Preliminary treatment

Industry

CPC
B23K11/34

This industry / category may be too specific. Please go to a parent level for more data

Parent Industries

BPERFORMING OPERATIONS TRANSPORTING B23Machine tools B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING WELDING CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY B23K11/00Resistance welding Severing by resistance heating

Current Industry

B23K11/34Preliminary treatment

Industries

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Information Patent Grant
Joined structure and method for manufacturing joined structure
- Patent number 12,097,569
- Issue date Sep 24, 2024
- Kobe Steel, Ltd.
- Kyohei Maeda
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Welding method for flexible and rollable silicon-based solar module
- Patent number 12,059,740
- Issue date Aug 13, 2024
- GOLDEN SOLAR (QUANZHOU) NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
- Hsin-wang Chiu
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Heat exchanger and method for manufacturing such a heat exchanger
- Patent number 12,038,238
- Issue date Jul 16, 2024
- INETYX
- Patrick Teulet
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Transverse vibration rolling system and preparation method for doub...
- Patent number 11,833,559
- Issue date Dec 5, 2023
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Jingwei Zhao
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for welding a titanium component with a titanium nitride coa...
- Patent number 11,833,605
- Issue date Dec 5, 2023
- Medtronic, Inc.
- Hailiang Zhao
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Ultrasonic plus resistance welding for automotive applications
- Patent number 11,819,937
- Issue date Nov 21, 2023
- Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- Timothy A. Abke
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for welding together two components, preferably of an exhaus...
- Patent number 11,801,568
- Issue date Oct 31, 2023
- Purem GmbH
- Daniel Manicke
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of manufacture of spot welded joint, steel sheet for spot we...
- Patent number 11,628,511
- Issue date Apr 18, 2023
- Nippon Steel Corporation
- Sho Matsui
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Clad welded pipe or tube and method of producing same
- Patent number 11,484,927
- Issue date Nov 1, 2022
- JFE Steel Corporation
- Takatoshi Okabe
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Coloring of metallic materials coated with aluminum
- Patent number 11,345,121
- Issue date May 31, 2022
- Apple Inc.
- Yoshihiko Yokoyama
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for joining hot-stamped steel sheets
- Patent number 11,253,945
- Issue date Feb 22, 2022
- Hyundai Motor Company
- Jung-Myung Moon
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Aluminum to steel braze resistance spot welding
- Patent number 11,235,418
- Issue date Feb 1, 2022
- FCA US LLC
- John Macdonald
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for undetachably introducing guiding aid elements into a com...
- Patent number 11,111,939
- Issue date Sep 7, 2021
- Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
- Christian Haslauer
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Setting welding device, modular components thereof and a continuous...
- Patent number 11,084,229
- Issue date Aug 10, 2021
- Bollhoff Verbindungstechnik GmbH
- Torsten Draht
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for the non-releasable connection of components or component...
- Patent number 10,967,453
- Issue date Apr 6, 2021
- Ford Global Technologies, LLC
- Michael Oelscher
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of producing endless metal ring
- Patent number 10,960,486
- Issue date Mar 30, 2021
- Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
- Koji Nishida
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of removing a coating of organic material adhering to the su...
- Patent number 10,894,301
- Issue date Jan 19, 2021
- Thyssenkrupp Rasselstein GmbH
- Benjamin Liebscher
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for bonding electrical conductors
- Patent number 10,892,670
- Issue date Jan 12, 2021
- Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- Kotaro Yoshida
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Welding electrode, method, and device for welding sandwich panels
- Patent number 10,875,119
- Issue date Dec 29, 2020
- ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG
- Azeddine Chergui
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Electric-resistance-welded stainless clad steel pipe or tube
- Patent number 10,844,993
- Issue date Nov 24, 2020
- JFE Steel Corporation
- Shinsuke Ide
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of welding a nickel strength lug with a bronze connecting pi...
- Patent number 10,744,588
- Issue date Aug 18, 2020
- Continental Automotive France
- Thierry Morales
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of producing electric-resistance-welded stainless clad steel...
- Patent number 10,724,670
- Issue date Jul 28, 2020
- JFE Steel Corporation
- Shinsuke Ide
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Dissimilar material joined body and dissimilar material joining method
- Patent number 10,717,146
- Issue date Jul 21, 2020
- Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- Kazuki Miyamoto
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Vacuum insulation panel manufacturing method, and vacuum insulation...
- Patent number 10,710,196
- Issue date Jul 14, 2020
- Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd.
- Tsutomu Azuma
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Vacuum insulation panel manufacturing method, and vacuum insulation...
- Patent number 10,639,743
- Issue date May 5, 2020
- NIPPON STEEL NISSHIN CO., LTD.
- Tsutomu Azuma
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Metal joining using ultrasonic and reaction metallurgical welding p...
- Patent number 10,632,571
- Issue date Apr 28, 2020
- GM Global Technology Operations LLC
- Hongliang Wang
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of resistance spot welding aluminum to steel
- Patent number 10,625,367
- Issue date Apr 21, 2020
- GM Global Technology Operations LLC
- David Sigler
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method of manufacturing secondary battery
- Patent number 10,608,233
- Issue date Mar 31, 2020
- SANYO Electric Co., Ltd.
- Tomokazu Yamanaka
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Multi-stage resistance welding of sandwich-type metal sheets
- Patent number 10,583,516
- Issue date Mar 10, 2020
- ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG
- Azeddine Chergui
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Method for manufacture of a chassis module and chassis module manuf...
- Patent number 10,570,951
- Issue date Feb 25, 2020
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- Wolfgang Eulerich
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

