Michael West

Person

Mill Valley, CA, US

People

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Information Patent Grant
Compositions and methods for induced tissue regeneration in mammali...
- Patent number 10,961,531
- Issue date Mar 30, 2021
- AGEX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Methods of screening embryonic progenitor cell lines
- Patent number 10,920,191
- Issue date Feb 16, 2021
- LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC.
- Michael West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Methods and formulations for orthopedic cell therapy
- Patent number 10,865,383
- Issue date Dec 15, 2020
- LINEAGE CELL THERAPEUTICS, INC.
- Michael West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Methods for telomere length and genomic DNA quality control analysi...
- Patent number 10,745,752
- Issue date Aug 18, 2020
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Methods of reprogramming animal somatic cells
- Patent number 10,501,723
- Issue date Dec 10, 2019
- Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Methods and compositions for targeting progenitor cell lines
- Patent number 10,227,561
- Issue date Mar 12, 2019
- Mandala Biosciences, LLC
- Dana Larocca
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Bank of stem cells for producing cells for transplantation having H...
- Patent number 10,047,340
- Issue date Aug 14, 2018
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Michael West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Methods of modifying transcriptional regulatory networks in stem cells
- Patent number 9,732,128
- Issue date Aug 15, 2017
- BioTime, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Differentiating ES cells using a tenascin
- Patent number 9,334,478
- Issue date May 10, 2016
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Methods and compositions for targeting progenitor cell lines
- Patent number 9,175,263
- Issue date Nov 3, 2015
- David Larocca
- C07 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Information Patent Grant
Method of differentiation of morula or inner cell mass cells and me...
- Patent number 8,753,884
- Issue date Jun 17, 2014
- Advanced Cell Technology
- Jose Cibelli
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Methods and compositions for in vitro and in vivo chondrogenesis
- Patent number 8,685,386
- Issue date Apr 1, 2014
- BioTime, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Culture systems for ex vivo development
- Patent number 8,597,944
- Issue date Dec 3, 2013
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Culture systems for ex vivo development
- Patent number 7,910,369
- Issue date Mar 22, 2011
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Derivation of embryonic stem cells
- Patent number 7,838,727
- Issue date Nov 23, 2010
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Robert Lanza
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Embryonic or stem-like cell lines produced by cross species nuclear...
- Patent number 7,696,404
- Issue date Apr 13, 2010
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Jose Cibelli
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Feeder-free culture method for embryonic stem cells or primate prim...
- Patent number 7,413,902
- Issue date Aug 19, 2008
- Geron Corporation
- Andrea G. Bodnar
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Endothelial precursor cells for enhancing and restoring vascular fu...
- Patent number 7,135,171
- Issue date Nov 14, 2006
- Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
- Jay Edelberg
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Method for generating immune-compatible cells and tissues using nuc...
- Patent number 6,808,704
- Issue date Oct 26, 2004
- Advance Cell Technology, Inc.
- Robert Lanza
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Methods and materials for the growth of primate-derived primordial...
- Patent number 6,800,480
- Issue date Oct 5, 2004
- Geron Corporation
- Andrea G. Bodnar
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Diagnostic methods for conditions associated with elevated cellular...
- Patent number 6,551,774
- Issue date Apr 22, 2003
- Board of Regents, The University of Texas System
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Grant
Detecting cancerous conditions by assaying for telomerase activity
- Patent number 6,391,554
- Issue date May 21, 2002
- Geron Corporation & Board of Regents
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Screening methods to identify inhibitors of telomerase activity
- Patent number 6,368,789
- Issue date Apr 9, 2002
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Use of oligonucleotide telomerase inhibitors to reduce telomere length
- Patent number 6,194,206
- Issue date Feb 27, 2001
- University of Texas System Board of Regents
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Methods of screening for compounds that derepress or increase telom...
- Patent number 6,007,989
- Issue date Dec 28, 1999
- Board of Regents, The University of Texas System
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Detecting cancerous conditions by assaying for telomerase activity
- Patent number 5,989,807
- Issue date Nov 23, 1999
- Geron Corporation & Board of Regents
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors to treat diseases associate...
- Patent number 5,874,444
- Issue date Feb 23, 1999
- Geron Corporation
- Michael David West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Methods for diagnosis of conditions associated with elevated levels...
- Patent number 5,840,495
- Issue date Nov 24, 1998
- University of Texas System Board of Regents
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Method for screening for agents which increase telomerase activity...
- Patent number 5,830,644
- Issue date Nov 3, 1998
- Geron Corporation
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Methods and reagents for the identification and regulation of senes...
- Patent number 5,744,300
- Issue date Apr 28, 1998
- Geron Corporation
