1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to telecommunications. More particularly, it relates to location based services (LBS) and wireless emergency services such as E911, and short messaging system (SMS) messaging.
2. Background of the Related Art
9-1-1 is a phone number widely recognized in North America as an emergency phone number that is used to contact emergency dispatch personnel. Enhanced 9-1-1 (E9-1-1) is defined by an emergency call being selectively routed to an appropriate PSAP, based on a special identifier (P-ANI, or “Pseudo Automatic Number Identifier”, also referred to as “ESxK”), and includes the transmission of callback number and location information when 9-1-1 is used. E9-1-1 may be implemented for landline, cellular or VoIP networks. A Public Service Answering Point (PSAP) is a dispatch office that receives 9-1-1 calls from the public. A PSAP may be a local, fire or police department, an ambulance service or a regional office covering all services. As used herein, the term “PSAP” refers to either a public safety access point (PSAP), or to an Emergency Call Center (ECC), a VoIP term.
Regardless of the network type, a 9-1-1 service becomes E-9-1-1 when automatic number identification and automatic location information related to the call is provided to the 9-1-1 operator at the PSAP. A primary challenge results from the fact that calls may arrive at the PSAP without the caller's actual callback number or location information displayed at the emergency operator's terminal.
The current 911 infrastructure is designed to route a live voice call to a local public safety answering point (PSAP). This requires that voice circuits be available. The result of an E911 call is a direct circuit switched voice connection between an emergency service requester and a suitable responder. 911 is further enhanced with the ability to deliver location over a data channel in parallel to the call. The location data is typically staged in a database that is queried by the PSAP to determine location information.
In particular,
An ALI is typically owned by a local exchange carrier (LEC) or a PSAP, and may be regional (i.e. connected to many PSAPs) or standalone (i.e. connected to only one PSAP). There is currently no one single standard interface protocol for PSAP-ALI connection/communication.
In particular, the ALI database 401 includes a conventional emergency services key (ESQK or ESRK) in a location request sent to an appropriate positioning center 402 (XPC). The emergency services key (ESQK or ESRK) is used by the positioning center 402 as a key to look up the location and other call information associated with the emergency call.
In non-landline telephony, the PSAPs 400 query the ALI 401 for location information. However, the ALI 401 is not pre-provisioned with location data for non-landline calls (e.g. cellular, VoIP etc) and must communicate with other network entities to obtain and deliver location data to the PSAP 400.
Non-landline telephony standards (e.g. cellular, VoIP etc) have mandated that ALIs 401 maintain connectivity to a positioning center 402 that is able to provide current location data for a non-landline call. In the current state of technology, the positioning center 402 provides the caller's location and the callback number to the ALI, which passes it to the requesting PSAP. As can be seen in
As used herein, the generic term “XPC” refers interchangeably to any standards-based positioning center. As examples, a positioning center 402 may be any one of the following types used in non-landline networks:
The term “XPC network” is used herein when appropriate to refer to any non-landline network where a positioning center 402 responds to ALI queries including an emergency services key for location, e.g., cellular, VoIP etc.
911 calls require voice circuits to be available to complete the voice call to a PSAP. For the most part, PSAPs are capable of receiving only voice calls. Connectivity with a PSAP, established either through the existing time division multiplexed (TDM)-based emergency services network (ESN), or directly over the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to the PSAP, is managed through dedicated telephone switches that cannot be directly dialed.
The present inventors have appreciated that during times of regional crises, such as during a hurricane, the local wireless infrastructure can become overloaded by call volume. This was experienced during the Sep. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks during which voice telecommunications along the east coast was subjected to service failures.
There is a long-felt need for improving emergency communications to provide a system that is more rugged and reliable during times of regional crisis.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a method of providing text message E911 emergency services comprises receiving a text message E911 emergency data request from an end user requiring emergency assistance. A geographic location of a sender of the text message E911 emergency data request is associated with the text message E911 emergency data request. The geographic location of the sender of the text message E911 emergency data request is staged in a database for access by emergency services.
Features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description with reference to the drawings:
The present invention provides a short messaging system (SMS) emergency services 911 system (SMS E911).