Information Patent Application
SPOT WELDING METHOD AND SPOT WELDING APPARATUS
- Publication number 20230249278
- Publication date Aug 10, 2023
- SUBARU CORPORATION
- Masahiro YOKOI
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
WELDING METHOD FOR FLEXIBLE AND ROLLABLE SILICON-BASED SOLAR MODULE
- Publication number 20230142665
- Publication date May 11, 2023
- Golden Solar (Quanzhou) New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
- Hsin-wang CHIU
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
SOLID-PHASE SPOT-WELDING METHOD AND SOLID-PHASE SPOT-WELDING DEVICE
- Publication number 20230138076
- Publication date May 4, 2023
- OSAKA UNIVERSITY
- Hidetoshi FUJII
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR WELDING
- Publication number 20230087053
- Publication date Mar 23, 2023
- LG ENERGY SOLUTION, LTD.
- Myung An LEE
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
Device and Method for Compact Embedded Wire Welding Using a Shape-F...
- Publication number 20220118545
- Publication date Apr 21, 2022
- TE Connectivity Germany GmbH
- Walter Weinerth
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
ULTRASONIC PLUS RESISTANCE WELDING FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
- Publication number 20220055142
- Publication date Feb 24, 2022
- Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- Timothy A. Abke
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR JOINED BODY, WELDING METAL BODY, AND JOINI...
- Publication number 20220040781
- Publication date Feb 10, 2022
- Ahresty Corporation
- Shunzo Aoyama
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR WELDING A TITANIUM COMPONENT WITH A TITANIUM NITRIDE COA...
- Publication number 20220001481
- Publication date Jan 6, 2022
- Medtronic, Inc.
- Hailiang Zhao
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
JOINED STRUCTURE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING JOINED STRUCTURE
- Publication number 20210394299
- Publication date Dec 23, 2021
- Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd.)
- Kyohei MAEDA
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
WELDED SURFACE COATING USING ELECTRO-SPARK DISCHARGE PROCESS
- Publication number 20210346976
- Publication date Nov 11, 2021
- HUYS INDUSTRIES LIMITED
- Nigel Scotchmer
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
STEEL SHEET ASSEMBLY, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING STEEL SHEET ASSEMBLY,...
- Publication number 20210260685
- Publication date Aug 26, 2021
- JFE STEEL CORPORATION
- Hiroshi Matsuda
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR PREVENTING SPOT WELDING CRACK OF GALVANIZED STEEL PLATE
- Publication number 20210170516
- Publication date Jun 10, 2021
- POSCO
- Jai-Hyun Kwak
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
RESISTANCE WELDING METHOD AND RESISTANCE WELDING APPARATUS
- Publication number 20210078097
- Publication date Mar 18, 2021
- MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION
- Kojiro YAMAGUCHI
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD OF PREPARING A PIPE-SECTION
- Publication number 20210071783
- Publication date Mar 11, 2021
- Technip France
- Javad SAFARI
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
HEAT EXCHANGER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH A HEAT EXCHANGER
- Publication number 20200400378
- Publication date Dec 24, 2020
- INETYX
- Patrick TEULET
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF SPOT WELDED JOINT, STEEL SHEET FOR SPOT WE...
