Patent Grant
7147067
The present embodiment relates generally to a treating fluid, particularly a drilling fluid, for introduction into a subterranean zone penetrated by a wellbore.
Conventionally, a wellbore is drilled into a subterranean zone using a drilling fluid that is circulated through the wellbore. During the drilling of a wellbore, the drilling fluid is continuously circulated down the drill pipe, through the drill bit, and back to the surface through the annulus between the drill pipe and the walls of the wellbore. After a wellbore has been drilled to total depth, the circulation of the drilling fluid is stopped (called a “shut-down period”), while the well is logged and pipe is run in the wellbore.
One function of a drilling fluid is to seal off the walls of the wellbore so that the fluid is not lost into highly permeable subterranean zones penetrated by the wellbore. During the shut down period, this is accomplished by the deposit of a filter cake of solids from the drilling fluid, and additional dehydrated drilling fluid and gelled drilling fluid, on the walls of the wellbore.
After the pipe is run in the wellbore, the drilling fluid in the wellbore is cleaned up by re-initiating circulation of drilling fluid. The drilling fluid is circulated downwardly through the interior of the pipe and upwardly through the annulus between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the wellbore, while removing drilling solids, gas, filter cake, dehydrated drilling fluid, gelled drilling fluid, cuttings, and any other debris needing to be removed from the wellbore. Thus, a drilling fluid must be capable of transporting a sufficient amount of cuttings and other debris through the annulus and up to the surface in order to provide a clean wellbore for subsequent cementing operations.
After the wellbore is cleaned by the drilling fluid, primary cementing operations are performed therein. Namely, the pipe is cemented in the wellbore by placing a cement slurry in the annulus between the pipe and the walls of the wellbore. The cement slurry sets into a hard impermeable mass, and is intended to bond the pipe to the walls of the wellbore whereby the annulus is sealed and fluid communication between subterranean zones or to the surface by way of the annulus is prevented.
As a result of the polymeric viscosifiers and additives typically used in drilling fluids, the filter cake formed is generally very stable and can be difficult to remove. However, removal of the gelled and dehydrated drilling fluid and filter cake from the walls of the wellbore and displacement of the drilling fluid from the wellbore must take place prior to primary cementing operations in order to achieve a satisfactory bond between the pipe, primary cement and the walls of the wellbore.
Heretofore, attempts have been made to remove the drilling fluid and filter cake from the wellbore by attaching mechanical scrapers to the pipe so that as the pipe is run into the well bore, it physically contacts and breaks up some of the drilling fluid and filter cake. In addition, flushes are normally run through the annulus between the pipe and the walls of the wellbore prior to cementing in order to remove drilling fluid and filter cake therein. It is also known to use spacer fluids in oil and gas wells to displace drilling fluids and remove filter cake deposits from the walls of the wellbore. Other methods for removing drilling fluid and filter cake from the wellbore include pumping fluids through the annulus at high rates so that they are in turbulence as they contact the filter cake, and including surfactants in flush fluids to lower surface tension and enhance the penetration of the flush fluids into the filter cake. If appreciable drilling fluid and filter cake remain on the walls of the wellbore, primary cementing operations are less than satisfactory, as the cement will not properly bond to the walls of the wellbore and fluid leakage through the annulus and other major problems can result.
Still other methods for achieving satisfactory primary cementing operations when deposits of filter cake are an issue include laying down a settable filter cake on the walls of the wellbore and activating the filter cake to harden and set up. Thus, any remaining filter cake is less likely to interfere with primary cementing operations.
According to certain embodiments described herein, methods are provided for circulating a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid through a wellbore.
According to still other embodiments described herein, methods are provided for using zeolite as a suspending agent in a drilling fluid, whereby the drilling fluid has sufficient carrying capacity and thixotropy to transport cuttings through the annulus and out to the surface. According to such embodiments, the zeolite acts as a suspending agent for one or more of cuttings, a weighting agent, and loss circulation material. Examples of loss circulation materials include clay and aqueous rubber latex or hydratable polymers (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,913,364; 6,060,434; 6,167,967; 6,258,757, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference), which form masses that seal the space fractures, vugs, thief zones and the like in a wellbore.
According to still other embodiments described herein, portions of a zeolite-containing drilling fluid are left on the walls of a wellbore as part of a filter cake, and/or in permeable areas affecting the wellbore, such as fissures, fractures, caverns, vugs, thief zones, low pressure subterranean zones or high pressure subterranean zones. According to such an embodiment, the zeolite in the portions of the drilling fluid left in the wellbore acts as a settable material, which can be caused to set by an activator. According to one embodiment, a subsequent composition that contains at least one activator is pumped into the wellbore to come into contact with the drilling fluid left therein. In one such embodiment, the subsequent composition containing at least one activator is a treating fluid, such as a mud, pill, or spotting fluid, and is pumped into the wellbore prior to primary cementing operations. According to another embodiment, the subsequent composition containing at least one activator is a cement slurry pumped into the wellbore during cementing operations.