The inventors herein have appreciated that voice telecommunications networks tend to overload during wide scale emergencies. The inventors have also appreciated that during exemplary times of circuit overload, the Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) signaling network has had excess capacity available to carry short message traffic. They also appreciated that SMS packet-based (i.e., not switched or persistent connection) technology bandwidth remained available to generate traffic from a handset and deliver a message to another handset or to an Internet Address.
An alternative technology is provided for emergency contact with a public safety answering point (PSAP), useful particularly for getting emergency information routed when voice networks become overloaded. The alternative technology disclosed herein creates the ability of non-voice communications to include emergency 911 support. The invention enables use of this excess non-voice capacity by establishing a Short Message Service (SMS) capability for generating an emergency 911 “equivalent” call, together with location information required by emergency services and to meet Federal 911 requirements.
This invention offers a solution architecture and method for delivery of 911 requests for emergency assistance using non-voice centric sources such as SMS, email, and/or autonomous data/message generation devices.
SMS 911 capability in accordance with the principles of the present invention enables SMS savvy consumers to generate requests for emergency assistance to the local Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP). The SMS 911 emergency services request can be understood by an otherwise conventional PSAP, including provision of location information, and translated to provide first responders with the emergency services information they need to offer timely assistance.
In the early 1990s, as a result of the growing popularity of digital wireless technology, a standard for digital wireless networks was introduced in Europe. That standard, now known as the global standard for mobiles (GSM), included a service called short messaging service (SMS). An SMS allows transmission of short messages, typically up to 160 characters, to and from communication devices, e.g., cellular telephone handsets, telephones or computers with appropriate modems. In North America, the SMS is currently implemented on digital wireless/mobile networks, such as a PCS network based on the GSM standard, code division multiple access (CDMA) and/or time division multiple access (TDMA) methods.
Each SMS network typically includes a short message service center (SMSC) which acts as a store-and-forward mechanism providing guaranteed delivery of short messages to a subscriber.
Short message services are advantageous over text based paging services because of the capability of bi-directional communication. Such bi-directional communication allows, for example, notification to the originating device of the success or failure of the short message delivery.
A variety of services have been introduced using SMS networks including, for example, integrated electronic mail and fax, integrated paging, interactive banking, and information services such as stock quotes and airline schedule delivery. A mobile originated-to-HTTP gateway (co-owned by the owner of the present patent application) has been patented in U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,811, the entirety of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
A smaller SMS network 500 typically includes one short message service center (SMSC) 501. The SMSC 501 typically includes various interfaces (not shown) to receive short messages originating from various sources and protocols, such as a Voice Mail System (VMS) 508, paging networks using, e.g., Telocator Numeric Paging Protocol (TNPP) 509, devices using the Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) protocol 510 via TCP/IP, e-mail systems using the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) 511, and/or devices using the Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol (TAP) 512. Some of the various sources of the short messages may be gateways to other networks.
The SMSC 501 may further include a gateway/interworking block (not shown) that enables the SMSC 501 to communicate with the rest of the SMS network 500, such as a Home Location Register (HLR) 503 or a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) 505, using the Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) 502.
The methods and mechanism of communication in the SMS network 500 are defined by the mobile application part (MAP) layer, which uses the services of the SS7 transaction capabilities application part (TCAP) as the signaling infrastructure of the SMS network 500. The protocol for the signaling is referred to as the IS-41 protocol under the American standard as published by the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) or as the GSM MAP under the European standard published by European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI).
The Home Location Register (HLR) 503 includes a database that permanently stores and manages subscriptions and service profiles of users having a subscription to the SMS network 500. Although only one HLR 503 is shown, the SMS network 500 may include two or more HLRs. The SMS network 500 also typically includes several visitor location registers (VLR) 504. A VLR 504 is a database temporarily holding information about visiting subscribers who move into its service area. Thus, a VLR 504 contains information regarding routing information for all subscribers within its service area, and informs the relevant HLR 503 of the availability and routing information regarding its subscribers. The mobile switching center (MSC) 505 obtains subscriber information from the VLR 504 to service visiting subscribers.
The mobile switching center (MSC) 505 performs switching and call control functions, and receives short messages from the SMSC 501 for delivery to the appropriate mobile subscriber 507 (shown, e.g., as a cellular phone handset). It is to be understood that, although only one MSC 505 is shown, the wireless network 500 may include two or more MSCs.
