characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment

Industry

CPC
C04B2235/656

This industry / category may be too specific. Please go to a parent level for more data

Parent Industries

CCHEMISTRY METALLURGY C04Concrete, cement, ceramics C04BLIME, MAGNESIA SLAG CEMENTS COMPOSITIONS THEREOF C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products

Current Industry

C04B2235/656characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment

Industries

Please log in for detailed analytics

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Information Patent Grant
Methods of forming articles having spinel-based oxides containing m...
- Patent number 12,234,192
- Issue date Feb 25, 2025
- Skyworks Solutions, Inc.
- Michael David Hill
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Grant
Carbon fiber preform, preparation method therefor and preparation m...
- Patent number 12,227,462
- Issue date Feb 18, 2025
- SHAOXING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SHANGHAI UNIVERSITY
- Aijun Li
- B32 - LAYERED PRODUCTS
Information Patent Grant
Method for degreasing shaped ceramic molded body and method for man...
- Patent number 12,221,386
- Issue date Feb 11, 2025
- NGK Insulators, Ltd.
- Tetsuya Onogi
- B22 - CASTING POWDER METALLURGY
Information Patent Grant
High-flux silicon carbide ceramic filter membrane and preparation m...
- Patent number 12,220,668
- Issue date Feb 11, 2025
- Nanjing Hanssen Material Technology Co., Ltd.
- Linfeng Yuan
- B01 - PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
Information Patent Grant
Crack self-healing functionally gradient material for ceramic cutti...
- Patent number 12,221,384
- Issue date Feb 11, 2025
- Shandong University
- Chuanzhen Huang
- B26 - HAND CUTTING TOOLS CUTTING SEVERING
Information Patent Grant
High strength and translucency dental ceramic materials, devices, a...
- Patent number 12,208,147
- Issue date Jan 28, 2025
- James R. Glidewell Dental Ceramics, Inc.
- Sreeram Balasubramanian
- C01 - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Information Patent Grant
Heat dissipation member and method of manufacturing the same
- Patent number 12,213,286
- Issue date Jan 28, 2025
- DENKA COMPANY LIMITED
- Daisuke Goto
- C22 - METALLURGY FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FER...
Information Patent Grant
Method for preparing refractory from secondary aluminum dross
- Patent number 12,209,056
- Issue date Jan 28, 2025
- Chinalco Envir Prot & Energy Conserv Group Co., Ltd.
- Wanchao Liu
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Thermally insulating SiC-BN aerogel felt and preparation method and...
- Patent number 12,209,355
- Issue date Jan 28, 2025
- Jiaxuan Liao
- D06 - TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE LAUNDERING FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTH...
Information Patent Grant
Multi-layer composite ceramic plate and manufacturing method thereof
- Patent number 12,195,402
- Issue date Jan 14, 2025
- RAYCER ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD
- Juxian Zhang
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Grant
Multilayer zirconia ceramic block with uniform transition and metho...
- Patent number 12,180,123
- Issue date Dec 31, 2024
- Chengdu Besmile Medical Technology Corp. Ltd.
- Xinzhang Yan
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Grant
Process and slip for the production of ceramic shaped bodies made o...
- Patent number 12,179,383
- Issue date Dec 31, 2024
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG
- Christian Ritzberger
- B28 - WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
Information Patent Grant
Transparent ceramics, manufacturing method thereof, and magneto-opt...
- Patent number 12,180,119
- Issue date Dec 31, 2024
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Keita Tanaka
- C01 - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Information Patent Grant
Ferrite sintered magnet, ferrite particles, bonded magnet, motor, a...
- Patent number 12,183,493
- Issue date Dec 31, 2024
- TDK Corporation
- Junnichi Nagaoka
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Grant
Preparation method for microwave dielectric resonator with laminate...
- Patent number 12,172,932
- Issue date Dec 24, 2024
- Huzhou Ceramic-Chip Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
- YuanYuan Yang
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Grant
Aluminum-containing nitride ceramic matrix composite, method of mak...
- Patent number 12,168,632
- Issue date Dec 17, 2024
- SLT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- Mark P. D'Evelyn
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Sintering process for electrical feedthroughs
- Patent number 12,162,804
- Issue date Dec 10, 2024
- Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG
- Leoni Wilhelm
- B22 - CASTING POWDER METALLURGY
Information Patent Grant
Oxide superconductor and method for manufacturing same
- Patent number 12,156,483
- Issue date Nov 26, 2024
- Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
- Takeshi Araki
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Highly oriented nanometer max phase ceramic and preparation method...
- Patent number 12,151,979
- Issue date Nov 26, 2024
- Yuyou Cui
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Method for recycling coal liquefaction residue
- Patent number 12,152,212
- Issue date Nov 26, 2024
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Haibin Zuo
- C10 - PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MON...
Information Patent Grant
Carbon nitride based composite ceramic tool materials, preparation...
- Patent number 12,145,889
- Issue date Nov 19, 2024
- Shandong University
- Chuanzhen Huang
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Multiphase ceramic material with giant dielectric constant, and pre...
- Patent number 12,145,887
- Issue date Nov 19, 2024
- Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Holding Co., Ltd.
- Xiuhua Cao
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Grant
Zirconia molded body and pre-sintered body capable of being sintere...
- Patent number 12,145,888
- Issue date Nov 19, 2024
- KURARAY NORITAKE DENTAL INC.
- Yasutaka Kudo
- C09 - DYES PAINTS POLISHES NATURAL RESINS ADHESIVES MISCELLANEOUS COMPOSITION...
Information Patent Grant
Ceramic structure for dental application, process and its uses
- Patent number 12,138,133
- Issue date Nov 12, 2024
- Universidade do Minho
- Filipe Samuel Correia Pereira Silva
- B28 - WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
Information Patent Grant
Self-healing ceramic material with reduced porosity and method for...
- Patent number 12,139,440
- Issue date Nov 12, 2024
- QILU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (SHANDONG ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)
- Zhaoqiang Chen
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Yttrium oxide-based sintered body and semiconductor production syst...
- Patent number 12,129,210
- Issue date Oct 29, 2024
- NITERRA CO., LTD.
- Yuki Takahashi
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Composite ceramic member and method for preparation thereof, vapori...
- Patent number 12,122,724
- Issue date Oct 22, 2024
- Shenzhen Smoore Technology Limited
- Bo Li
- A24 - TOBACCO CIGARS CIGARETTES SMOKERS' REQUISITES
Information Patent Grant
Copper/ceramic joined body and insulating circuit substrate
- Patent number 12,125,765
- Issue date Oct 22, 2024
- Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
- Nobuyuki Terasaki
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Grant
Zirconia sintered body having high linear light transmittance
- Patent number 12,116,320
- Issue date Oct 15, 2024
- KURARAY NORITAKE DENTAL INC.
- Yasutaka Kudo
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Grant
Annealed garnet electrolyte separators
- Patent number 12,119,444
- Issue date Oct 15, 2024
- QuantumScape Battery, Inc.
- Arnold Allenic
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