When the activator in the subsequent composition contacts the drilling fluid in the filter cake and/or permeable areas, the activator causes the zeolite in the drilling fluid to set. In addition, when the subsequent composition is a cement slurry, as the cement slurry sets, the activator therein diffuses into the drilling fluid left in the filter cake and/or permeable areas in the wellbore.
The activator is present in the subsequent composition in a compressive strength-developing amount, and may be one or more of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, magnesium silicofluoride, zinc silicofluoride, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and mixtures thereof. Selection of the type and amount of an activator(s) largely depends on the type and make-up of the composition in which the activator is contained, and it is within the means of those of ordinary skill in the art to select a suitable type and amount of activator.
Thus, according to the present embodiments, zeolite left in a wellbore by a zeolite-containing drilling fluid can be caused to set by an activator in a composition placed in the wellbore subsequent to the drilling fluid. Zeolite that sets in permeable areas affecting the wellbore, such as fissures, fractures, caverns, vugs, thief zones, low pressure subterranean zones or high pressure subterranean zones effectively seals such permeable areas, thereby preventing the entry or flow of formation fluids into the annulus. In addition, because drilling fluid does not set, its removal is a concern for subsequent cementing operations. Causing the zeolite left in the wellbore by the drilling fluid to set creates conditions more favorable for primary cementing operations, as well as reduces the need for other fluids or methods conventionally used to remove drilling fluid and/or filtercake from a wellbore.
Other embodiments described herein provide a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid. Drilling fluids according to the such embodiments provide sufficient carrying capacity and thixotropy to transport cuttings to the surface and prevent the cuttings from settling appreciably when circulation is interrupted.
Zeolites are porous alumino-silicate minerals that may be either a natural or manmade material. Manmade zeolites are based on the same type of structural cell as natural zeolites and are composed of aluminosilicate hydrates having the same basic formula as given below. It is understood that as used in this application, the term “zeolite” means and encompasses all natural and manmade forms of zeolites. All zeolites are composed of a three-dimensional framework of SiO4 and AlO4 in a tetrahedron, which creates a very high surface area. Cations and water molecules are entrained into the framework. Thus, all zeolites may be represented by the crystallographic unit cell formula:
Ma/n[(AlO2)a(SiO2)b].xH2O
where M represents one or more cations such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Li or Ba for natural zeolites and NH4, CH3NH3, (CH3)3NH, (CH3)4N, Ga, Ge and P for manmade zeolites; n represents the cation valence; the ratio of b:a is in a range from greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 5; and x represents the moles of water entrained into the zeolite framework.
Zeolites suitable for use in a drilling fluid according to the present embodiments include analcime (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), bikitaite (lithium aluminum silicate), brewsterite (hydrated strontium barium calcium aluminum silicate), chabazite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), clinoptilolite (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), faujasite (hydrated sodium potassium calcium magnesium aluminum silicate), harmotome (hydrated barium aluminum silicate), heulandite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate), laumontite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), mesolite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate), natrolite (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), paulingite (hydrated potassium sodium calcium barium aluminum silicate), phillipsite (hydrated potassium sodium calcium aluminum silicate), scolecite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), stellerite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), and stilbite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate). According to certain embodiments, the zeolite is one of chabazite and clinoptilolite.
According to one embodiment, the drilling fluid includes zeolite in an amount of from about 1% to about 50% by volume. According to another embodiment, the drilling fluid includes zeolite in an amount of from about 5% to about 20% by volume. According to yet another embodiment, the drilling fluid includes zeolite in an amount of from about 8% to about 15% by volume.
According to still other embodiments described herein, a drilling fluid comprises zeolite and a carrier fluid, and further comprises one or more of a weighting agent, a filtrate control agent, a dispersant, loss circulation material, a surfactant (such as an emulsifier or a foaming agent), a de-air entraining agent and a lubricant. In addition, a drilling fluid according to the present embodiments can comprise zeolite and a carrier fluid, and can further comprise a viscosifier.
As used herein the term “viscosifier” means any agent that increases the viscosity of a fluid. In a drilling fluid, viscosifiers add viscosity to the drilling fluid to impart sufficient carrying capacity and thixotropy, whereby the drilling fluid can transport cuttings out of the wellbore to the surface, and prevent cuttings from settling appreciably when circulation of the drilling fluid is interrupted. In the present embodiments, the zeolite provides the drilling fluid with suspension properties, and therefore is a suitable replacement for conventional viscosifiers. However, the zeolite can also be used in conjunction with conventional viscosifiers known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Agents which are useful as conventional viscosifiers include, but are not limited to, clays; polymeric additives, whether natural or synthetic; modified cellulose and derivatives thereof; guar gum; diatomaceous earth; and starches. The choice of a viscosifier depends upon the viscosity desired, chemical capability with other fluids used in formation of the wellbore, and other wellbore design concerns.