The base station subsystem (BSS) 506 handles the wireless communications, e.g., RF transmission and reception of voice and data traffic, to and from the mobile subscriber 507.
The SMSC 601 receives a short message intended for a subscriber 604 from a source of short message 605 which may be any one or more of the aforementioned sources of short messages, e.g., 508-512 of
The present invention enables the use of short messaging services to communicate with emergency services such as a PSAP, particularly useful during times of a large regional emergency.
In particular, as shown in step 1101 of
In step 1103, the 911 emergency services data request is associated with a geographic location (i.e., “geo-location”), civic location (e.g., street address, placename), or a location identifier (e.g., a MSC/Cell-Site indicator, URI, or URL which point to a location). The association of location with the device initiating the 911 emergency services data request is performed in a same way as is known for providing location to a cellular phone or other wireless device.
In step 1105, the location associated with a 911 emergency services data request for emergency services is mapped to a PSAP identifier (e.g., emergency services number (ESN)), using a table lookup, or geo-coding procedure such as would transform a geo-location to a physical address. Exemplary physical addresses include a postal address or a validated address from a master street address guide (MSAG).
In step 1107, the 911 emergency services data request is delivered in a useable format to a public services access point (PSAP), or other emergency services monitoring location. An exemplary useable format includes, e.g., plain text. Another non-voice data request includes a pre-recorded voice message digitized and packetized. A pre-recorded voice message may be delivered to a call center that translates data to voice, i.e., text to speech.
In step 1109, the location of the emergency caller, and/or other suitable information relating to the emergency services 911 call, may be staged for use by the PSAP (or other monitoring service location), e.g., in a location center.
In particular, as shown in step 1 of
In step 2, the MSC queries a location platform (e.g., the XYPOINT™ location platform commercially available from TeleCommunication Systems, Inc. in Annapolis, Md.) for location retrieval and call routing. Typically, the location platform immediately returns call setup information to the MSC (step 5), based on gross location (e.g., Serving Cell ID), or alternatively, the emergency voice 911 call may be held, (based on configuration), until more precise location information is delivered to a location center (step 3).
In step 3, the location platform sends a request for precise position information to the position determining entity (e.g., PDE), and retrieves location coordinates (may include “fast” and subsequent “normal” (higher granularity) position coordinates) from the position determining entity (e.g., PDE).
In step 4, the location platform finds matching address, and stages location and callback information.
In step 5, after the location center triggers a request for precise location, the location center responds to the mobile switching center (MSC) with call routing information.
Note that call setup, i.e., “PSAP routing”, today is almost exclusively done based on gross (Serving Cell ID) location information. No carrier wants to hold up an emergency call. However, call routing based on precise location is certainly configurable, and may be a better fit for SMS-based 911 requests as it plays out. While the disclosed embodiments relate to the typical scenario used today for making emergency calls, the invention relates equally to future scenarios for making emergency calls.
In step 6, the MSC then releases the emergency voice 911 call, and routes it to the correct public safety answering point (PSAP) through a selective router based on information provided from the location center.
The location center then stages a record for subsequent delivery to an automatic location information (ALI) database.
In step 7, the PSAP queries the ALI database, which queries the location platform for location and callback information.
When the precise location of the data emergency services source, or ‘caller’, is returned to the location center from a position determining entity (PDE), this location coordinate information may be transcoded into a civic (street address) location, and is staged, along with call back information for retrieval by the ALI database.
In particular, as shown in
Note that SMS-originated messages are delivered primarily as text, instant message (IM), or optionally as voice. The case of delivering voice, as in a pre-recorded message, may be done, e.g., either as an attachment, a multi-media protocol/application, or via the existing legacy TDM/SR network (as shown) if something like a reverse IVR is used. While the present embodiment refers to a delivery mechanism to the PSAP as being across the legacy emergency services network through a selective router, delivery to the PSAP may be via any of a multitude of methods, e.g., text, email, voice-recording, etc.
Importantly, location information relating to the SMS text message E911 emergency data request is queried through an ANI/ALI controller 433 at the PSAP, an automatic location identification (ALI) database 401, obtained by a position determining entity 402, and staged by an appropriate location platform 304.
