Patent Grant
6989057
The present embodiment relates generally to a method and cement composition for sealing a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore.
In the drilling and completion of an oil or gas well, a cement composition is often introduced in the well bore for cementing pipe string or casing. In this process, known as “primary cementing,” the cement composition is pumped into the annular space between the walls of the well bore and the casing. The cement composition sets in the annular space, supporting and positioning the casing, and forming a substantially impermeable barrier, or cement sheath, which isolates the well bore from subterranean zones.
Changes in pressure or temperature in the well bore over the life of the well can produce stress on the cement composition. Also, activities undertaken in the well bore, such as pressure testing, well completion operations, hydraulic fracturing, and hydrocarbon production can impose stress. When the imposed stresses exceed the stress at which the cement fails, the cement sheath can no longer provide the above-described zonal isolation. Compromised zonal isolation is undesirable, and necessitates remedial operations to be undertaken.
Due to its incompressible nature, neat cement is undesirable for use where there is a chance of expansion or contraction in the well bore. In the past, components such as fumed silica have been added to lower the Young's modulus of cement compositions. However, fumed silica is often subject to shortages, and hence to undesirable variations in costs.
Therefore, a cement composition that can provide elasticity and compressibility, while retaining high compressive and tensile strengths, is desirable.
A cement composition for sealing a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore, according to the present embodiment comprises zeolite, cementitious material, and water sufficient to form a slurry.
A variety of cements can be used with the present embodiments, including cements comprised of calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and/or sulfur which set and harden by reaction with water. Such hydraulic cements include Portland cements, pozzolan cements, gypsum cements, aluminous cements, silica cements, and alkaline cements. Portland cements of the type defined and described in API Specification 10, 5th Edition, Jul. 1, 1990, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety) are preferred. API Portland cements include Classes A, B, C, G, and H, of which API Classes A and C are particularly preferred for the present embodiment. The desired amount of cement is understandably dependent on the cementing operation.
Zeolite is a porous alumino-silicate mineral that may be either a natural or manmade material. It is understood that for the purpose of this patent application, the term “zeolite” refers to and encompasses all natural or manmade forms. All zeolites are composed of a three-dimensional framework of SiO4 and AlO4 in a tetrahedron, which creates a very high surface area. Cations and water molecules are entrained into the framework. Thus, all zeolites may be represented by the formula:
Ma/n[(AlO2)a(SiO2)b]xH2O
where M is a cation such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, or Fe; and the ratio of b:a is in a range from greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 5. Some common examples of zeolites include analcime (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate); chabazite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate); harmotome (hydrated barium potassium aluminum silicate); heulandite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate); laumontite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate); mesolite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate); natrolite (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate); phillipsite (hydrated potassium sodium calcium aluminum silicate); scolecite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate); stellerite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate); stilbite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate); and thomsonite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate).
Zeolites are widely used as cation exchangers, desiccants, solid acid catalysts, and absorbents. Applicants believe that in cement compositions, zeolites enhance the compressive strength and decrease porosity as a result of pozzolanic reaction, similar to that of conventional pozzolans such as fly ash, fumed silica, slag, and diatomaceous earth. As shown in the following examples, zeolites provide enhanced properties in a number of oil well cementing applications, creating lightweight slurries. For example, at low temperatures, the pozzolanic reaction produces increased early compressive strength development. Furthermore, the zeolite cement slurries of the present embodiments exhibit thixotropic properties which can be of benefit in such applications as gas migration control, lost circulation and squeeze cementing. Moreover, the zeolite cement slurries of the present embodiments impart fluid loss control qualities, thereby maintaining a consistent fluid volume within a cement slurry, preventing formation fracture (lost circulation) or flash set (dehydration).
In one embodiment of the invention, zeolite is present in an amount of about 1% to about 95% by weight of the cement, and more preferably in an amount of about 5% to about 75% by weight of the cement. In another embodiment, zeolite may be used as an extender for lightweight slurries. In this use, the zeolite is present in an amount of about 30% to about 90% by weight of the cement, and more preferably in an amount of about 50% to about 75% by weight of the cement. Without limiting the scope of the invention, it is understood that the above-described zeolite cement mixtures can be used as lightweight cements, normal weight cements, densified cements, and squeeze cements. Moreover, zeolite may be used as a suspending aid, thixotropic agent, particle packing agent, strength retrogression prevention agent, strength enhancer, foamed cement-stability agent, and a low temperature accelerator.
Water in the cement composition is present in an amount sufficient to make a slurry which is pumpable for introduction down hole. The water used to form a slurry in the present embodiment can be fresh water, unsaturated salt solution, including brines and seawater, and saturated salt solution. Generally, any type of water can be used, provided that it does not contain an excess of compounds, well known to those skilled in the art, that adversely affect properties of the cement composition. The water is present in an amount of about 22% to about 200% by weight of the cement, and more preferably in an amount of about 40% to about 100% by weight of the cement.