Clays suitable for use as viscosifiers include kaolinites, montmorillonite, bentonite, hydrous micas, attapulgite, sepiolite, and the like and also synthetic clays, such as laponite.
Polymeric additives suitable for use as a viscosifier in the present embodiments include polymers which contain, in sufficient concentration and reactive position, one or more hydroxyl, cis-hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfate, sulfonate, amino or amide functional groups. Particularly suitable polymers include polysaccharides and derivatives thereof which contain one or more of the following monosaccharide units: galactose, mannose, glucoside, glucose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, glucuronic acid or pyranosyl sulfate. Natural polymers containing the foregoing functional groups and units include guar gum and derivatives thereof, locust bean gum, tara, konjak, starch, cellulose, karaya gum, xanthan gum, tragacanth gum, arabic gum, ghatti gum, tamarind gum, carrageenan and derivatives thereof. Synthetic polymers and copolymers that are suitable for use as a viscosifier in the present embodiments include, but are not limited to, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, maleic anhydride, methylvinyl ether copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Modified gums such as carboxyalkyl derivatives, like carboxymethyl guar, and hydroxyalkyl derivatives, like hydroxypropyl guar are also suitable viscosifiers. Doubly derivatized gums such as carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) are also suitable viscosifiers.
Modified celluloses and derivatives thereof, for example, cellulose ethers, esters and the like can also be used as a viscosifier of the wellbore treating fluids of the present embodiment. In general, any of the water-soluble cellulose ethers can be used. Those cellulose ethers include, among others, the various carboxyalkylcellulose ethers, such as carboxyethylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); mixed ethers such as carboxyalkylethers, e.g., carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose (CMHEC); hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and hydroxypropylcellulose; alkylhydroxyalkylcelluloses such as methylhydroxypropylcellulose; alkylcelluloses such as methylcellulose, ethylcellulose and propylcellulose; alkylcarboxyalkylcelluloses such as ethylcarboxymethylcellulose; alkylalkylcelluloses such as methylethylcellulose; hydroxyalkylalkylcelluloses such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; and the like.
Preferred polymeric additives for use as a viscosifer with the embodiments disclosed herein include those selected from the group consisting of welan gum, xanthan gum, galactomannan gums, succinoglycan gums, scleroglucan gums, and cellulose and its derivatives, particularly hydroxyethylcellulose.
In one embodiment where the drilling fluid comprises zeolite, a carrier fluid, and a viscosifier, the drilling fluid includes the viscosifier in an amount of up to about 5% by volume. In another embodiment, the drilling fluid includes the viscosifier in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 2.5% by volume.
In still another embodiment, a drilling fluid includes zeolite, a carrier fluid and a filtrate loss control additive in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 2.5% by volume. According to another embodiment, the drilling fluid includes a filtrate loss control additive in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by volume.
In yet another embodiment, the drilling fluid comprises zeolite, a carrier fluid and a dispersant. Suitable dispersants include those selected from the group consisting of sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, sulfonated vinyltoluene maleic anhydride copolymer, sodium naphthalene sulfonate condensed with formaldehyde, sulfonated acetone condensed with formaldehyde, lignosulfonates and interpolymers of acrylic acid, allyloxybenzene sulfonate, allyl sulfonate and non-ionic monomers. According to one such embodiment, the drilling fluid includes from about 0.02% to about 6.0% by volume of a dispersant, and according to another such embodiment from about 0.1% to about 2.0% by volume of a dispersant.
According to still other embodiments, a drilling fluid comprises zeolite and a carrier fluid, and further comprises a weighting agent. Preferred weighting agents include those selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, also known as “barite”, hematite, manganese tetraoxide, galena, ilmenite and calcium carbonate. According to one such embodiment, a weighting agent is present in a drilling fluid in an amount up to about 97% by volume, and according to another such embodiment, in an amount of from about 2% to about 57% by volume.
Carrier fluids suitable for use in the embodiments of drilling fluids disclosed herein comprise an aqueous fluid, such as water and water-based gels, oil-based and synthetic-based fluids, emulsions, acids, or mixtures thereof. Exemplary oil-based fluids include but are not limited to canola oil, kerosene, diesel oil, fish oil, mineral oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, soy oil, olive oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil and paraffin. Exemplary synthetic-based fluids include but are not limited to esters, olefins and ethers.