In step 301 of
The SMS text message E911 emergency data request traverses the radio network and the base station controller, and then is delivered to the MSC 505.
In step 302, the MSC 505 routes the SMS text message E911 emergency data request to a carrier's appropriate location based services (LBS) proxy, or short messaging service (SMS) platform 441. An exemplary SMS platform 441 embodying the present invention is known as an smsExpress™ platform now commercially available from TeleCommunication Systems, Inc. of Annapolis, Md.
The SMS platform 411 recognizes the message type of the incoming SMS text message E911 emergency data request as an E911 text message, and activates the appropriate process as shown and described generally with respect to
The SMS platform 411 processes the incoming SMS text message E911 emergency data request to determine the originator of that SMS text message, and to extract the content or payload of the emergency text message. The SMS platform 411 (e.g., the smsExpress™ platform) logs this information for future reference for use to establish a two-way communication channel if necessary.
In step 303, “precise” location data relating to the sender of the SMS text message E911 emergency data request is retrieved. Note that in some cases, the “gross” location data is not available, but can be dealt with, e.g., using a return query, home location register (HLR) query, or other source address comparison query, as is otherwise known with respect to locating a wireless caller. The location platform 445 retrieves location coordinates from either SMDPP message or operator location based services.
In step 304, the “gross” location is translated to a civic location e.g., street address. The location platform determines “gross” and “precise” location for the SMS-originated message, and optionally translates it to a civic location (e.g., street address), and stages the location and callback information for use by a querying PSAP 400.
The associated location of the SMS text message E911 emergency data request is used to determine the serving PSAP identifier.
A standard, pre-recorded or synthesized voice message may be generated for the PSAP operator to alert them to the SMS text message E911 emergency data request. For example, the audible message generated by the SMS text message E911 emergency data request may state “This is an emergency 9-1-1 text message”.
As depicted in step 305, the SMS platform 411 may send a received message response to the end user 507 that initially sent the SMS text message E911 emergency data request.
In step 306, the SMS platform 441 establishes a proxy 9-1-1 call to the Emergency Services Gateway (ESG) 513 that then routes it to the appropriate PSAP, optionally, via a selective router 417. Note that other routing approaches are possible to get the canned audio message to the PSAP 400.
In step 307, the PSAP 307 queries the ALI database 401, which queries the SMS platform 411 for location and callback information. In step 308 the location information (and optionally at least the payload of the SMS text message E911 emergency data request itself arrives at the appropriate PSAP 400.
Note that the SMS text message E911 emergency data request itself may be staged as a record in the ALI database 401. Alternatively, a unique pointer or key to the actual SMS text message E911 emergency data request (or other real-time packetized data message requesting emergency services) could be staged in the ALI database 401.
In the disclosed embodiments, the SMS platform 441 generates a request to a location based services (LBS) proxy to query precise location from a position determining entity 402.
The LBS proxy receives precise location information, and geo-codes this information using a coordinate routing database 442. The geo-coded information is staged (optionally along with the payload of the SMS text message E911 emergency data request) in the ALI database 401.
In particular, as shown in step 1 of
In step 2, the SMS text message E911 emergency data request is passed by the SMS network, using SS7 (or SMPP) protocols, to an SMS platform 411.
In step 3, the SMS platform 411 passes a source ID such as the phone number of the mobile user 507, and the payload of the SMS text message E911 emergency data request itself, to a wireless Intelligent Gateway.
In step 4, the wireless Intelligent gateway requests location with the phone number of the source as input, and gets location coordinates in return.
In step 5, the location entity attempts to obtain actual location of the mobile user 507 directly from the mobile user 507 (or uses any of a number of known alternative methods for finding actual location).
In step 6, the location of the mobile user 507 is returned to the wireless Intelligent gateway.
In step 7, the wireless Intelligent gateway provides the location of the mobile user 507 to an E911 gateway 917. The E911 gateway searches a PSAP routing database 919 for the appropriate PSAP serving the current location of the mobile user 507, and in step 8 provides the identity of the appropriate PSAP 400 back to the wireless Intelligent gateway.
In step 9, notification of the SMS text message E911 emergency data request, along with delivery of location relating to the sender, is provided to the appropriate PSAP 400.