In an alternative embodiment, conventional accelerating additives such as sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium aluminate, sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, potassium sulfate, and alums can be added to further increase early compressive strength development of the cement composition. The accelerating additives are present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the cement, and more preferably in an amount of about 3% to about 7% by weight of the cement.
In an alternative embodiment, conventional dispersants may be added to control fluid loss, such as a sulfonated acetone formaldehyde condensate available from SKW Polymers GmbH, Trostberg, Germany. The dispersant is present in a range from about 0.01% to about 2%.
A variety of additives may be added to the cement composition to alter its physical properties. Such additives may include slurry density modifying materials (e.g., silica flour, sodium silicate, microfine sand, iron oxides and manganese oxides), dispersing agents, set retarding agents, set accelerating agents, fluid loss control agents, strength retrogression control agents, and viscosifying agents well known to those skilled in the art.
The following examples are illustrative of the methods and compositions discussed above.
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 1 were added to form four batches of a normal density slurry. The batches were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B, 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety).
The cement for all batches was Class A cement. The cement amounts are reported as percentages by weight of the composition (“%”). The water and zeolite amounts in this example are reported as percentages by weight of the cement (“%bwoc”). The density was conventionally measured, and reported in pounds per gallon (“lb/gal”).
Zeolite was obtained from C2C Zeolite Corporation, Calgary, Canada, and mined from Bowie, Ariz., USA.
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 2 were added to form four batches of a lightweight pozzolanic slurry. The batches were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B.
The cement for all batches was Class C cement. Zeolite was the same as in EXAMPLE 1. Fumed silica was obtained from either Fritz Industries, Mesquite, Tex., USA, or Elkem Group, Oslo, Norway.
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 3 were added to form five batches of a lightweight microsphere slurry. The batches were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B.
The cement for all batches was Class C cement. Zeolite and fumed silica were the same as in EXAMPLE 2. Each batch also contained 50% bwoc cenospheres (hollow ceramic microspheres), such as are available from Q Corp., Chattanooga, Tenn., USA.
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 4 were added to form three types of an 11.7 lb/gal density slurry. The types were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B. The cement for all batches was Class C cement. Fumed silica was the same as in EXAMPLE 2.
Slurry type 1 was a conventional slurry containing prehydrated bentonite. Bentonite was obtained from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Houston, Tex. USA, and is sold under the trademark “AQUA GEL GOLD.”
Slurry type 2 was a conventional slurry containing a 5% bwoc accelerating additive (1% sodium meta silicate; 2% sodium sulfate; 2% calcium chloride), 1% bwoc prehydrated bentonite, and 19% bwoc fly ash. Fly ash was obtained from Ascor Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (samples obtained at Sheerness and Battle River).
Slurry type 3 was a slurry according to one embodiment of the present invention. Zeolite is given as a percentage by weight of the composition. Zeolite was obtained from C2C Zeolite Corporation, Calgary, Canada, and mined from Princeton, BC, Canada. The zeolite was further divided by particle size, i.e., its ability to pass through conventional mesh screens (sizes 1, 2, 3, etc.).
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 5 were added to form five batches of an 11.7 lb/gal density slurry. The batches were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B.
The cement for all batches was Class C cement. Zeolite was the same as in EXAMPLE 4. The accelerating additive for Batch 2 was calcium sulfate, the accelerating additive for Batch 3 was sodium aluminate, and the accelerating additive for Batches 4 and 5 was sodium sulfate.
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 6 were added to form five batches of a 15.6 lb/gal slurry. The batches were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B.
The cement for all batches was Class A cement. Zeolite and fumed silica were the same as in EXAMPLE 2. The dispersant was a sulfonated acetone formaldehyde condensate available from SKW Polymers GmbH, Trostberg, Germany.
Fluid loss was tested under standard conditions according to Section 10 of API Specification RP 10B, 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety).
Components in the amounts listed in TABLE 7 were added to form five batches of a lightweight pozzolanic slurry. The batches were prepared according to API Specification RP 10B.
The cement for all batches was Class C cement. Zeolite and fumed silica were the same as in EXAMPLE 2. Under standard conditions set out in Section 15.6, Sedimentation Test, of API Specification RP 10B, 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute, the batches were placed in corresponding cylinders and allowed to set for 24 hours. Each cylinder was then divided into segments, and the density for each segment was determined by conventional means. It is understood that the absence of settling is indicated by minimal variation in density values among the sections of a given cylinder, as shown in TABLE 7.
In a preferred method of sealing a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore, a cement composition comprising zeolite, cementitious material, and water is prepared. The cement composition is placed into the subterranean zone, and allowed to set therein.
Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many other modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.
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