According to certain embodiments, a carrier fluid or mixture thereof is present in the drilling fluid in an amount of from about 3% to about 98% by volume. According to other embodiments, a carrier fluid or mixture thereof is present in an amount of from about 50% to about 92% by volume. According to still other embodiments, a carrier fluid or mixture thereof is present in an amount of from about 80% to about 90% by volume. The preferred carrier fluid depends upon the properties desired for the drilling fluid and the cost, availability, temperature stability, viscosity, clarity, and the like of the carrier fluid. Based on cost and availability, water is preferred. When the carrier fluid is water, the water can be fresh water, unsaturated salt solution, including brines and seawater, or saturated salt solution.
According to still other embodiments, a method of performing drilling operations is provided, where the method includes circulating a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid in a wellbore penetrating a subterranean zone. According to certain examples of such methods, the zeolite is present in the drilling in an amount from about 1% to about 50% by volume, or from about 5% to about 20% by volume, or from about 8% to about 15% by volume.
According to still other embodiments, a method of performing drilling operations is provided, where the method includes circulating a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid in a wellbore penetrating a subterranean zone, and suspending, in the drilling fluid, one or more of cuttings, a weighting agent, and loss circulation material. According to such methods, the zeolite acts as a suspending agent for the cuttings, weighting agent, or loss circulation material.
Still other embodiments provide a method of performing drilling operations that includes penetrating a subterranean zone with a wellbore, circulating a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid in the wellbore, leaving a portion of the drilling fluid in the wellbore, and causing the zeolite in the remaining portion of the drilling fluid to set. In certain examples of such methods, the zeolite is caused to set by placing a subsequent composition that has a compressive strength-developing amount of an activator in the wellbore, (such as calcium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, magnesium silicofluoride, zinc silicofluoride, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfate), and contacting the zeolite in the remaining portion of the drilling fluid with the activator. The subsequent composition in such examples can be a cement slurry, a mud, a spotting fluid, or a pill that includes the activator.
The following examples are illustrative of the methods and compositions discussed above.
Five water-based drilling fluids (“Fluids 1–5 ”) were prepared by combining the components as set forth in TABLE 1A below. The components listed in Table 1A were added one at a time to the carrier fluid (water) in a Waring blender at an rpm where the vortex was evident, usually between 2000–4000 rpm, in intervals of 15 seconds. After all the components had been added to the carrier fluid, the fluid was then blended for 2 minutes at 2000–4000 rpm.
Bentonite, barite (also known as barium sulfate), caustic soda and lime, as well as sources of same, are widely commercially available chemicals that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Bentonite, was the primary viscosifer contributing suspension properties to the fluids in which it was used (Fluids 1 and 4).
CFR-3 is the tradename for a dispersant comprising the condensation product of formaldehyde, acetone and a sulfite, and is commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services.
Biozan was used in this example to provide filtrate control, but is generally known as a viscosifier comprising a clarified xanthan gum. Biozan is commercially available from GEO Drilling Fluids, Inc. As a viscosifier, Biozan contributed some suspension properties to the fluids in which it was used. However, the relative amounts of Biozan to the primary viscosifier (bentonite in Fluids 1 and 4, zeolite in Fluids 2, 3 and 5) is such that the viscosifying effect of the Biozan is secondary to the viscosifying effect of the primary viscosifier.
CARBONOX is the tradename for a lignite material that is commercially available from Baroid Drilling Fluids, and is used in this example as a filtrate control additive.
FWCA was used in this example to provide filtrate control, and is generally known as a free water control additive comprising cellulose that is commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services. As a cellulose, FWCA contributed some suspension properties to the fluids in which it was used. However, the relative amounts of FWCA to the primary viscosifier (zeolite in Fluids 2, 3 and 5) is such that the viscosifying effect of the FWCA is secondary to the viscosifying effect of the primary viscosifier.
Chabazite, which is commercially available from C2C Zeolite Corporation of Calgary, Canada was the zeolite in Fluids 2, 3 and 5, and was used as the primary viscosifer to contribute suspension properties to the fluids.
The components were added as described herein on the basis of percent by volume of the total drilling fluid composition. Fluids 1 and 4 are exemplary of conventional water-based drilling fluids, while Fluids 2, 3, 5 are exemplary of water-based drilling fluids containing zeolite according to the present embodiments. Moreover, Fluids 1–3 are exemplary of lime and water-based drilling fluids, while Fluids 4 and 5 are exemplary of gel and water-based fluids.
Two oil-based drilling fluids (“Fluids 6–7 ”) were prepared by combining the components as set forth in TABLE 1B below. The carrier fluid for Fluids 6 and 7 was diesel oil. As to the preparation of Fluids 6 and 7, lime was added to the carrier fluid in a Waring blender at 6000 rpm, and mixed for 1 minute. The EZMUL NT and the INVERMUL NT were added, and mixing was continued for an additional minute.