In particular, as shown in
The 911 application server initiates a location request from an appropriate location based services (LBS) platform 411, and receives a response back. The LBS platform 411 locates the 911 source 507 via any appropriate location method.
The 911 application server 708 queries a PSAP database for routing information to an appropriate PSAP servicing the current location of the 911 source 507.
The 911 application server 708 stages location data or a routing key in the ALI database 401, making it available for query by the PSAP 400.
An audible notification of the pending SMS text message E911 emergency data request may be passed by the 911 application server 708 to an emergency services gateway 710, and passed to the PSAP 400.
In particular,
The invention enables a PSAP to receive, process, and act upon a wide variety of data based (non-voice) packetized emergency services messages, ranging from simple text-based messages such as a traditional SMS message, to complex images either contained within or attached as payload to a data initiated E911 emergency services, packetized (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) based) message.
The invention can be used to enable automated systems to provide warnings or notifications to operator monitored services that have a specific geographic regional coverage. The invention has specific applicability to wireless carriers, but is applicable in a larger sense to the broader telecommunication market, including broadband, wireline, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), etc.
While the invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments of the invention without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/848,655, filed Oct. 3, 2006, entitled “911 Data Messaging”, to Morin et al., the entirety of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
1103073 | O'Connel | Jul 1914 | A |
3400222 | Nightingale | Sep 1968 | A |
4494119 | Wimbush | Jan 1985 | A |
4651156 | Martinez | Mar 1987 | A |
4706275 | Kamil | Nov 1987 | A |
4891638 | Davis | Jan 1990 | A |
4891650 | Sheffer | Jan 1990 | A |
4952928 | Carroll et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
5014206 | Scribner et al. | May 1991 | A |
5043736 | Darnell et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
5055851 | Sheffer | Oct 1991 | A |
5068656 | Sutherland | Nov 1991 | A |
5068891 | Marshall | Nov 1991 | A |
5070329 | Jasinami | Dec 1991 | A |
5081667 | Drori et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
5119104 | Heller | Jun 1992 | A |
5144283 | Arenas et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
5161180 | Chavous | Nov 1992 | A |
5177478 | Wagai et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
5193215 | Olmer | Mar 1993 | A |
5208756 | Song | May 1993 | A |
5214789 | George | May 1993 | A |
5218367 | Sheffer | Jun 1993 | A |
5223844 | Mansell et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
5235630 | Moody et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
5239570 | Koster et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
5266944 | Carroll et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
5289527 | Tiedemann, Jr. | Feb 1994 | A |
5293642 | Lo | Mar 1994 | A |
5299132 | Wortham | Mar 1994 | A |
5325302 | Izidon et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
5334974 | Simms et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
5343493 | Karimullah | Aug 1994 | A |
5347568 | Moody et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
5351235 | Lahtinen | Sep 1994 | A |
5361212 | Class et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
5363425 | Mufti et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
5374936 | Feng | Dec 1994 | A |
5379451 | Nakagoshi et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5381338 | Wysocki et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5387993 | Heller | Feb 1995 | A |
5388147 | Grimes | Feb 1995 | A |
5390339 | Bruckert et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
5394158 | Chia | Feb 1995 | A |
5396227 | Carroll et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
5398190 | Wortham | Mar 1995 | A |
5406614 | Hara | Apr 1995 | A |
5418537 | Bird | May 1995 | A |
5423076 | Westergren et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
5432841 | Rimer | Jul 1995 | A |
5434789 | Fraker et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
5454024 | Lebowitz | Sep 1995 | A |
5461390 | Hoshen | Oct 1995 | A |
5470233 | Fruchterman et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
5479408 | Will | Dec 1995 | A |
5479482 | Grimes | Dec 1995 | A |
5485161 | Vaughn | Jan 1996 | A |
5485163 | Singere et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
5488563 | Chazelle et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
5497149 | Fast | Mar 1996 | A |
5508931 | Snider | Apr 1996 | A |
5513243 | Kage | Apr 1996 | A |
5515287 | Hakoyama et al. | May 1996 | A |
5519403 | Bickley et al. | May 1996 | A |
5532690 | Hertel | Jul 1996 | A |
5535434 | Siddoway et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
5539398 | Hall et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
5543776 | L'Esperance et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5552772 | Janky et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5555286 | Tendler | Sep 1996 | A |
5568119 | Schipper et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
5574648 | Pilley | Nov 1996 | A |
5579372 | Astrom | Nov 1996 | A |
5588009 | Will | Dec 1996 | A |
5590417 | Rydbeck | Dec 1996 | A |
5592535 | Klotz | Jan 1997 | A |
5604486 | Lauro et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
5606313 | Allen et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
5606850 | Nakamura | Mar 1997 | A |
5610815 | Gudat et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5614890 | Fox | Mar 1997 | A |
5615116 | Gudat et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5621793 | Bednarek et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
5628051 | Salin | May 1997 | A |
5633912 | Tsoi | May 1997 | A |
5673306 | Amadon et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5682600 | Salin | Oct 1997 | A |
5692037 | Friend | Nov 1997 | A |
5724667 | Furuno | Mar 1998 | A |
5740534 | Ayerst et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5761618 | Lynch et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5767795 | Schaphorst | Jun 1998 | A |