- Maarten H. K. Linskens
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR THE TEMPORAL REGULATION OF REPROGRAMMING FACTORS IN MAM...
- Publication number 20240398987
- Publication date Dec 5, 2024
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR MODULATING THE REGENERATIVE PHENOTYPE IN MAMMALIAN CELLS
- Publication number 20240350553
- Publication date Oct 24, 2024
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS USED TO MODIFY CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE TO R...
- Publication number 20240158788
- Publication date May 16, 2024
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR THE EX VIVO INDUCTION OF TISSUE REGENERATION IN MICROBI...
- Publication number 20240066070
- Publication date Feb 29, 2024
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR GENERATING PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL-DERIVED BROWN FAT CELLS
- Publication number 20230093399
- Publication date Mar 23, 2023
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
DIFFERENTIALLY-METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE GENOME USEFUL AS MARKERS O...
- Publication number 20220316013
- Publication date Oct 6, 2022
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...
- Publication number 20220160833
- Publication date May 26, 2022
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION IN MAMMALI...
- Publication number 20220112492
- Publication date Apr 14, 2022
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...
- Publication number 20220088137
- Publication date Mar 24, 2022
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION IN MAMMALI...
- Publication number 20220090078
- Publication date Mar 24, 2022
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...
- Publication number 20220088138
- Publication date Mar 24, 2022
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
IMPROVED METHODS FOR INDUCING TISSUE REGENERATION AND SENOLYSIS IN...
- Publication number 20210180013
- Publication date Jun 17, 2021
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived 3D Retinal Tissue and Uses Thereof
- Publication number 20210155895
- Publication date May 27, 2021
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.
- Igor Olegovich Nasonkin
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR TELOMERE LENGTH AND GENOMIC DNA QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSI...
- Publication number 20210102251
- Publication date Apr 8, 2021
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael G. WEST
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION USING EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES
- Publication number 20200306296
- Publication date Oct 1, 2020
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING CARDIOTOXICITY
- Publication number 20200225213
- Publication date Jul 16, 2020
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS OF REPROGRAMMING ANIMAL SOMATIC CELLS
- Publication number 20200181567
- Publication date Jun 11, 2020
- Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine
- Michael D. West
- A01 - AGRICULTURE FORESTRY ANIMAL HUSBANDRY HUNTING TRAPPING FISHING
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR THE RE-DERIVATION OF DIVERSE PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL-DERI...
- Publication number 20200157505
- Publication date May 21, 2020
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
Methods of Screening Embryonic Progenitor Cell Lines
- Publication number 20190241867
- Publication date Aug 8, 2019
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
BANK OF STEM CELLS FOR PRODUCING CELLS FOR TRANSPLANTATION HAVING H...
- Publication number 20190225937
- Publication date Jul 25, 2019
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- A01 - AGRICULTURE FORESTRY ANIMAL HUSBANDRY HUNTING TRAPPING FISHING
Information Patent Application
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TARGETING PROGENITOR CELL LINES
- Publication number 20190218511
- Publication date Jul 18, 2019
- Mandala Biosciences, LLC
- Dana Larocca
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...
- Publication number 20190175691
- Publication date Jun 13, 2019
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael D. West
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
METHODS OF MODIFYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORKS IN STEM CELLS
- Publication number 20180170982
- Publication date Jun 21, 2018
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael D. West
- C07 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Information Patent Application
DIFFERENTIATED PROGENY OF CLONAL PROGENITOR CELL LINES
- Publication number 20180135018
- Publication date May 17, 2018
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
Methods For Telomere Length And Genomic DNA Quality Control Analysi...
- Publication number 20170335392
- Publication date Nov 23, 2017
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS OF REPROGRAMMING ANIMAL SOMATIC CELLS
- Publication number 20170152475
- Publication date Jun 1, 2017
- ADVANCED CELL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TARGETING PROGENITOR CELL LINES
- Publication number 20170121676
- Publication date May 4, 2017
- Mandala Biosciences, LLC
- David Larocca
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
SCREENING ASSAYS FOR IDENTIFYING DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCING AGENTS AN...
- Publication number 20170003278
- Publication date Jan 5, 2017
- Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
METHODS TO ACCELERATE THE ISOLATION OF NOVEL CELL STRAINS FROM PLUR...
- Publication number 20160369237
- Publication date Dec 22, 2016
- ADVANCED CELL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...
Information Patent Application
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION IN MAMMALI...
- Publication number 20160186170
- Publication date Jun 30, 2016
- BIOTIME, INC.
- Michael D. West
- C12 - BIOCHEMISTRY BEER SPIRITS WINE VINEGAR MICROBIOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY MUTATION...