Information Patent Application
ZIRCONIA SINTERED BODY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
- Publication number 20250059096
- Publication date Feb 20, 2025
- KURARAY NORITAKE DENTAL INC.
- Atsushi MATSUURA
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
SINTERED BODY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SINTERED BODY, RAW MATERIAL POW...
- Publication number 20250059097
- Publication date Feb 20, 2025
- TOSOH CORPORATION
- Kenta KAWAMURA
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
Method of Cladding Ceramic Optical Fibers
- Publication number 20250059099
- Publication date Feb 20, 2025
- Government of the United States as Represented by the Secretary of the Air Force
- Hyunjun Kim
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
RAPID CERAMIC PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
- Publication number 20250050536
- Publication date Feb 13, 2025
- QUANTUMSCAPE BATTERY, INC.
- Timothy HOLME
- B28 - WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
Information Patent Application
ZIRCONIA COMPOSITION, ZIRCONIA PRE-SINTERED BODY, AND ZIRCONIA SINT...
- Publication number 20250051238
- Publication date Feb 13, 2025
- KURARAY NORITAKE DENTAL INC.
- Kirihiro NAKANO
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
GARNET MATERIALS FOR LI SECONDARY BATTERIES AND METHODS OF MAKING A...
- Publication number 20250055027
- Publication date Feb 13, 2025
- QUANTUMSCAPE BATTERY, INC.
- Oleh KARPENKO
- C01 - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Information Patent Application
THERMISTOR PASTE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF
- Publication number 20250054662
- Publication date Feb 13, 2025
- Yageo Corporation
- Shen-Li HSIAO
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Application
OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTOR AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME
- Publication number 20250057056
- Publication date Feb 13, 2025
- Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
- Takeshi ARAKI
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR PRODUCING A GRANULAR CARBON-SILICON COMPOSITE FROM A LIG...
- Publication number 20250046816
- Publication date Feb 6, 2025
- STORA ENSO OYJ
- Vilhelm Olsson
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Application
ZIRCONIA SINTERED BODY, ZIRCONIA POWDER, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING Z...
- Publication number 20250042819
- Publication date Feb 6, 2025
- Daiichi Kigenso Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Keisuke FUJITA
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
Multi-Layer Structure
- Publication number 20250041165
- Publication date Feb 6, 2025
- VITA ZAHNFABRIK H. RAUTER GMBH & CO. KG
- Michael Gödiker
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
CERAMIC OBJECTS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME
- Publication number 20250034047
- Publication date Jan 30, 2025
- FOSECO INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
- Kassim JUMA
- C22 - METALLURGY FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FER...
Information Patent Application
PROCESS FOR RAPID DEBINDERING OF LAID-DOWN, HIGHLY FILLED POLYMER F...
- Publication number 20250025939
- Publication date Jan 23, 2025
- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch den Bundesminister für Wirtschaft...
- Jens GÜNSTER
- B22 - CASTING POWDER METALLURGY
Information Patent Application
PROCESS AND SLIP FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC SHAPED BODIES MADE O...
- Publication number 20250018599
- Publication date Jan 16, 2025
- IVOCLAR VIVADENT AG
- Christian Ritzberger
- B28 - WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
Information Patent Application
CERAMIC OXIDE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH 2D MX-ENES
- Publication number 20250011244
- Publication date Jan 9, 2025
- Drexel University
- Yury GOGOTSI
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
PREPARATION METHOD FOR MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC RESONATOR WITH LAMINATE...
- Publication number 20250011243
- Publication date Jan 9, 2025
- Huzhou Ceramic-Chip Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
- YuanYuan Yang
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Application
GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING ORGANIC BASES AND METHODS OF SYNT...
- Publication number 20250011241
- Publication date Jan 9, 2025
- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
- Waltraud M. Kriven
- B33 - ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
Information Patent Application
TAPE GREEN BODY INCLUDING INORGANIC HYDROXIDE TO REDUCE IGNITION DU...
- Publication number 20250002415
- Publication date Jan 2, 2025
- Corning Incorporated
- Dane Alphanso Christie
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
METHODS OF FORMING A TEMPERATURE-STABLE, LOW-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MA...
- Publication number 20240425417
- Publication date Dec 26, 2024
- Skyworks Solutions, Inc.
- Michael David Hill
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
PREPARATION METHOD FOR LOW-LINE-WIDTH W-TYPE HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL SYST...
- Publication number 20240425416
- Publication date Dec 26, 2024
- HENGDIAN GROUP DMEGC MAGNETICS CO., LTD
- Feiyu LV
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
CARBON FIBER PREFORM, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR AND PREPARATION M...
- Publication number 20240417334
- Publication date Dec 19, 2024
- SHAOXING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SHANGHAI UNIVERSITY
- Aijun Li
- B32 - LAYERED PRODUCTS
Information Patent Application
MICROWAVE FERRITE MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR 5G RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICE A...
- Publication number 20240420874
- Publication date Dec 19, 2024
- HENGDIAN GROUP DMEGC MAGNETICS CO., LTD
- Yuanzhen WANG
- H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
Information Patent Application
ZIRCONIA SINTERED BODY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
- Publication number 20240417331
- Publication date Dec 19, 2024
- KCM Corporation
- Akira KAWAI
- A61 - MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE HYGIENE
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR COVERING FIBER BODY
- Publication number 20240417333
- Publication date Dec 19, 2024
- IHI Corporation
- Yasuyuki FUKUSHIMA
- D06 - TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE LAUNDERING FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTH...
Information Patent Application
THERMALLY INSULATING SIC-BN AEROGEL FELT AND PREPARATION METHOD AND...
- Publication number 20240401263
- Publication date Dec 5, 2024
- YANGTZE RIVER DELTA RESEARCH INST (QUZHOU), UESTC
- Jiaxuan LIAO
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
LAMINATION-SHAPED FIRED BODY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING LAMINATION-SHAPE...
- Publication number 20240400459
- Publication date Dec 5, 2024
- NORITAKE CO., LIMITED
- Daishi Yoshikawa
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR FABRICATION OF A CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE PART
- Publication number 20240400463
- Publication date Dec 5, 2024
- Thu Doan
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
HIGH-TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT AND OXIDATION-RESISTANT LIGHT-WEIGHT HEA...
- Publication number 20240383815
- Publication date Nov 21, 2024
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology
- Zhiyu CHEN
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES
Information Patent Application
CRUCIBLE ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS FOR FORMING A UNITIZED CRUCIBLE ASS...
- Publication number 20240376632
- Publication date Nov 14, 2024
- GLOBALWAFERS CO., LTD.
- Richard Joseph Phillips
- B22 - CASTING POWDER METALLURGY
Information Patent Application
POROUS ATOMIZING CORE CAPABLE OF RELEASING NEGATIVE IONS AND METHOD...
- Publication number 20240360040
- Publication date Oct 31, 2024
- Shenzhen Huachengda Precision Industry Co. Ltd.
- Ping Chen
- C04 - CEMENTS CONCRETE ARTIFICIAL STONE CERAMICS REFRACTORIES

characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment

Industry

Parent Industries

Current Industry

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Methods of forming articles having spinel-based oxides containing m...

Carbon fiber preform, preparation method therefor and preparation m...

Method for degreasing shaped ceramic molded body and method for man...

High-flux silicon carbide ceramic filter membrane and preparation m...

Crack self-healing functionally gradient material for ceramic cutti...

High strength and translucency dental ceramic materials, devices, a...

Heat dissipation member and method of manufacturing the same

Method for preparing refractory from secondary aluminum dross

Thermally insulating SiC-BN aerogel felt and preparation method and...

Multi-layer composite ceramic plate and manufacturing method thereof

Multilayer zirconia ceramic block with uniform transition and metho...

Process and slip for the production of ceramic shaped bodies made o...

Transparent ceramics, manufacturing method thereof, and magneto-opt...

Ferrite sintered magnet, ferrite particles, bonded magnet, motor, a...

Preparation method for microwave dielectric resonator with laminate...

Aluminum-containing nitride ceramic matrix composite, method of mak...

Sintering process for electrical feedthroughs

Oxide superconductor and method for manufacturing same

Highly oriented nanometer max phase ceramic and preparation method...

Method for recycling coal liquefaction residue

Carbon nitride based composite ceramic tool materials, preparation...

Multiphase ceramic material with giant dielectric constant, and pre...

Zirconia molded body and pre-sintered body capable of being sintere...

Ceramic structure for dental application, process and its uses

Self-healing ceramic material with reduced porosity and method for...

Yttrium oxide-based sintered body and semiconductor production syst...

Composite ceramic member and method for preparation thereof, vapori...

Copper/ceramic joined body and insulating circuit substrate

Zirconia sintered body having high linear light transmittance

Annealed garnet electrolyte separators

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

ZIRCONIA SINTERED BODY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

SINTERED BODY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SINTERED BODY, RAW MATERIAL POW...

Method of Cladding Ceramic Optical Fibers

RAPID CERAMIC PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT

ZIRCONIA COMPOSITION, ZIRCONIA PRE-SINTERED BODY, AND ZIRCONIA SINT...

GARNET MATERIALS FOR LI SECONDARY BATTERIES AND METHODS OF MAKING A...

THERMISTOR PASTE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTOR AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A GRANULAR CARBON-SILICON COMPOSITE FROM A LIG...

ZIRCONIA SINTERED BODY, ZIRCONIA POWDER, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING Z...

Multi-Layer Structure

CERAMIC OBJECTS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

PROCESS FOR RAPID DEBINDERING OF LAID-DOWN, HIGHLY FILLED POLYMER F...

PROCESS AND SLIP FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC SHAPED BODIES MADE O...

CERAMIC OXIDE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH 2D MX-ENES

PREPARATION METHOD FOR MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC RESONATOR WITH LAMINATE...

GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING ORGANIC BASES AND METHODS OF SYNT...

TAPE GREEN BODY INCLUDING INORGANIC HYDROXIDE TO REDUCE IGNITION DU...

METHODS OF FORMING A TEMPERATURE-STABLE, LOW-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MA...

PREPARATION METHOD FOR LOW-LINE-WIDTH W-TYPE HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL SYST...

CARBON FIBER PREFORM, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR AND PREPARATION M...

MICROWAVE FERRITE MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR 5G RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICE A...

ZIRCONIA SINTERED BODY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

METHOD FOR COVERING FIBER BODY

THERMALLY INSULATING SIC-BN AEROGEL FELT AND PREPARATION METHOD AND...

LAMINATION-SHAPED FIRED BODY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING LAMINATION-SHAPE...

METHOD FOR FABRICATION OF A CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE PART

HIGH-TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT AND OXIDATION-RESISTANT LIGHT-WEIGHT HEA...

CRUCIBLE ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS FOR FORMING A UNITIZED CRUCIBLE ASS...

POROUS ATOMIZING CORE CAPABLE OF RELEASING NEGATIVE IONS AND METHOD...