5768509 | Gunluk | Jun 1998 | A |
5774533 | Patel | Jun 1998 | A |
5787357 | Salin | Jul 1998 | A |
5794142 | Vanttila et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5797091 | Clise et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5797094 | Houde et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5797096 | Lupien et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5802492 | Delorme et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5806000 | Vo et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5822700 | Hult et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5825283 | Camhi | Oct 1998 | A |
5828740 | Khuc et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5905736 | Ronen et al. | May 1999 | A |
5920820 | Qureshi | Jul 1999 | A |
5920821 | Seazholtz et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
5930701 | Skog | Jul 1999 | A |
5943399 | Bannister et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
5946629 | Sawyer et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
5946630 | Willars et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
5950130 | Coursey | Sep 1999 | A |
5953398 | Hill | Sep 1999 | A |
5974054 | Couts et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5978685 | Laiho | Nov 1999 | A |
5987323 | Huotari | Nov 1999 | A |
5999811 | Molne | Dec 1999 | A |
6026292 | Coppinger | Feb 2000 | A |
6035025 | Hanson | Mar 2000 | A |
6049710 | Nilsson | Apr 2000 | A |
6058300 | Hanson | May 2000 | A |
6064875 | Morgan | May 2000 | A |
6070067 | Nguyen et al. | May 2000 | A |
6073004 | Balachandran | Jun 2000 | A |
6073015 | Berggren | Jun 2000 | A |
6075982 | Donovan et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6081508 | West et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6101378 | Barabash et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6122503 | Daly | Sep 2000 | A |
6122520 | Want et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6138158 | Boyle et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6148197 | Bridges et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6148198 | Anderson et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6149353 | Nilsson | Nov 2000 | A |
6169891 | Gorham et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6173181 | Losh | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6181935 | Gossman et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6188752 | Lesley | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6198431 | Gibson | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6199045 | Giniger et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6205330 | Winbladh | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6208854 | Roberts et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6219669 | Haff | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6223046 | Hamill-Keays et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6226529 | Bruno et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
6249680 | Wax et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6249744 | Morita | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6266614 | Alumbaugh et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6289373 | Dezonno | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6314108 | Ramasubramani et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6317594 | Gossman et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6321257 | Kotola et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6327479 | Mikkola | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6353621 | Boland | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6370242 | Speers | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6373930 | McConnell et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6393014 | Daly et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6396913 | Perkins et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6397064 | Bridges | May 2002 | B1 |
6473622 | Meuronen | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6480710 | Laybourn | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6507589 | Ramasubramani et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
6512930 | Sandegren | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6526335 | Treyz | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6529722 | Heinrich | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6654786 | Fox et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6667688 | Menard et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6675017 | Zellner et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
6677894 | Sheynblat et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6690940 | Brown | Feb 2004 | B1 |
6721396 | Chin | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6728353 | Espejo | Apr 2004 | B1 |
6731943 | McCormick | May 2004 | B1 |
6744858 | Ryan | Jun 2004 | B1 |
6771742 | McCalmont et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6799049 | Zellner | Sep 2004 | B1 |
6868074 | Hanson | Mar 2005 | B1 |
6898633 | Lyndersay | May 2005 | B1 |
6915138 | Kraft | Jul 2005 | B2 |
6937597 | Rosenberg | Aug 2005 | B1 |
6970869 | Slaughter et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
6970871 | Rayburn | Nov 2005 | B1 |
6993325 | Waesterlid | Jan 2006 | B1 |
7020480 | Coskun et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7054659 | Gioscia | May 2006 | B2 |
7092385 | Gallant | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7110773 | Wallace | Sep 2006 | B1 |
7120418 | Herajarvi | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7123874 | Brennan | Oct 2006 | B1 |
7127264 | Hronek | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7130383 | Naidoo et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7145462 | Dewing | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7180415 | Bankert | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7184418 | Baba | Feb 2007 | B1 |
7245216 | Burkley | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7260186 | Zhu | Aug 2007 | B2 |
7317705 | Hanson | Jan 2008 | B2 |
D562808 | Gwee et al. | Feb 2008 | S |
7328031 | Kraft | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7356328 | Espejo | Apr 2008 | B1 |
7366157 | Valentine | Apr 2008 | B1 |
7386588 | Mousseau | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7437348 | Wyett | Oct 2008 | B1 |
7440442 | Grabelsky | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7522182 | Bang | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7522581 | Acharya | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7603148 | Michalak | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7693546 | Gioscia | Apr 2010 | B1 |
7702081 | Klesper | Apr 2010 | B1 |
7792989 | Toebes | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7822391 | Delker | Oct 2010 | B1 |
7826818 | Gollnick | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7864927 | Loizeaux | Jan 2011 | B2 |
7895263 | Kirchmeier | Feb 2011 | B1 |
8014945 | Cooper | Sep 2011 | B2 |
8200291 | Steinmetz | Jun 2012 | B2 |
8265326 | Singh | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8284980 | Parker | Oct 2012 | B2 |
20010006889 | Kraft | Jul 2001 | A1 |
20010031641 | Ung et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20010034224 | McDowell | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20020058515 | Holler | May 2002 | A1 |
20020086659 | Lauper | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020133568 | Smith et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020155844 | Rankin | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020174073 | Nordman | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20020181681 | Mani | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20030003909 | Keronen | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030058096 | Shteyn | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030060214 | Hendrey | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030063730 | Woodring | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030086539 | McCalmont | May 2003 | A1 |
20030125045 | Riley | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030157942 | Osmo | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030163483 | Zingher | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030169881 | Niedermeyer | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030186709 | Rhodes et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030186710 | Muhonen | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030187803 | Pitt | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030220835 | Barnes, Jr. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20040043773 | Lee et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040077359 | Bernas | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040137921 | Valloppillil | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040176123 | Chin et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040198386 | Dupray | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040198389 | Alcock | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040203732 | Brusilovsky | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040203863 | Huomo | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040203900 | Cedervall et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040209594 | Naboulsi | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040215687 | Klemba | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040225740 | Klemba | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20050003803 | Buckley | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050020242 | Holland | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050021769 | Kim | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050031095 | Pietrowicz | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050053209 | D'Evelyn | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050079877 | Ichimura | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050101338 | Kraft | May 2005 | A1 |
20050111630 | Potorny | May 2005 | A1 |
20050119012 | Merheb | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050135569 | Dickinson | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050149430 | Williams | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050176445 | Qu | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050190892 | Dawson | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050197775 | Smith | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050201358 | Nelson | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050201528 | Meer | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050201529 | Nelson | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050213716 | Zhu | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050261012 | Weiser | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050265536 | Smith | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20050277432 | Viana et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20050282518 | D'Evelyn | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20050287979 | Rollender | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060003775 | Bull et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060020965 | Steelberg | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060028995 | Canoy | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060058102 | Nguyen | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060058951 | Cooper | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060109960 | D'Evelyn | May 2006 | A1 |
20060116138 | Simsek et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060142027 | Krishnamurthi et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060183460 | Srinivasan et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060223549 | Chang | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060233317 | Coster | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060239205 | Warren | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060276168 | Fuller | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20060281470 | Shi | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20060293024 | Benco et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20060293066 | Edge | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070004424 | Sheen | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070010248 | Dravida | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070021098 | Rhodes et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070026871 | Wager | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070060097 | Edge | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070110076 | