)). The overexpression of β-catenin and LEF-1 has been demonstrated to result in the oncogenic transformation of chicken fibroblasts (Aoki, M. et al., “Nuclear endpoint of Wnt signaling: neoplastic transformation induced by transactivating lymphoid-enhancing factor 1,” Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 139-144 (1999)).

[0011] A recent survey using microarray techniques showed that most HNSCC overexpress mRNAs of the Wnt family (Leethanakul, C. et al., “Distinct pattern of expression of differentiation and growth-related genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck revealed by the use of laser capture microdissection and cDNA arrays,” Oncogene 19, 3220-3224 (2000)). However, the various Wnt mRNAs are very homologous, and hybridization in microarrays often cannot distinguish between closely related templates.

[0012] A murine monoclonal antibody 4DS binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of HER2, thereby blocking its function in signal transduction (Hudziak, R. M. et al. “p185HER2 monoclonal antibody has antiproliferative effects in vitro and sensitizes human breast tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor,” Mol Cell Biol 9:1165-1172 (1989); Fendly, B. M. et al. “Characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive to either the human epidermal growth factor receptor or HER2/neu gene product,” Cancer Res 50:1550-1558 (1990); Fendly, B. M. et al. “The extracellular domain of HER2/neu is a potential immunogen for active specific immunotherapy of breast cancer,” J Biol Response Mod 9:449-455 (1990)). In experimental models of breast cancer, it was active in vitro and in vivo, and had greater anti-tumor effects when combined with chemotherapy Hudziak, R. M. et al. “p185HER2 monoclonal antibody has antiproliferative effects in vitro and sensitizes human breast tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor,” Mol Cell Biol 9:1165-1172 (1989); Pietras, R. J. et al., “Antibody to HER-2/neu receptor blocks DNA repair after cisplatin in human breast and ovarian cancer cells,” Oncogene 9:1829-1838 (1994). A recently completed phase 3 randomized clinical trial of a humanized form of 4DS monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, Calif.), demonstrated efficacy against some forms of breast tumors overexpressing HER2 (Slamon, D. J. et al., “Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2,” N Engl J Med 344:783-792 (2001).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] A method for determining overexpression of a wnt or frizzled gene in a tumor cell comprising:

[0014] (a) isolating messenger RNA from a tumor cell and from a corresponding normal cell from the same source;

[0015] (b) performing reverse transcription PCR on the tumor cell and the normal cell utilizing primers directed against regions of the wnt or frizzled gene that are non-homologous with a known wnt gene or a known frizzled gene and obtaining amplicons from the reverse transcription PCR;

[0016] (c) assessing the concentrations of the resulting amplicons of step (b) in comparison to a control housekeeping gene; and

[0017] (d) identifying tumor cells that overexpress a wnt or frizzled gene at about five fold compared to normal cells tissue from the same source

[0018] An isolated antibody directed against at least one sequence that corresponds to a non-homologous regions of a known wnt gene or a known frizzled gene.

[0019] A method of detecting overexpression of at least one wnt and/or frizzled protein in a cancer cell compared to a non-cancer cell comprising:

[0020] (a) contacting the cancer cell with an antibody directed against at least one sequence that corresponds to a non-homologous region of a known wnt or a known frizzled gene;

[0021] (b) contacting the non-cancer cell with the same antibody as in step (a);

[0022] (c) comparing the interaction of the antibody with the cancer cell to the interaction of the antibody with the non-cancer cell; and

[0023] (d) correlating the interactions in (c) with the expression levels of the wnt and/or frizzled protein in both the cancer cell and the non-cancer cell.

[0024] A method for altering the growth of a cell overexpressing at least one wnt and/or frizzled protein comprising:

[0025] contacting the cell with a non-crossreactive antibody against the wnt and/or frizzled protein.

[0026] A method for altering the growth of a cell overexpressing at least one wnt and/or frizzled protein comprising:

[0027] contacting the cell with a synthetic peptide, a recombinant protein,

[0028] or a DNA vector, or any combination of a synthetic peptide and a recombinant protein and a DNA vector, comprising at least one non-homologous region of known wnt and/or frizzled proteins.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029]
FIG. 1. Several developmental signaling pathways are depicted.

[0030]
FIG. 2. RT-PCR analysis of a subset of HNSCC and B-cell lines for frizzled 2 mRNA.

[0031]
FIG. 3. A western blot analysis of tumor and normal cells for frizzled 2, wnt1 and 10b.

[0032]
FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C. An inhibition of proliferation assay in a HNSCC line is depicted. Specifically, anti-frizzled 2, anti-wnt 1, and anti-wnt 10b are tested for their ability to inhibit proliferation.

[0033]
FIG. 5. Apoptotic effects of inhibition of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in a HNSCC line is depicted.

[0034]
FIG. 6. Sequence alignment of a portion of the first extracellular region of human Frizzled receptors is depicted.

[0035]
FIGS. 7A and 7B. FIG. 7A depicts an immunoblot after treatment with Wnt 1 or Wnt 10b antibodies. SNU1076 cells were treated for 72 hrs with 2 μg/ml of anti-Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, or control antibodies. FIG. 7B shows that treatment with Wnt1 antibodies reduces transcription of TCF/LEF gene.

[0036]
FIGS. 8A and 8B. FIG. 8A depicts an RT-PCR amplification for Wnt/FZD families in cancer cell lines. FIG. 8B depicts an RT-PCR amplification for Wnt/FZD families in normal cells.

[0037]
FIGS. 9A and 9B. Protein expression of FZD 2, Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, β-catenin and actin in normal and malignant cells.

[0038]
FIG. 10. Inhibition of proliferation of the SNU 1076 cell line Wnt 1 and Wnt 10b.

[0039]
FIG. 11. Growth inhibition with a soluble WNT antagonist, secreted frizzled related protein (SFRP).

[0040]
FIG. 12. Apoptotic effect of inhibition of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in a HNSCC line.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041]
FIG. 1. Schematic of developmental signaling pathways is depicted. The signalling pathways of the Wnt/wingless and Hedehog/Sonic hedgehog are shown. Both sets of ligands interact with a cell surface receptor. Proteins involved in the signalling pathway are shown, for example, LEF1 and GSK3.

[0042]
FIG. 2. RT-PCR analysis of a subset of HNSCC and B-cell lines for frizzled 2 mRNA. Total RNA was extracted from HNSCC lines (PCI13, Detroit 562, RPMI 2650, SNU1076, KB, AMC4), a CLL line (Lesch), a Burkitt lymphoma line (Ramos), glioma lines (U87MG, and U373MG), normal human bronchial epithelial cell lines (Clonetics, San Diego, Calif.) and normal oral squamous epithelial (OSE) cells using RNAzol (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.). Reverse transcription was performed using 1 μg of RNA from each sample and the Superscript™ Preamplification kit (Gibco BRL). Frizzled 2 was amplified with 25 cycles of PCR. G3PDH mRNA was amplified in a separate reaction for each sample.

[0043]
FIG. 3. A sample western blot analysis of tumor and normal cells for frizzled 2, wnt 5A and 10b. Adherent cells in culture were harvested and lysed with a solution containing 25 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM KCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1 mM NaVO3, 1 mM NaF, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate and protease inhibitors. Twenty μg of protein from each cell line was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane was immersed in 2% I-block, 0.05% Tween X in PBS and then incubated with a 1:500 dilution of polyclonal goat anti-human Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, or frizzled 2 IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.). These primary antibodies were then detected by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (Santa Cruz) and chemiluminescence (ECL detection reagents, Amersham Life Science, Aylesbury, UK). To verify relative amount of protein transferred in each lane, presence of actin was measured with an actin monoclonal antibody (Chemi-Con International Inc, Temecula, Calif.).

[0044]
FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C. Inhibition of proliferation in a HNSCC line. Briefly, either 7.5×103 or 10×103 SNU1076 cells per well were seeded in 96 well plates. After 24 hours, graded amounts of polyclonal goat anti-human frizzled 2, Wnt 1, or Wnt 10b IgG (sAB)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.), or control goat anti-human IgG (cAB)(Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) were added. On days 1, 2, 3, or 4, 20 μl of MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)-based solution was added to wells for four hours prior to lysis with 15% SDS, 0.015 M HCl. Absorbencies of 570 and 650 nm were measured.

[0045]
FIG. 5. Apoptotic effect of inhibition of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in a HNSCC line. The HNSCC line SNU1076, growing in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, was treated for 72 hrs with 300 ng/ml anti-Frizzled 2, Wnt-1, Wnt10b, or control nonspecific polyclonal antibodies. The cytotoxic effects of these antibodies were assessed by vital dye retention and DNA content. Panel A: cells were detached from the flasks by trypsin treatment and incubated for 10 minutes in growing medium with 5 μg/ml Propidium iodide (PI) and 40 nM DiOC6 and analyzed by flow cytometry. Viable cells (stripes) had high DiOC6 (FL-1) and low PI (FL-3) fluorescence, and apoptotic cells (stippled) had low DiOC6 (FL-1) and low PI (FL-3) fluorescence. Panel B: cells were detached from the flasks by trypsin treatment and incubated overnight in a hypotonic buffer (0.1% citrate, 0.1% SDS) containing 50 μg/ml PI and 100 μg/ml RNase. The amount of DNA was then measured by flow cytometry, and apoptotic cells were defined as having a DNA content lower than the G0G1 levels (sub-G0 cells).

[0046]
FIG. 6. Sequence alignment of a portion of the first extracellular region of human Frizzled receptors. Specifically, the amino acid sequences of HFZ1 through HFZ10 are aligned to show similarity.

[0047]
FIGS. 7A and 7B. FIG. 7A: immunoblot after treatment with Wnt 1 or Wnt 10b antibodies. SNU1076 cells were treated for 72 hrs with 2 μg/ml of anti-Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, or control antibodies. Twenty μg of protein from each cell line was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane was immersed in 2% I-block, 0.05% Tween X in PBS and then incubated with a monoclonal anti-human β-catenin, cyclin D1, or fibronectin IgG. These primary antibodies were then detected by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-IgG and chemiluminescence. To verify and compare relative amounts of protein in each lane, PVDF membrane was stripped with Re-Blot™ Western blot recycling kit and reprobed for other antibodies or actin monoclonal antibody. FIG. 7B: treatment with Wnt1 antibodies reduces transcription of TCF/LEF gene. SNU 1076 cells were treated with 2 μg/ml of anti-Wnt-1, or control antibodies for 36 hrs. SNU 1076 cells were cotransfected with 0.5 μg/ml of pTOPFLASH-Luc or pFOPFLASH-Luc and 0.5 μg/ml of pCMV-βGal. Cells were harvested 24 h after transfection, and lysed in lysis buffer. Luciferase and β-galactosidase activities determined using Dual-Light™ reporter gene assay system. Luciferase activities of each of pTOPFLASH-Luc or pFOPFLASH-Luc and β-galactosidase activities of pCMV-βGal were measured in the same sample by luminometer. Transfection efficiency of each sample was normalized by the activity of β-galactosidase activity.

[0048]
FIGS. 8A and 8B. FIG. 8A: RT-PCR amplification for Wnt/FZD families in cancer cell lines. Lane 1: DNA standard, lane 2: H2O, Lanes 3 and 4: glioblastoma, lanes 5-14: head and neck cancers, lanes 15 and 16: B cell cancers. FIG. 8B: RT-PCR amplification for Wnt/FZD families in normal cells. Lane 1: DNA standard, lane 2: H2O, lanes 7 and 14: normal human bronchial epithelial cell, other lanes: normal oral squmous cells.

[0049]
FIGS. 9A and 9B. Protein expression of FZD 2, Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, β-catenin and actin in normal and malignant cells. Normal oral squamous epithelium (OSE), normal human broncheotracheal epithelial cells (NHBE), HNSCC lines, and other solid and B cell tumor lines were lysed, separated by SDS-page, blotted onto PDVF membranes and successively probed with the indicated antibodies.

[0050]
FIG. 10. Inhibition of proliferation of the SNU 1076 cell line. 7.5×103 SNU 1076 cells per well were seeded in 96 well plates. After 24 hours, graded amounts of polyclonal goat anti-human Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, or control goat anti-human IgG were added. On days 1, 2, 3, or 4, 20 μl of MTT solution was added to wells for four hours prior to lysis with 15% SDS, 0.015 M HCl. Absorbencies of 570 and 650 nm were measured. Data are expressed as the mean of at least 4 independent experiments±SD.

[0051]
FIG. 11. Growth inhibition with a soluble WNT antagonist, secreted frizzled related protein (SFRP). Cell viability of two HNSCC lines was determined with MTT assay 72 hours after addition of 2 μg/ml of recombinant human SFRP 1. Data are expressed as the mean of 2 independent experiments±SD.

[0052]
FIG. 12. Apoptotic effect of inhibition of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in a HNSCC line. SNU1076 was treated for 72 hrs with 2 μg/ml of anti-Wnt 1, Wnt 10b, or control antibodies. The cytotoxic effects of these antibodies were assessed by vital dye retention and DNA content. Cells were detached from the flasks by trypsin treatment and incubated for 10 minutes in growing medium with 5 μg/ml Propidium iodide (PI) and 40 nM DiOC6 and analyzed by flow cytometry. Viable cells had high DiOC6 (FL-1) and low PI (FL-3) fluorescence, and apoptotic cells had low DiOC6 (FL-1) and low PI (FL-3) fluorescence.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0053] Different clonal populations of HNSCC overexpress various receptors of the Wnt and Fzd family because of their immature cell of origin and because of a growth and survival advantage provided by autocrine or paracrine Wnt/Fzd signaling. We examined HNSCC and normal human epithelial cell lines for the expression of 5 Wnt and 2 Fzd genes. The results showed that most HNSCCs did overexpress one or more Wnt and Fzd mRNAs. Moreover, the Wnt/Fzd pathway was functional in some of the HNSCC cells, as indicated by the constitutive expression of a LEF/TCF reporter gene. In the SNU 1076 cell line, anti-Wnt-1 or anti-Wnt-10b antibodies decreased the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1, inhibited cell growth, and induced apoptosis. Thus, the Wnt and Fzd genes are frequently overexpressed in HNSCC, and are attractive targets for both immunotherapy and drug therapy.

[0054] We have examined tumor and normal cell lines for proteins that are involved in embryonic development. These studies suggest that at least one G-coupled protein receptor, frizzled 2, is overexpressed by many tumor cell lines. A broader panel of normal and malignant cells can be studied and immunization strategies can be developed directed towards passive and active immunotherapies against this antigen.

[0055] Based on the successful experience of trastuzumab as an adjunctive passive immunotherapy as described above, an evaluation of blocking the Wnt-frizzled signaling pathway on the growth of a HNSCC line with commercially available polyclonal antibodies was performed (FIGS. 4 and 5). Soluble inhibitors of fizzled have been described to induce apoptosis secondary to their inhibition of frizzled signaling (Zhou, Z. J. et al., “Up-regulation of human secreted fizzled homolog in apoptosis and its down-regulation in breast tumors,” Int J Cancer 78:95-99 (1998)). The antibodies tested appear to have slowed the growth of the tumor line and resulted in apoptosis (FIGS. 4 and 5).

[0056] To evaluate Wnt and Fzd receptors as potential tumor associated antigens in head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC), we screened various tumor and normal cell lines by both RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. Initial screening revealed that both frizzled 2 and frizzled 5 are expressed in head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC), glioma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (FIG. 2). Further, the results revealed that Fzd-2 was overexpressed in many HNSCC cells, compared to normal human bronchoepithelial (NHBE) cells (Table 1). The amino acid sequence of Fzd-2 is very homologous to Fzd-1 and 7 (Sagara, N. et al. “Molecular cloning, differential expression, and chromosomal localization of human frizzled-1, frizzled-2, and frizzled-7,” Biochem Biophys Res Comm 252, 117-122 (1998)). To confirm that frizzled 2 was specifically amplified in the tumor

lines to RT-PCR products from selected reactions were cloned into the TA vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and sequenced. There was 100% identity of the inserts with the human frizzled 2 sequence by BLAST search. In addition, immunoblotting showed a lack of detectable Fzd-2 protein in the lysates of NHBE in which there were weakly detectable or undetectable products by RT-PCR. The human Fzd-2 gene originally was isolated by Sagara and colleagues (Sagara 1998, infra). These investigators also found that the mRNA for Fzd-2 was not detectable in any of 15 different normal human adult tissues, with the possible exception of heart. In contrast, embryonic tissues, as well as six of eight malignant cell lines, expressed abundant Fzd-2 mRNA. However, these investigators did not test for the expression of frizzled Fzd-2 protein, and mRNA levels do not necessarily correlate with protein expression. Our studies show that Fzd-2 protein expression is prominent in HNSCC cell lines, when compared to normal NHBE cells. Hence, antibodies against specific determinants of the extracellular domain of Fzd-2 could be used to bind to and target such malignant cells.

[0057] Compared to NHBE cells, the HNSCC cell lines expressed much higher message levels of Wnt-1, Wnt-5a, Wnt-10b and Wnt-13. Of these Wnt proteins Wnt-1, 5A, and 10b were exclusively expressed by the malignant cell lines and were not detected in the normal tissues tested. Immunoblotting experiments confirmed the overexpression of Wnt-1 and Wnt-10b protein in several HNSCC cell lines (FIG. 3). Since the tumors had high levels of both the ligands and their Fzd-2 receptors, it was important to determine if Wnt/Fzd signaling was constitutively active in the HNSCC cells. The canonical Wnt/Fzd signaling cascade leads to the accumulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin and its translocation to the nucleus. In the nucleus beta-catenin binds a specific sequence motif at the N terminus of lymphoid-enhancing factor/T cell factor (LEF/TCF) to generate a transcriptionally active complex (Behrens J et al. “Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1,” Nature 382, 638-642 (1996)). Experiments using LEF/TCF reporter gene, TOPFLASH, demonstrated that LEF/TCF dependent transcription was active in the SNU 1076 cells.

[0058] The Wnt/frizzled pathway has been previously implicated in tumorigenesis. Soluble Wnt glycoproteins have been demonstrated to transmit signal by binding to the seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled-receptor frizzled (FIG. 1) (Bhanot, P. et al. “A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor,” Nature 382:225-230 (1996); Yang-Snyder, J. et al. “A frizzled homolog functions in a vertebrate Wnt signaling pathway,” Curr Biol 6:1302-1306 (1996); Leethanakul, C. et al. “Distinct pattern of expression of differentiation and growth-related genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck revealed by the use of laser capture microdissection and cDNA arrays,” Oncogene 19:3220-3224 (2000)). Upon Wnt signaling, a cascade is initiated that results in the accumulation of cytoplasmic beta-catenin and its translocation to the nucleus. In the nucleus beta-catenin binds a specific sequence motif at the N terminus of lymphoid-enhancing factor/T cell factor (LEF/TCF) to generate a transcriptionally active complex (Behrens, J. et al. “Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1,” Nature 382:638-642 (1996)). Beta-catenin interacts with multiple other proteins such as cadherin, which it links to the cytoskeleton (Hoschuetzky, H. et al. “Beta-catenin mediates the interaction of the cadherin-catenin complex with epidermal growth factor receptor,” J Cell Biol 127:1375-1380 (1994); Aberle, H. et al., “Assembly of the cadherin-catenin complex in vitro with recombinant proteins,” J Cell Sci 107:3655-3663 (1994)). It also associates with the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein and glycogen synthetase 3 beta (GSK3β) (Rubinfeld, B. et al., “Binding of GSK3beta to the APC-beta-catenin complex and regulation of complex assembly,” Science 272:1023-1026 (1996)). These proteins function to negatively regulate beta catenin by facilitating phosphorylation near the aminoterminus and thus accelerating its proteolytic degradation (Yost, C. et al., “The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of beta-catenin is regulated in Xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3,” Genes Dev 10:1443-1454 (1996)).

[0059] A panel of tumor cells that can be screened are derived from the panel of 60 lines which are being characterized in the National Institutes of Health Developmental Therapeutics Program. The cell lines that are currently available include: (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) A549/ATCC, NCI-H226, NCI-H460, HOP-62, HOP-92, (colon cancer) HT29, HCT-116, (breast cancer) MCF7, NCI/ADR-RES, MDA-MB-231/ATCC, T-47D, (ovarian cancer) OVCAR-3, OVCAR-4, SK-OV-3, (leukemia) CCRF-CEM, K-562, MOLT-4, HL-60 (TB), RPMI-8226, (renal cell) 786-0, TK-10, (prostate cancer) PC-3, DU-145. Normal control cell lines can be purchased from Clonetics.

[0060] Although Wnt and Fzd were expressed in HNSCC cells, they may be dispensable for cell growth and survival. Therefore, the effects of antibodies to the extracellular domains of Wnt-1 and Wnt-10b were studied in three HNSCC lines known to express the receptors. When compared to control antibodies, both anti-Wnt antibodies slowed the growth of one of the HNSCC cell lines (SNU 1076) and resulted in apoptosis. Treatment with high levels of SFRP1, a Wnt antagonist, exerted a similar effect. Moreover, interference with Wnt/frizzled signaling in SNU 1076 cells decreased the activity of the LEF/TCF reporter gene, and reduced levels of β-catenin cyclin D1 and fibronectin. These results suggest that continued autocrine or paracrine Wnt/Fzd signaling may be required for the growth and survival of a subset of HNSCC cells.

[0061] These results suggest that antibodies against Wnt and frizzled receptors may exert two different effects in HNSCC cancers in vivo. In malignant cells that depend on Wnt/Fzd signaling for survival, the antibodies might directly slow tumor growth and/or induce apoptosis. In HNSCC cells that incidentally overexpress the receptors, but do not require them for proliferation, the antibodies still could potentially target the tumor cells for killing by complement, or antibody dependent cellular toxicity. Based on these data, we believe that passive immunotherapy could be a useful adjunctive therapy in HNSCC that overexpress one or more Wnt and Fzd receptors.

[0062] Experimental Methods

[0063] Cell lines and culture: Ten HNSCC, 2 B lymphoma, and 2 glioblastoma cell lines were studied. Detroit-562 (pharyngeal cancer), KB (carcinoma in the floor of the mouth), RPMI-2650 (nasal septal) cancer), SCC-25 (tongue cancer), U87MG and U373MG (glioblastoma), Ramos (lymphoma), Detroit-551 (human skin fibroblast-like cells) and WI-38 (human lung fibroblasts) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). The PCI-1, 13, and 50 cell lines were kindly provided by Dr. T. Whiteside (Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pa.) (Whiteside, T. L. et al., “Human tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes and interleukin-2-activated natural killer cells: comparisons of antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo,” Clin Cancer Res. 4, 1135-1145 (1998); Yasumura, S. et al., “Human cytotoxic T-cell lines with restricted specificity for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,” Cancer Res. 53, 1461-1468 (1993)). The HNSCC cell lines SNU 1066, SNU 1076 and AMC 4 cell lines were provided by Dr. J. G. Park (Seoul National University, Korea) and Dr. S. Y. Kim (University of Ulsan, Korea), respectively (Ku, J. L. et al., “Establishment and characterization of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines,” Laryngoscope 109, 976-82 (1999); Kim, S. Y. et al. “Establishment and characterization of nine new head and neck cancer cell lines,” Acta Otolaryngol. 117, 775-784 (1997)). Two different normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells derived from different persons were purchased from Clonetics (San Diego, Calif.). All cancer cell lines were cultured at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, in either RPMI 1640, DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), or Ham's12-DMEM medium, as recommended by the suppliers, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. NHBE cells were cultured in the bronchial epithelial cell growth media provided by the company. Normal epithelial cells were obtained from scrapings of the oral mucosa of 10 normal healthy volunteers. All cell lines were found to be free of mycoplasma contamination.

[0064] RT-PCR Analyses: Total RNA was extracted by using Trizol® (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.), according to the manufacturer's directions. Different pairs of gene-specific primers based on GenBank sequences of cloned human Wnt and Fzd genes were used for reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. Reverse transcription was performed with a Superscript™ Preamplification kit (Gibco BRL). One microgram of RNA was used from each sample, and 25-35 cycles of PCR were carried out. The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis, visualized under ultra violet light, and scanned with a laser densitometer. The intensities of the Wnt and Fzd bands were compared with the amplicon of the housekeeping gene G3PDH. Preliminary experiments confirmed that the PCR amplifications had not reached a plateau for all data reported in the results. The following list summarizes the primer pairs used:

[0065] Fzd-2: 5′-cagcgtcttgcccgaccagatcca-3′(reverse); 5′-ctagcgccgctcttcgtgtacctg-3′ (forward). Fzd-5: 5′-ttcatgtgcctggtggtgggg-3′ (forward); 5′-tacacgtgcgacagggacacc-3′ (reverse). Wnt-1: 5′-cacgacctcgtctacttcgac-3′ (forward); 5′-acagacactcgtgcagtacgc-3′ (reverse). Wnt-5a: 5′-acacctctttccaaacaggcc-3′ (forward); 5′-ggattgttaaactcaactctc-3′ (reverse) Wnt-7a: 5′-cgcaacaagcggcccaccttc-3′ (forward), 5′-tccgtgcgctcgctgcacgtg-3′ (reverse) Wnt-10b: 5′-gaatgcgaatccacaacaacag-3′ (forward); 5′-ttgcggttgtgggtatcaatgaa-3′(reverse). Wnt-13: 5′-aagatggtgccaacttcaccg-3′ (forward); 5′-ctgccttcttggggctttgc-3′(reverse) G3PDH: 5′-accacagtccatgccatcac -3′ (forward); 5′-tacagcaacagggtggtgga-3′(reverse).

[0066] The specificities of the Wnt and Fzd PCR products were confirmed by cloning and sequencing the products, using a TOPO TA Cloning kit and M13 primers (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

[0067] Immunoblotting: After removal of medium, cells in logarithmic growth were disrupted in lysis buffer [25 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM KCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate] including phosphatase and protease inhibitor cocktails. Each lane of an SDS-PAGE gel was loaded with 20 μg of protein. After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, blocked with 2% I-block™ (Tropix Tnc. Bedford, Mass.) containing 0.05% Tween-X in PBS, and then incubated with primary antibody. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-IgG (Santa Cruz Laboratories, Santa Cruz, Calif.) was used as the secondary antibody. The membranes were developed using a chemiluminescence system (ECL detection reagent: Amersham Life Science, Aylesbury, UK), and scanned with a laser densitometer. The membranes were stripped with Re-Blot™ Western blot recycling kit (Chemi-Con International Inc, Temecula, Calif.) and reprobed using other antibodies and actin monoclonal antibody (Chemi-Con International Inc) as a control. Prestained molecular weight markers (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) were used as reference.

[0068] Antibodies: Polyclonal antibodies specific for the amino terminal extracellular domains of Wnt-1 and Wnt-10b, and for the carboxy terminal region of Fzd-2, were purchased from Santa Cruz Laboratories, and monoclonal antibodies specific for β-catenin and fibronectin were purchased from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, Ky.). Antibodies to cyclin D1 and actin were purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, Calif.) and Chemi-Con International Inc., respectively. Purified recombinant human soluble frizzled-related protein-1 was prepared in Dr. J. Rubin's laboratory as described previously (Uren, A. et al., “Secreted frizzled-related protein-1 binds directly to Wingless and is a biphasic modulator of Wnt signaling,” J Biol Chem. 275, 4374-4382 (2000)).

[0069] MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)-based cell assay: Cell proliferation was determined by a colorimetric MTT assay. Briefly, either 7.5−10×103 cells were dispersed in each well of a 96 well plate. Twenty-hours after culture, 4 different concentrations of anti-Wnt-1 or ant-Wnt-10b antibody (2 μg/ml, 0.2 μg/ml, 20 ng/ml, and 2 ng/ml) were added to the cultures. The same concentrations of goat antihuman IgG (Fisher Scientific) were used as an isotype control. The antibodies were dialyzed against tissue culture medium prior to use, to remove preservatives. On 1, 2, 3, or 4 days after incubation, 20 μl of MTT solution was added to each well. Four hours later the cells were lysed, and absorbances at 570 nM and 650 nM were measured and growth, as a percentage of control, was determined from the formula:

% of control growth=(B−A)/(C−A)×100

[0070] where A=absorbance at start of incubation, B=absorbance after incubation with antibodies tested, C=absorbance after incubation with control antibody. The assays were performed in triplicate, and the results represent the mean value±standard deviation from four independent experiments.

[0071] Flow Cytometry: Cell apoptosis was assayed by propidium iodide (PI) and DIOC6 staining, followed by flow cytometry. The HNSCC line, SNU1076, was treated with 2 μg/ml anti-Wnt-1, anti-Wnt-10, or control IgG for 72 hrs. Cells were detached from the flasks by trypsin treatment and incubated for 10 minutes in medium with 5 μg/ml PI and 40 nM DiOC6, and then were analyzed by flow cytometry in a FACS caliber (Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, Calif.). Viable cells had high DiOC6 (FL-1) and low PI (FL-3) fluorescence, whereas apoptotic cells had low DiOC6 (FL-1) and low PI (FL-3) fluorescence.

[0072] Tumor and normal cell lines can be identified that express frizzled 2. Ten cell lines that express frizzled 2 and at least two cell lines that do not are currently being tested. The cells will be plated as described above for FIG. 4. The mouse sera that tests for highest titer and specificity in aim 2 will be used in the cell cultures. The cells will be exposed to graded amounts of polyclonal anti-frizzled 2 mouse sera and normal control serum. On days 1, 2, 3, and 4 subsets of the replicate wells will be assayed for proliferative capacity. On successive days 20 μl of MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)-based solution will be added to wells for four hours prior to lysis with 15% SDS, 0.015 M HCl. Absorbencies of 570 and 650 nm will measured. These measurements will be performed in triplicate and statistical relevance will be assessed by Students t test for P<0.05.

[0073] The selected cell lines will also undergo analysis for DNA content by Propidium iodide (PI) staining. Cell lines treated for 72 hours in the presence of graded concentrations of normal or immunized mouse serum will be trypsinized, incubated for 10 minutes with 5 μg/ml PI and 40 nM DiOC6, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Viable cells will be DiOC6 (FL-1) high and PI (FL-3) low, and apoptotic cells will be DiOC6 (FL-1) low and PI (FL-3) low. Additionally, cells will detached from the flasks with trypsin and incubated overnight in a hypotonic buffer (0.1% citrate, 0.1% SDS) containing 50 μg/ml PI and 100 μg/ml RNase. The amount of DNA will be measured by flow cytometry. Apoptotic cells are defined as having a DNA content lower than the G0G1 levels (sub-G0 cells).

[0074] Transient Luciferase Assays: The pTOPFLASH-Luc reporter gene vector and the pFOPFLASH-Luc control were kindly provided by Dr. Hans Clevers (University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands). For TOPFLASH/FOPFLASH reporter gene assays, SNU 1076 cells were cotransfected with 0.5 μg of pTOPFLASH-Luc or pFOPFLASH-Luc and 0.5 μg of pCMV-βGal, as described previously (Korinek, V. et al., “Constitutive transcriptional activation by a beta-catenin-Tcf complex in APC−/−colon carcinoma,” Science 275, 1784-1787 (1997)). Cells were harvested 24 h after transfection, disrupted in lysis buffer, and luciferase and β-galactosidase activities were determined using the Dual-Light reporter gene assay system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Luciferase activities of each pTOPFLASH-Luc or pFOPFLASH-Luc transfected culture, and the β-galactosidase activities of pCMV-βGal transfected cells, were measured in the same samples using a luminometer. The transfection efficiencies of the samples were normalized by the activity of β-galactosidase.

[0075] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description and from the claims.

[0076] The present invention is further described by the following examples. The examples are provided solely to illustrate the invention by reference to specific embodiments. These exemplifications, while illustrating certain specific aspects of the invention, do not portray the limitations or circumscribe the scope of the disclosed invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Immunogenicity of Isolated Non-Homologous Regions of Frizzled 2

[0077] The first extracellular domain of frizzled 2 contains a region which based on protein structure is least homologous to the other frizzled protein family members (FIG. 6) (Sagara, N. et al. “Molecular cloning, differential expression, and chromosomal localization of human frizzled-1, frizzled-2, and frizzled-7,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252:117-122 (1998)). This polypeptide sequence may have sufficient ternary structure to generate an antibody response to the native protein. In order to enhance B cell stimulation this epitope will be coupled to T cell epitopes that have been described to generate T cell help.

[0078] The overall strategy will be to use the least conserved region of the frizzled protein, attempting to preserve the most native structure possible and to generate the most potent immune response. The most versatile method for designing vaccines of defined regions is naked plasmid DNA. The advantages are that the vectors can be rapidly redesigned to change the length of sequence that is expressed, discontinuous regions of the protein can be co-expressed, and the DNA sequence of the protein can be fused to other epitopes to enhance antigenicity (O'Hern, P. A. et al. “Colinear synthesis of an antigen-specific B-cell epitope with a ‘promiscuous’ tetanus toxin T-cell epitope: a synthetic peptide immunocontraceptive,” Vaccine 15:1761-1766 (1997); Paterson, M. et al., “Design and evaluation of a ZP3 peptide vaccine in a homologous primate model,” Mol Hum Reprod 5:342-352 (1999); Dakappagari, N. K. et al., “Prevention of mammary tumors with a chimeric HER-2 B-cell epitope peptide vaccine,” Cancer Res 60:3782-3789 (2000)). It affords the versatility of expressing soluble, membrane bound proteins, or small peptide fragments. Also gene transfer by this technique is a powerful tool to introduce multiple protein elements into the same or separate locations. In this system single or multiple proteins can be locally expressed. Injecting a combination of plasmids expressing antigens and costimulators like B7.1 and B7.2 results in enhanced immune responses (Corr, M. et al., “Costimulation provided by DNA immunization enhances antitumor immunity,” J Immunol 159:4999-5004 (1997); Chan, K. et al., “The roles of mhc class ii, cd40, and b7 costimulation in ctl induction by plasmid dna (DNA?),” J Immunol 166:3061-3066 (2001)).

[0079] Several plasmids have been constructed which are under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter which has been found to enable high levels of antigen expression in injected muscle. The pCMVint vector includes the cytomegalovirus (CMV) E1 promoter, the simian virus (SV40) t-intron, and the SV-40 polyadenylation site (Corr, M. et al. “Gene vaccination with naked plasmid DNA: mechanism of CTL priming,” J Exp Med 184:1555-1560 (1996)). The ACB vector has the same elements except the polyadenylation sequence is from the bovine growth hormone gene (Sato, Y. et al. “Immunostimulatory DNA sequences necessary for effective intradermal gene immunization,” Science 273:352-354 (1996)). The first set of plasmid constructs planned will encode the least homologous region of the frizzled 2 between the ninth and tenth cysteines. These cysteines will be preserved in this series of constructs as they may stabilize a configuration that enables antibody binding to the native protein. This polypeptide fragment will be fused at the aminoterminus or the carboxylterminus via a short linker to a tetanus toxin or measles virus fusion (MVF) protein T helper epitopes (see below) (O'Hern, P. A. et al. “Colinear synthesis of an antigen-specific B-cell epitope with a ‘promiscuous’ tetanus toxin T-cell epitope: a synthetic peptide immunocontraceptive,” Vaccine 15:1761-1766 (1997); Paterson, M. et al “Design and evaluation of a ZP3 peptide vaccine in a homologous primate model,” Mol Hum Reprod 5:342-352 (1999); Dakappagari, N. K. et al., “Prevention of mammary tumors with a chimeric HER-2 B-cell epitope peptide vaccine,” Cancer Res 60:3782-3789 (2000)). These minigenes will be constructed with overlapping oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are 5′ prime phosphorylated with T4 kinase at room temperature for 30 minutes, annealed by boiling an equimolar admixture of two complementary oligomers and slow cooling. The double stranded oligonucleotides are then ligated 3′ to the tissue plasminogen leader (TPA) leader into the EcoR47III site in frame and into the BamH1 site of the pBluescript SKII vector. The minigene is then subcloned into the pCMV and pACB vectors between the Pst1 and Xba1 sites as previously described (Corr, M. et al., “Costimulation provided by DNA immunization enhances antitumor immunity,” J Immunol 159:4999-5004 (1997)).

[0080] The inserts for the vectors are designed as described above. The frizzled putative B cell epitope is from the published sequence. The tetanus toxin and measles MVF T helper epitopes have been optimized for human codon usage by the most frequently used codon per amino acid. The DNA constructs have an initiating methionine and stop codons added to the 5′ and 3′ ends respectively. The aminoacid and DNA sequences are summarized below with the short GPSL linker sequence in bold and the T cell helper epitope underlined.

1Tetanus toxin epitope fused to a frizzled domainpFZD2-TTMCVGQNHSEDGAPALLTTAPPPGLQPGAGGTPGGPGGGGAPPRYATLEHPFHC-GPSL-VDDALINSTKIYSYFPSV-STOPATG TGC GTC GGC CAG AAC CAC TCC GAG GAC GGA GCT CCC GCG CTA CTC ACC ACCGCG CCG CCG CCG GGA CTG CAG CCG GGT GCC GGG GGC ACC CCG GGT GGC CCG GGCGGC GGC GGC GCT CCC CCG CGC TAC GCC ACG CTG GAG CAC CCC TTC CAC TGC-GGCCCC AGC CTG- GTG GAC GAC GCC CTG ATC AAC AGC ACC AAG ATC TAC AGC TAC TTTCCC AGC GTG TAGpTT-FZD2MVDDALINSTKIYSYFPSV-GPSL-CVGQNHSEDGAPALLTTAPPPGLQPGAGGTPGGPGGGGAPPRYATLEHPFHC-STOPATG GTG GAC GAC GCC CTG ATC AAC AGC ACC AAG ATC TAC AGC TAC TTT CCC AGCGTG-GGC CCC AGC CTG-TGC GTC GGC CAG AAC CAC TCC GAG GAC GGA GCT CCC GCGCTA CTC ACC ACC GCG CCG CCG CCG GGA CTG CAG CCG GGT GCC GGG GGC ACC CCGGGT GGC CCG GGC GGC GGC GGC GCT CCC CCG CGC TAC GCC ACG CTG GAG CAC CCCTTC CAC TGC TAGMeasles MVF epitope fused to a frizzled domainPFZD2-MMVFMCVGQNHSEDGAPALLTTAPPPGLQPGAGGTPGGPGGGGAPPRYATLEHPFHC-GPSL-KLLSLIKGVIVHRLEGVE-STOPATG TGC GTC GGC CAG AAC CAC TCC GAG GAC GGA GCT CCC GCG CTA CTC ACC ACCGCG CCG CCG CCG GGA CTG CAG CCG GGT GCC GGG GGC ACC CCG GGT GGC CCG GGCGGC GGC GGC GCT CCC CCG CGC TAC GCC ACG CTG GAG CAC CCC TTC CAC TGC-GGCCCC AGC CTG- AAG CTG CTG AGC CTG ATC AAG GGC GTG ATC GTG CAC CGC CTG GAGGGC GTG GAG TAGPMMVF-FZD2MKLLSLIKGVIVHRLEGVE-GPSL-CVGQNHSEDGAPALLTTAPPPGLQPGAGGTPGGPGGGGAPRYATLEHPFHC-STOPATG AAG CTG CTG AGC CTG ATC AAG GGC GTG ATC GTG CAC CGC CTG GAG GGC GTGGAG-GGC CCC AGC CTG-TGC GTC GGC CAG AAC CAC TCC GAG GAC GGA GCT CCC GCGCTA CTC ACC ACC GCG CCG CCG CCG GGA CTG CAG CCG GGT GCC GGG GGC ACC CCGGGT GGC CCG GGC GGC GGC GGC GCT CCC CCG CGC TAC GCC ACG CTG GAG CAC CCCTTC CAC TGC TAG

[0081] Plasmid DNA is prepared using Qiagen Maxiprep (Chatsworth, Calif.) kits with the modification of adding one tenth volume 10% Triton X-114 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) to the clarified bacterial lysate prior to applying it to a column. Prior to injection the residual endotoxin level is quantified using a limulus extract clot assay (Associates of Cape Cod, Woods Hole, Mass.). A level of ≦5 ng endotoxin/μg DNA need be obtained prior to use in an animal (Corr, M. et al. “In vivo priming by DNA injection occurs predominantly by antigen transfer,” J Immunol 163:4721-4727 (1999)). The DNA is resuspended in a sterile pyrogen free saline solution for injection.

[0082] Twenty-eight female mice will be divided into groups of 4 mice each. They will be injected in the dermis of the tail with a combination of 50 μg plasmid encoding a costimulator (B7-1 or B7-2) and 50 μg linker plasmid diluted in normal saline at weeks zero, one and two. A group with empty vector is included as a negative control. The groups are as follows:

2GroupPlasmid 1Plasmid 2ApTT-FZD2nCMVBpTT-FZD2nCMVB7-1CpTT-FZD2nCMVB7-2DpFZD2-TTnCMVEpFZD2-TTnCMVB7-1FpFZD2-TTnCMVB7-2G—nCMV

[0083] Another group of mice in similar groups will be immunized using the pMMVF-FZD2 and pFZD2-MMVF set of linked epitope plasmids. The nCMVB7-1 and nCMVB7-2 constructs encode the cDNAs for murine CD80 and CD86, which were kindly provided by G. Freeman (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass.) (Corr, M. et al., “Costimulation provided by DNA immunization enhances antitumor immunity,” J Immunol 159:4999-5004 (1997)).

[0084] Mice will be bled prior to the start of the experiment and then every two weeks thereafter. Serum will be separated and stored at −20° C. prior to testing. On week ten (seven weeks after the last injection) mice will be sacrificed. The titers of antibody will be tested by anti-peptide ELISA. Ninety-six well plates (Costar) are coated with 50 μl/well 20 μg/ml peptide in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4° C. The plates are then washed and blocked with 200 μl/well 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS. Sera are diluted in 2% BSA in PBS. After overnight incubation at 4° C. the plates are washed. Bound murine IgG is detected by alkaline phosphatase conjugated-goat anti-murine IgG (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories) followed by p-nitrophenylphosphate substrate. The titration curves for each sera are compared using DeltaSOFT II v. 3.66 (Biometallics, Princeton, N.J.).

[0085] Mice that develop sufficiently high titers of antibody that bind to the peptide will be tested for specificity to frizzled 2 by fluorescent cytometry with cells that express the protein by transfection and known tumor cells that have the mRNA. We will also test the binding by Western blot analysis of cells that express this isoform and to cells that have been found to express other frizzled family members. Briefly, immunoblotting will be performed as described above. Cells are lysed in with a solution containing 25 mM Tris HCl, 150 mM KCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1 mM NaVO3, 1 mM NaF, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate and protease inhibitors. Twenty μg of protein from each cell line is separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane is soaked in 2% I-block, 0.05% Tween X in PBS and then incubated with a 1:500 dilution of polyclonal pre or post immunization mouse serum at 1:500 dilution. Murine antibody binding is then detected by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rat anti-mouse IgG and chemiluminescence (ECL detection reagents). To verify relative amount of protein transferred in each lane, the blots are then stripped and the presence of actin is measured with an actin monoclonal antibody.

[0086] Different immunization strategies are being evaluated for their efficacy in eliciting a humoral immune response. If the antibody response is weak then the vectors can be redesigned with other known potent T helper epitopes. Other vectors can be designed where the polypeptide from frizzled 2 is shorter and does not contain the cysteines, which may be inhibiting the most desirable conformation. Another immunization strategy will be to use a prime boost method. The animals are originally injected with plasmid DNA and then are boosted with peptide or recombinant protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The B-cell epitope in each construct may need to be redesigned until there is no cross-reactivity in the humoral response to other frizzled isoforms.

Example 2

Expression of Wnt and Fzd mRNAs in HNSCC

[0087] Ten different HNSCC cell lines, two normal human broncho-epithelial (NHBE) cell lines, and normal oral squamous epithelial cells were tested by RT-PCR for the expression of five Wnts (Wnt-1, Wnt-5a, Wnt-7a, Wnt-10b, Wnt-13), and two Fzds (Fzd-2 and 5). Representative results are illustrated in FIG. 8 and are summarized in Table 1. When compared to the housekeeping gene G3PDH, all the Wnts, as well as Fzd-2, were expressed more frequently in HNSCC than in normal cells, while there was no difference in Fzd-5 gene expression. Of the Wnt genes, Wnt-1, 5a, and 10b were most strongly expressed by the malignant cells, but were barely detectable in the normal tissues tested. We then investigated further Wnt-1 and Wnt-10b, since these Wnts signal through the canonical β-catenin and LEF/TCF, and because antibodies to the extracellular domains were available.

Example 3

Expression of Wnt/Fzd Proteins in HNSCC

[0088] Cell lines were lysed and analyzed for Wnt-1, Wnt-10b, Fzd-2, and β-catenin protein expression by immunoblotting (FIG. 9). The normal cells expressed much less of these Wnt or Fzd proteins, when compared to the tested HNSCC, with the exception of RPMI 2650. Of note is the lack of detectable Fzd protein in the lysate of the NHBE cell line that had a weakly detectable product by RT-PCR. Beta-catenin was detected in all the samples, including both HNSCC and NHBE lines.

Example 4

Effects of Anti-Wnt Antibodies and SFRP1

[0089] Treatment with antibody against the extracellular domains of Wnt-1 or Wnt-10b decreased the proliferation of the SNU1076 HNSCC cell line (FIG. 10), while little effect was observed in PCI 13 cells (data not shown). The inhibition of cell growth by the antibodies was dependent on the concentration and incubation time. The treatment of the SNU1076 HNSCC cell line with anti-Wnt antibodies, but not control antibody, also induced apoptosis (FIG. 12). Similar to anti-Wnt antibodies, treatment with recombinant SFRP1 protein (2 μg/ml), a natural antagonist of Wnt signaling, inhibited growth of SNU 1076 cells (FIG. 11).

[0090] To determine if the effects of anti-Wnt antibody on SNU1076 cells were related to inhibition of Wnt signaling, we compared levels of the Wnt regulated genes cyclin D1 and fibronectin (FIG. 7A). The anti-Wnt-1 antibody, but not the control IgG, reduced cyclin D1, fibronectin, and β-catenin levels in the cytosol of SNU 1076 cells. To confirm these results, TOPFLASH-Luc, a reporter plasmid containing TCF/LEF binding sites, or FOPFLASH-Luc, a negative control plasmid having mutant binding sites was introduced into SNU 1076 cells together with the pCMV-β-gal plasmid (to assess transfection efficiency). Luciferase activity was higher in the TOPFLASH than the FOPFLASH transfected cells, indicating that LEF/TCF dependent transcription was constitutively active. Cells transfected with FOPFLASH showed no changes in the low baseline luciferase activity after treatment with anti-Wnt1 antibodies, whereas cells transfected with TOPFLASH displayed decreased luciferase activity (FIG. 7B).

Example 5

Effects of Anti-Frizzled Antibodies

[0091] Wnt signaling through frizzled receptors has been described to inhibit apoptosis (Chen, S. et al. “Wnt-1 signaling inhibits apoptosis by activating beta-catenin/T cell factor-mediated transcription,” J Cell Biol 152:87-96 (2001)). Also some of the genes that are regulated by TCF/beta-catenin are known to be associated with the cell cycle and cellular proliferation. By blocking the binding of Wnt proteins to their receptors via antibodies directed to the extracellular portion of frizzled this pathway can be interrupted. Decreasing the downstream translocation of beta-catenin to the nucleus could result in slower tumor growth or death of the cell.

[0092] The immunization strategy that may be useful in terms of raising specific antibodies that delay growth in cell culture will then be tested for potential in vivo efficacy in mice. Previously we have used the H-2b thymoma line EL4 as a syngeneic tumor in C57B1/6 mice (Corr, M. et al., “Costimulation provided by DNA immunization enhances antitumor immunity,” J Immunol 159:4999-5004 (1997); (Cho, H. J. et al., “Immunostimulatory DNA-based vaccines induce cytotoxic lymphocyte activity by a T-helper cell-independent mechanism,” Nat Biotechnol 18:509-514 (2000)). This line will be transfected with a human frizzled 2 expression vector and selected in neomycin. The expression vector will be made by excising the frizzled 2 containing insert from one expression vector with Nde1 and BamH1 and ligating the insert into pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) which has a CMV promoter and a neomycin selection cassette. Thirty-two female C57B1/6 mice will be divided into groups of 8 mice each. They will be injected in the dermis of the tail with a combination of 50 μg plasmid encoding a costimulator and 50 μg linker plasmid diluted in normal saline at weeks zero, one and two. A group with empty vector is included as a negative control. On day 28 the mice will be injected subcutaneously in the flank with 20×106 frizzled 2 transfected EL4 cells or untransfected cells (Cho, H. J. et al., “Immunostimulatory DNA-based vaccines induce cytotoxic lymphocyte activity by a T-helper cell-independent mechanism,” Nat Biotechnol 18:509-514 (2000)). The mice will be monitored three times a week for weight, and tumor growth measured with a caliper. Tumor volume is calculated by lengthxwidth2×π/6 as previously described (Radulovic, S. et al., “Inhibition of growth of HT-29 human colon cancer xenografts in nude mice by treatment with bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide antagonist (RC-3095),” Cancer Res 51:6006-6009 (1991)). Mice will be sacrificed four weeks post tumor challenge or if the tumor burden reaches approximately 2000 mm3. Inhibition of tumor growth will be determined by ANOVA.

[0093] The polyclonal antibodies that are generated by the immunization strategies may exhibit binding, but may not be sufficiently concentrated in the polyclonal serum to have a biologic effect. The serum from several immunization strategies may need to be tested in vitro for their potential therapeutic utility before proceeding with the in vivo active immunization strategy for tumor prevention. The inhibition of tumor growth in the murine model may be due to cellular responses as well as humoral, which will lead to further investigations. These assays may be useful in determining if the frizzled expressing cell lines are susceptible to anti-proliferative activity of polyclonal anti-frizzled IgG.

Example 6

Overexpression of Wnt 14 and 16

[0094] Based upon sequences in the public human DNA gene database, we prepared gene-specific primers for all the known human wnt and frizzled genes. We obtained mRNA from primary human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells or normal human lymphocytes. Using real time PCR, we then compared the relative expression of the wnt and frizzled genes in the normal and malignant lymphocytes, compared to the control genes GAPDH and 18S mRNA. We discovered that wnt 16 was 70-100 fold overexpressed in the malignant lymphocytes. Wnt 14 was 400 fold overexpressed in the malignant lymphocytes. We sequenced the amplicons to determine their identities. Northern blots of normal human tissues confirmed the lack of significant expression of wnt 16 mRNA in non-lymphoid cells and in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Following the procedures described above, we will confirm the overexpression of wnt 16 and wnt 14 protein in the malignant cells using non-crossreactive antibodies, and will test the effects of the anti-wnt 16 and anti-wnt 14 antibodies on cell survival in vitro, using normal lymphocytes as a control. In addition, upon review of our results, we can develop these antibodies and antigens as therapeutic agents

Example 7

Regulation of Lymphocyte Survival by Integrins

[0095] The survival of lymphocytes requires that they interact with the extracellular matrix proteins produced by stromal cells in their surrounding microenvironment. These interactions may render the cells resistant to spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis. VLA4 integrin-mediated cell adhesion is known to be involved in regulating cell survival in some leukemic cell lines. We are studying integrin effects on the survival of primary blood lymphocytes. Our data show that the α4-CS1 fragment of fibronectin significantly improves the survival of blood lymphocytes. To develop a potential therapeutic strategy that combines integrin antagonists with cytotoxic drugs, we are investigating the mechanism of several integrin α4-specific antagonists. These compounds specifically inhibit the adhesion of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to fibronectin. We are currently studying the signaling events affected by these integrin antagonists in primary human lymphocytes.

Example 7

Wnt Gene Expression in Normal and Malignant Lymphocytes

[0096] The secreted proteins of the diverse wnt gene family are known to play an important role in cell growth and differentiation. Evidence suggests t wnt signaling may regulate apoptosis. The purpose of these experiments is to identify the wnt genes that are most highly expressed in resting lymphocytes, and then to determine their potential role in cell survival.

[0097] Total RNA was prepared and treated with RNase-free DNase. The cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg total RNA using Superscript reverse transcriptase and oligo dT. To assure that there was no genomic DNA contamination, controls in which no reverse transcriptase was added were also carried out. TaqMan real-time PCR was performed using an ABI PRISM 7700 sequence Detector. Primers and probes for 46 wnt family members and their related genes were designed using Primer Express version 1.0 (Applied Biosystems). The reaction conditions were as follows: 2 min at 500 C. (one cycle), 10 min at 950 C. (one cycle), and 15 s at 950 C. and 1 min at 600 C. (45 cycles). Two replicates for each gene were performed.

[0098] Having developed and validated a TaqMan real-time PCR assay to quantify the gene expression profiles of the wnt family and its related genes, we measured the gene expression profile in three B-CLL, two normal peripheral blood lymphocyte populations, and one purified B cell sample. We found that wnt6, wnt14 and wnt16 were overexpressed in B-CLL, compared to normal PBL or purified B cells. Wnt14 mRNA levels in B-CLL were 16-178 times those of PBL and B cell samples. The concentration of wnt6 mRNA in B-CLL samples was 8-32 fold higher than that in normal PBL and B-CLL samples. Wnt16 mRNA was expressed at 32-178 higher levels in B-CLL than in PBL. For other wnt-related families, such as Fzd, Frp, Wisp and DKK, we did not observe any significant differences. Thus, the wnt gene overexpression appears to be unique.

[0099] We have established a model system to study the integrin-dependent interaction of primary human lymphocytes with extracellular matrix proteins, and have shown that the binding promotes cell survival. We can now test the effects of integrin antagonists on cell signaling and apoptosis in both normal and malignant cells.

[0100] Other experiments revealed three wnt genes that are overexpressed in lymphocytes of patients with B-CLL, compared to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Since wnt proteins are secreted, they may function as survival factors for the malignant cells.

[0101] The specificities of the feeder cell-lymphocyte interactions that delay senescence and apoptosis are identified by using purified lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4, T cells, CD8, T cells, B cells), co-culturing with different feeder cells (monocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts), and then measuring both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis.

[0102] The specific surface molecules and/or secreted factors responsible for the extended survival of the lymphocytes are identified by testing the effects of blocking antibodies against surface antigens on the feeder cells and the lymphocytes, determining the effect of neutralizing antibodies against cytokines and growth factors, and generating sense and anti-sense transfectomas of feeder cells to confirm the roles of the specific interaction revealed in the first two methods described.

[0103] The intracellular signaling pathways in quiescent lymphocytes that are altered by contact with feeder cells, and that increase their survival are identified by determining levels and phosphorylation status of proteins in key activation pathways (mitogen activated protein kinase, STATs, NF-Kb, b-catenin), assessing levels and phosphorylation status of proteins that regulate apoptosis (bc12 family members, caspases, IAPs, SMAC/DIABLO), and testing the effects of pharmacologic inhibitors of signal transduction on the survival of quiescent lymphocytes cultivated with feeder cells, alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents.

[0104] Numerous modifications may be made to the foregoing systems without departing from the basic teachings thereof. Although the present invention has been described in substantial detail with reference to one or more specific embodiments, those of skill in the art will recognize that changes may be made to the embodiments specifically disclosed in this application, yet these modifications and improvements are within the scope and spirit of the invention, as set forth in the claims which follow. All publications or patent documents cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication or document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.

[0105] Citation of the above publications or documents is not intended as an admission that any of the foregoing is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these publications or documents.

Wnt and frizzled receptors as targets for immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

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