Water was then added in the indicated amount, and the rpm was increased to 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes to form an emulsion. The other components listed in Table 1B for Fluids 6 and 7, namely, the barite, lime, zeolite, GELTONE II, calcium chloride and Arquad T-50 were then added as indicated at 6,000 rpm over 1 minute intervals. When all the components had been added, the drilling fluid was mixed for about a minute at 6000 rpm.
Barite, lime, and calcium chloride as well as sources of same, are widely commercially available chemicals that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
GELTONE II was the viscosifer used to contribute suspension properties to the fluids in which it was used (Fluid 6). The precise chemical description of GELTONE II is not known, however it is known to be a treated clay that functions as a viscosifier, and is commercially available from Baroid Drilling Fluids.
Arquad T-50™ is a trimethyltallow ammonium chloride (50% active) surfactant that is commercially available from Armak Industrial Chemicals Division.
The precise chemical description of EZMUL NT and the INVERMUL NT is not known, however the function of each is as an emulsifier, and each is commercially available from Baroid Drilling Fluids.
Chabazite, which is commercially available from C2C Zeolite Corporation of Calgary, Canada was the zeolite in Fluid 7, and was used in place of a conventional viscosifier, such as GELTONE II, to contribute suspension properties to the fluid. As noted above, the precise chemical composition of GELTONE II is not known, however it is known to be a treated clay. If the zeolite used in Fluid 7 had been treated in the same manner as GELTONE II, the amount of GELTONE II in Fluid 6 and zeolite in Fluid 7 would be more similar than the amounts indicated in Table 1B.
The components of Fluids 6 and 7 were added as described herein on the basis of percent by volume of the total drilling fluid composition. Fluid 6 is exemplary of conventional oil-based drilling fluids, while Fluid 7 is exemplary of oil-based drilling fluids containing zeolite according to the present embodiments.
Fluids 2, 3, 5 and 7 indicated in Tables 1A and 1B are merely exemplary of the present embodiments. It is within the means of those of ordinary skill in the art to select different additives than those listed in Tables 1A and 1B, as well as different amounts than those listed in Tables 1A and 1B. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art could, without unreasonable experimentation, formulate a drilling fluid comprising zeolite with any of a number of additives, such as weighting agents, viscosifiers, filtrate control agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, surfactants, foaming agents, de-air entraining agents, loss circulation material and lubricants, in order to achieve desired suspension properties for a given application.
Example 2 illustrates the use of zeolite as a suspending agent in drilling fluids according to the present embodiments.
Fluids 1–7 from Example 1 were tested to assess settling and to determine rheological data, from which yield point and plastic viscosity values could be calculated. The rheological data for Fluids 1–5 was determined according to Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety). The Theological data for Fluids 6–7 was determined according to Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B-2, 2nd Edition, 1991, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety).
When considering the suspension properties of a drilling fluid, rheological data is not conclusive. To more fully assess the suspension properties of a drilling fluid, the rheological data must be expressed in terms of plastic viscosity and yield point. Thus, the plastic viscosity and yield point of the water-based fluids (Fluids 1–5) were calculated from the determined Theological data according to calculations described in Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute. The plastic viscosity and yield point for the oil-based fluids (Fluids 6–7) were calculated from the determined rheological data according to calculations described in Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B-2, 2nd Edition, 1991, of the American Petroleum Institute.
Settling was determined by visual observation, after allowing the fluids to stand for about an hour.
The results are reported in TABLE 2, where the “Z” following the fluid number indicates that the fluid comprises zeolite, and the “O” or “W” indicates whether the fluid is water-based or oil-based.
Comparing the data for the lime and water-based fluids, (Fluids 1–3), Table 2 shows that lime and water-based fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluids 2 and 3) attain favorable yield points as compared to lime and water-based fluids without zeolite (e.g, Fluid 1). In addition, the plastic viscosity values of Fluids 2 and 3 are within acceptable parameters for use as a drilling fluid.
Comparing the data for the gel and water-based fluids, (Fluids 4–5), Table 2 shows that gel and water-based fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluid 5) attain yield points and plastic viscosities comparable to those of gel and water-based fluids without zeolite (e.g, Fluid 4), and which are within acceptable parameters for use as a drilling fluid.
Thus, when zeolite is substituted for a suspension agent, (such as the bentonite viscosifier in Fluids 1 and 4), in a water-based drilling fluid, the zeolite contributes acceptable suspension properties to the drilling fluid.