- Publication number 20200269341
- Publication date Aug 27, 2020
- NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION
- Sho MATSUI
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
VACUUM INSULATION PANEL MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND VACUUM INSULATION...
- Publication number 20200230743
- Publication date Jul 23, 2020
- NISSHIN STEEL CO., LTD.
- Tsutomu AZUMA
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
ELECTRIC-RESISTANCE-WELDED STAINLESS CLAD STEEL PIPE OR TUBE
- Publication number 20200224813
- Publication date Jul 16, 2020
- JFE STEEL CORPORATION
- Shinsuke IDE
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING DISSIMILAR METALS-JOINED ARTICLE AND JOINI...
- Publication number 20200030907
- Publication date Jan 30, 2020
- ORIGIN COMPANY, LIMITED
- Yasuo KADOYA
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
PRETREATMENT OF WELD FLANGES TO MITIGATE LIQUID METAL EMBRITTLEMENT...
- Publication number 20200016679
- Publication date Jan 16, 2020
- GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC
- Pei-chung Wang
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF MESH FROM WIRES OR RODS, WITH...
- Publication number 20190344375
- Publication date Nov 14, 2019
- Antonios Anagnostopoulos
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD OF PRODUCING ENDLESS METAL RING
- Publication number 20190299322
- Publication date Oct 3, 2019
- Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
- Koji NISHIDA
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
SENSOR ELEMENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD OF SENSOR ELEMENT
- Publication number 20190267723
- Publication date Aug 29, 2019
- SHIBAURA ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
- Tatsuyuki Suzuki
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR THE NON-RELEASABLE CONNECTION OF COMPONENTS OR COMPONENT...
- Publication number 20190210144
- Publication date Jul 11, 2019
- FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C.
- Michael OELSCHER
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR JOINING A JOINING ELEMENT ONTO A WORKPIECE
- Publication number 20190210136
- Publication date Jul 11, 2019
- NEWFREY LLC
- Bah EISSARA
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR JOINING HOT-STAMPED STEEL SHEETS
- Publication number 20190176261
- Publication date Jun 13, 2019
- Hyundai Motor Company
- Jung-Myung Moon
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
Method for Undetachably Introducing Guiding Aid Elements into a Com...
- Publication number 20190136888
- Publication date May 9, 2019
- Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
- Christian HASLAUER
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
ALUMINUM TO STEEL BRAZE RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING
- Publication number 20190134737
- Publication date May 9, 2019
- John Macdonald
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
METAL JOINING USING ULTRASONIC AND REACTION METALLURGICAL WELDING P...
- Publication number 20180281101
- Publication date Oct 4, 2018
- GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC
- Hongliang Wang
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
FORGED RIVET FOR JOINING DISSIMILAR MATERIALS, DISSIMILAR-MATERIAL...
- Publication number 20180272417
- Publication date Sep 27, 2018
- Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd.)
- Tetsu IWASE
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

Preliminary treatment

Industry

Parent Industries

Current Industry

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Joined structure and method for manufacturing joined structure

Welding method for flexible and rollable silicon-based solar module

Heat exchanger and method for manufacturing such a heat exchanger

Transverse vibration rolling system and preparation method for doub...

Method for welding a titanium component with a titanium nitride coa...

Ultrasonic plus resistance welding for automotive applications

Method for welding together two components, preferably of an exhaus...

Method of manufacture of spot welded joint, steel sheet for spot we...

Clad welded pipe or tube and method of producing same

Coloring of metallic materials coated with aluminum

Method for joining hot-stamped steel sheets

Aluminum to steel braze resistance spot welding

Method for undetachably introducing guiding aid elements into a com...

Setting welding device, modular components thereof and a continuous...

Method for the non-releasable connection of components or component...

Method of producing endless metal ring

Method of removing a coating of organic material adhering to the su...

Method for bonding electrical conductors

Welding electrode, method, and device for welding sandwich panels

Electric-resistance-welded stainless clad steel pipe or tube

Method of welding a nickel strength lug with a bronze connecting pi...

Method of producing electric-resistance-welded stainless clad steel...

Dissimilar material joined body and dissimilar material joining method

Vacuum insulation panel manufacturing method, and vacuum insulation...

Vacuum insulation panel manufacturing method, and vacuum insulation...

Metal joining using ultrasonic and reaction metallurgical welding p...

Method of resistance spot welding aluminum to steel

Method of manufacturing secondary battery

Multi-stage resistance welding of sandwich-type metal sheets

Method for manufacture of a chassis module and chassis module manuf...

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

SPOT WELDING METHOD AND SPOT WELDING APPARATUS

WELDING METHOD FOR FLEXIBLE AND ROLLABLE SILICON-BASED SOLAR MODULE

SOLID-PHASE SPOT-WELDING METHOD AND SOLID-PHASE SPOT-WELDING DEVICE

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR WELDING

Device and Method for Compact Embedded Wire Welding Using a Shape-F...

ULTRASONIC PLUS RESISTANCE WELDING FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR JOINED BODY, WELDING METAL BODY, AND JOINI...

METHOD FOR WELDING A TITANIUM COMPONENT WITH A TITANIUM NITRIDE COA...

JOINED STRUCTURE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING JOINED STRUCTURE

WELDED SURFACE COATING USING ELECTRO-SPARK DISCHARGE PROCESS

STEEL SHEET ASSEMBLY, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING STEEL SHEET ASSEMBLY,...

METHOD FOR PREVENTING SPOT WELDING CRACK OF GALVANIZED STEEL PLATE

RESISTANCE WELDING METHOD AND RESISTANCE WELDING APPARATUS

METHOD OF PREPARING A PIPE-SECTION

HEAT EXCHANGER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH A HEAT EXCHANGER

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF SPOT WELDED JOINT, STEEL SHEET FOR SPOT WE...

VACUUM INSULATION PANEL MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND VACUUM INSULATION...

ELECTRIC-RESISTANCE-WELDED STAINLESS CLAD STEEL PIPE OR TUBE

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING DISSIMILAR METALS-JOINED ARTICLE AND JOINI...

PRETREATMENT OF WELD FLANGES TO MITIGATE LIQUID METAL EMBRITTLEMENT...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF MESH FROM WIRES OR RODS, WITH...

METHOD OF PRODUCING ENDLESS METAL RING

SENSOR ELEMENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD OF SENSOR ELEMENT

METHOD FOR THE NON-RELEASABLE CONNECTION OF COMPONENTS OR COMPONENT...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR JOINING A JOINING ELEMENT ONTO A WORKPIECE

METHOD FOR JOINING HOT-STAMPED STEEL SHEETS

Method for Undetachably Introducing Guiding Aid Elements into a Com...

ALUMINUM TO STEEL BRAZE RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING

METAL JOINING USING ULTRASONIC AND REACTION METALLURGICAL WELDING P...

FORGED RIVET FOR JOINING DISSIMILAR MATERIALS, DISSIMILAR-MATERIAL...