Michael West

Person

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Compositions and methods for induced tissue regeneration in mammali...

Methods of screening embryonic progenitor cell lines

Methods and formulations for orthopedic cell therapy

Methods for telomere length and genomic DNA quality control analysi...

Methods of reprogramming animal somatic cells

Methods and compositions for targeting progenitor cell lines

Bank of stem cells for producing cells for transplantation having H...

Methods of modifying transcriptional regulatory networks in stem cells

Differentiating ES cells using a tenascin

Methods and compositions for targeting progenitor cell lines

Method of differentiation of morula or inner cell mass cells and me...

Methods and compositions for in vitro and in vivo chondrogenesis

Culture systems for ex vivo development

Culture systems for ex vivo development

Derivation of embryonic stem cells

Embryonic or stem-like cell lines produced by cross species nuclear...

Feeder-free culture method for embryonic stem cells or primate prim...

Endothelial precursor cells for enhancing and restoring vascular fu...

Method for generating immune-compatible cells and tissues using nuc...

Methods and materials for the growth of primate-derived primordial...

Diagnostic methods for conditions associated with elevated cellular...

Detecting cancerous conditions by assaying for telomerase activity

Screening methods to identify inhibitors of telomerase activity

Use of oligonucleotide telomerase inhibitors to reduce telomere length

Methods of screening for compounds that derepress or increase telom...

Detecting cancerous conditions by assaying for telomerase activity

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors to treat diseases associate...

Methods for diagnosis of conditions associated with elevated levels...

Method for screening for agents which increase telomerase activity...

Methods and reagents for the identification and regulation of senes...

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

METHODS FOR THE TEMPORAL REGULATION OF REPROGRAMMING FACTORS IN MAM...

METHODS FOR MODULATING THE REGENERATIVE PHENOTYPE IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS USED TO MODIFY CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE TO R...

METHODS FOR THE EX VIVO INDUCTION OF TISSUE REGENERATION IN MICROBI...

METHODS FOR GENERATING PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL-DERIVED BROWN FAT CELLS

DIFFERENTIALLY-METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE GENOME USEFUL AS MARKERS O...

METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION IN MAMMALI...

METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION IN MAMMALI...

METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...

IMPROVED METHODS FOR INDUCING TISSUE REGENERATION AND SENOLYSIS IN...

Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived 3D Retinal Tissue and Uses Thereof

METHODS FOR TELOMERE LENGTH AND GENOMIC DNA QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSI...

INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION USING EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING CARDIOTOXICITY

METHODS OF REPROGRAMMING ANIMAL SOMATIC CELLS

METHODS FOR THE RE-DERIVATION OF DIVERSE PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL-DERI...

Methods of Screening Embryonic Progenitor Cell Lines

BANK OF STEM CELLS FOR PRODUCING CELLS FOR TRANSPLANTATION HAVING H...

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TARGETING PROGENITOR CELL LINES

METHODS FOR DETECTING AND MODULATING THE EMBRYONIC-FETAL TRANSITION...

METHODS OF MODIFYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORKS IN STEM CELLS

DIFFERENTIATED PROGENY OF CLONAL PROGENITOR CELL LINES

Methods For Telomere Length And Genomic DNA Quality Control Analysi...

METHODS OF REPROGRAMMING ANIMAL SOMATIC CELLS

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TARGETING PROGENITOR CELL LINES

SCREENING ASSAYS FOR IDENTIFYING DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCING AGENTS AN...

METHODS TO ACCELERATE THE ISOLATION OF NOVEL CELL STRAINS FROM PLUR...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCED TISSUE REGENERATION IN MAMMALI...