Comparing the data for the oil-based fluids, (Fluids 6–7), Table 2 shows that oil-based drilling fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluid 7) attain yield points and plastic viscosities within acceptable parameters for use as a drilling fluid. Thus, when zeolite is substituted for a suspension agent, (such as the GELTONE II viscosifier in Fluid 6), in an oil-based drilling fluid, the zeolite contributes acceptable suspension properties to the drilling fluid.
As to whether water and oil based drilling fluids including zeolite had enough suspension properties to prevent settling, the testing involved allowing the fluids to stand for about an hour. After an hour, settling was not observed in any of Fluids 2, 3, 5 and 7, further indicating the ability of the zeolite to provide properties to the fluid sufficient to maintain a suspension.
Thus, Table 2 shows that zeolite is a suitable suspension agent, and can be used instead of, or in addition to, conventional suspension agents, such as viscosifiers.
Acceptable values of gel strength, gel plateau, filter cake thickness and filtrate loss are relevant in order to provide a drilling fluid with the properties required for use in drilling operations. The fluids from Example 1 were tested to determine gel strength, filter cake thickness and filtrate, in order to illustrate that drilling fluids comprising zeolite not only have acceptable suspension properties, but also attain acceptable values of gel strength, gel plateau, filter cake thickness and filtrate loss. The results are reported in TABLE 3, where the “Z” following the fluid number indicates that the fluid comprises zeolite, and the “O” or “W” indicates whether the fluid is water-based or oil-based.
The gel strength values for Fluids 1–5 were determined according to Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety). The gel strength values for Fluids 6–7 were determined according to Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B-2, 2nd Edition, 1991, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety). The reported value for Gel Strength Plateau of each fluid is the difference between the gel strength at 10 seconds and the gel strength at 10 minutes. Generally, low plateau values (i.e., less difference between the gel strength at 10 seconds and the gel strength at 10 minutes) are desired.
The filter cake and filtrate loss values for Fluids 1–5 were determined according to Section 3 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety). The filter cake and filtrate loss values for Fluids 6–7 were determined according to Section 3 of API Specification RP 13B-2, 2nd Edition, 1991, of the American Petroleum Institute (the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated as if reproduced in its entirety). Generally, thinner filter cakes and lower filtrate loss values are preferred.
Comparing the data for the lime and water-based fluids, (Fluids 1–3), Table 3 shows that lime and water-based fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluids 2 and 3) attain gel strengths and gel plateaus comparable to those of lime and water-based fluids without zeolite (e.g, Fluid 1). The filter cake thickness and filtrate loss data are also comparable for Fluids 1–3.
Comparing the data for the gel and water-based fluids, (Fluids 4–5), Table 3 shows that gel and water-based fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluid 5) attain gel strengths and gel plateaus comparable to those of gel and water-based fluids without zeolite (e.g, Fluid 4). The filter cake thickness and filtrate loss values for Fluid 5 are within acceptable parameters for use as a drilling fluid.
Thus, when zeolite is substituted for a suspension agent, (such as the bentonite viscosifier in Fluids 1 and 4), in a water-based drilling fluid, additional properties of the drilling fluid are also acceptable, as illustrated by the data in Table 3.
Comparing the data for the oil-based fluids, (Fluids 6–7), Table 3 shows that oil-based drilling fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluid 7) attain improved gel strengths and gel plateaus over those of oil-based drilling fluids without zeolite (e.g., Fluid 6). The filter cake thickness and filtrate loss data are comparable for Fluids 6 and 7.
Thus, when zeolite is substituted for a suspension agent, (such as the GELTONE II viscosifier in Fluid 6), in an oil-based drilling fluid, additional properties of the drilling fluid are also acceptable, as illustrated by the data in Table 3.
Example 4 illustrates that fluids comprising zeolite develop compressive strength in the presence of a compressive strength-developing amount of activator, such as lime (also referred to as calcium hydroxide).
Four mixes were prepared by combining the components as set forth in TABLE 4 below. Specifically, the zeolite and the lime were dry-mixed by hand in a glass jar. This dry mix was then added over a 15 second period to a carrier fluid (water, in this example) being maintained in a Waring blender at 4,000 RPM. The blender speed was then increased to 12,000 RPM and mixing was continued for 35 seconds. The amount of lime and water used to form each mix is reported in the table as a “% bwoZ”, which indicates a weight percent based on the weight of the zeolite. Chabazite, which is commercially available from C2C Zeolite Corporation of Calgary, Canada, was used as the zeolite for each mix.
The compressive strength for each mix was determined by Non-Destructive Sonic Testing as set forth in API Specification 10B 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in its entirety. The compressive strength was measured at 160° F. at the reported elapsed times, and is reported in pounds per square inch (psi).
Although the mixes of Example 4 include only zeolite, water, and lime, the mixes are indicative of the expected reaction when a drilling fluid that includes zeolite comes into contact with an activator, such as calcium hydroxide. Thus, portions of a drilling fluid comprising zeolite that remain in filter cake on a wall of a wellbore, or in permeable areas in the wellbore, can be caused to set by circulation of a subsequent fluid containing an activator, which comes into contact with the zeolite.
The compressive strength data for the mixes in Table 4 indicates that a drilling fluid comprising zeolite would develop compressive strength when the amount of an activator, such as lime, is present in an amount greater than about 7% based on the weight of the zeolite. Thus, portions of a drilling fluid comprising zeolite that remain in filter cake on a wall of a wellbore, or in permeable areas in the wellbore, can be caused to set by circulation of a subsequent fluid containing an activator in a compressive strength-developing amount.
In designing a drilling fluid that includes zeolite, the identity of the zeolite and the carrier fluid may influence the amount of activator necessary for the development of compressive strength. In addition, the identity of the activator may influence the amount of activator necessary for the development of compressive strength. Thus, in some embodiments, a compressive strength-developing amount of activator is less than the 7% illustrated by Example 4. Accordingly, the amount of activator used in practicing the present embodiments need only be at least a compressive strength-developing amount. Those of ordinary skill in the art can determine through the exercise of routine experimentation the amount of an activator sufficient for the development of compressive strength.
The development of compressive strength in the mixes of Example 4 was caused by the lime, also known as calcium hydroxide, which is a known activator for converting settable material in conventional settable spotting fluids. Thus, Example 4 illustrates that when an activator, such as lime, is brought into contact with a drilling fluid comprising zeolite the activator will cause the zeolite to set.
Contact between an activator and zeolite-containing drilling fluid remaining in a wellbore can be accomplished by various methods. The addition of the lime and zeolite together in the mixes as described in Example 4 simulates two of the various methods suitable for bringing an activator into contact with the zeolite. According to the first method simulated by this example, zeolite from a drilling fluid remains on the walls of the wellbore as part of the filter cake, and/or in permeable areas affecting the wellbore, such as fissures, fractures, caverns, vugs, thief zones, low pressure subterranean zones or high pressure subterranean zones. An activator is brought into contact with the zeolite remaining in the wellbore by circulation of a subsequent composition, such as a pill, spotting fluid or other mud, which contains the activator. According to the second method simulated by this example, an activator is brought into contact with the zeolite remaining in the wellbore by diffusion of an activator contained in a cement slurry that is subsequently pumped into the wellbore during primary cementing operations.
The two methods simulated by Example 4 are exemplary only, as a variety of methods for bringing a settable material into contact with an activator are suitable for use with the present embodiments.
While the preferred embodiments described herein relate to drilling fluids, it is understood that any wellbore treating fluids such as drilling, completion and stimulation fluids including, but not limited to, drilling muds, cement compositions well cleanup fluids, workover fluids, spacer fluids, gravel pack fluids, acidizing fluids, fracturing fluids and the like can be prepared using zeolite and a carrier fluid.
Preferred methods of performing drilling operations comprise circulating a drilling fluid comprising a carrier fluid and zeolite in a wellbore in a subterranean formation. Additional steps can include completing and/or stimulating a subterranean formation using the drilling fluid and producing a fluid, e.g., a hydrocarbon fluid such as oil or gas, from the subterranean formation.
Other embodiments of the current invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. However, the foregoing specification is considered merely exemplary of the current invention with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/738,199 filed Dec. 17, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/727,370 filed Dec. 4, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/686,098 filed Oct. 15, 2003, (now U.S. Patent No. 6,964,302, issued Nov. 15, 2005), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/623,443 filed Jul. 18, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, and which is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/315,415, filed Dec. 10, 2002, (now U.S. Patent No. 6,989,057, issued Jan. 24, 2006), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1943584 | Cross | Jan 1934 | A |
| 2094316 | Cross | Sep 1937 | A |
| 2131338 | Vail | Sep 1938 | A |
| 2349049 | Means | May 1944 | A |
| 2727001 | Rowe | Dec 1955 | A |
| 2848051 | Williams | Aug 1958 | A |
| 3047493 | Rosenberg | Jul 1962 | A |
| 3065170 | Dumbauld et al. | Nov 1962 | A |
| 3293040 | Shaler, Jr. et al. | Dec 1966 | A |
| 3359225 | Weisend | Dec 1967 | A |
| 3694152 | Sersale et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3781225 | Schwartz | Dec 1973 | A |
| 3884302 | Messenger | May 1975 | A |
| 3887385 | Quist et al. | Jun 1975 | A |
| 3888998 | Sampson et al. | Jun 1975 | A |
| 3963508 | Masaryk | Jun 1976 | A |
| 4141843 | Watson | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4217229 | Watson | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4311607 | Kaeser | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4363736 | Block | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4368134 | Kaeser | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4372876 | Kulprathipanja et al. | Feb 1983 | A |
| 4435216 | Diehl et al. | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4444668 | Walker et al. | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4468334 | Cox et al. | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4474667 | Block | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4482379 | Dibrell et al. | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4515216 | Childs et al. | May 1985 | A |
| 4515635 | Rao et al. | May 1985 | A |
| 4530402 | Smith et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4536297 | Loftin et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4548734 | Chaux et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4552591 | Millar | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4555269 | Rao et al. | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4557763 | George et al. | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4632186 | Boncan et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4650593 | Slingerland | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4676317 | Fry et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 5759964 | Shuchart et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4703801 | Fry et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4717488 | Seheult et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4772307 | Kiss et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4784693 | Kirkland et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4818288 | Aignesberger et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4888120 | Mueller et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4986989 | Sirosita et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5121795 | Ewert et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5123487 | Harris et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5125455 | Harris et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5127473 | Harris et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5151131 | Burkhalter et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5238064 | Dahl et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5252554 | Mueller et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5301752 | Cowan et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5307876 | Cowan et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5314022 | Cowan et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5340860 | Brake et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5346012 | Heathman et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5383967 | Chase | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5435846 | Tatematsu et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5464060 | Hale et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5494513 | Fu et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5501276 | Weaver et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5529624 | Riegler | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5588489 | Chatterji et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5626665 | Barger et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5680900 | Nguyen et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5711383 | Terry et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5716910 | Totten et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5788762 | Barger et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5789352 | Carpenter et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5807810 | Blezard et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5851960 | Totten et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5866517 | Carpenter et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5913364 | Sweatman | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5964692 | Blezard et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5990052 | Harris | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6060434 | Sweatman et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6063738 | Chatterji et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6070664 | Dalrymple et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6138759 | Chatterji et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6145591 | Boncan et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6149724 | Ulibarri et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6167967 | Sweatman | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6170575 | Reddy et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6171386 | Sabins | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6182758 | Vijn | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6209646 | Reddy et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213213 | van Batenburg | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6230804 | Mueller et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6235809 | Arias et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6245142 | Reddy et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6258757 | Sweatman et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6283213 | Chan | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6315042 | Griffith et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6372694 | Osinga et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379456 | Heathman et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6390197 | Maroy | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6405801 | Vijn et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6409819 | Ko | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6457524 | Roddy | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6475275 | Nebesnak et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6478869 | Reddy et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6488091 | Weaver et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6494951 | Reddy et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6508305 | Brannon et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6508306 | Reddy et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6524384 | Griffith et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6555505 | King et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6565647 | Day et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6566310 | Chan | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6572698 | Ko | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6610139 | Reddy et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6616753 | Reddy et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6626243 | Boncan | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6645289 | Sobolev et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6660080 | Reddy et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6702044 | Reddy et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6719055 | Mese et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6722434 | Reddy et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6767868 | Dawson et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6832652 | Dillenbeck et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6840319 | Chatterji et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6889767 | Reddy et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 20010014651 | Reddy et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20020077390 | Gonnon et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020091177 | Gonnon et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020117090 | Ku | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020157575 | DiLullo et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030153466 | Allen et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030203996 | Gonnon et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20040007162 | Morioka et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040040475 | Roij | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040094331 | Mese et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040107877 | Getzlaf et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040108113 | Luke et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040112600 | Luke et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040188091 | Luke et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040188092 | Luke et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040244977 | Luke et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040262000 | Morgan et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040262001 | Caveny et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050000734 | Getzlaf et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050034864 | Caveny et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050133222 | Arias et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2153372 | Jan 1996 | CA |
| 0 802 253 | Oct 1997 | EP |
| 0 895 971 | Feb 1999 | EP |
| 0 1260 491 | Nov 2002 | EP |
| 1 428 805 | Jun 2004 | EP |
| 763.998 | Nov 1933 | FR |
| 1469954 | Apr 1977 | GB |
| 52117316 | Jan 1977 | JP |
| 61021947 | Jan 1986 | JP |
| 07 003254 | Jan 1995 | JP |
| 1011487 | Apr 1998 | JP |
| 1373781 | Feb 1988 | SU |
| WO 9854108 | Dec 1998 | WO |
| 0170646 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 2005059301 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050000734 A1 | Jan 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10738199 | Dec 2003 | US |
| Child | 10795158 | US | |
| Parent | 10727370 | Dec 2003 | US |
| Child | 10738199 | US | |
| Parent | 10686098 | Oct 2003 | US |
| Child | 10727370 | US | |
| Parent | 10623443 | Jul 2003 | US |
| Child | 10686098 | US | |
| Parent | 10315415 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 10623443 | US |
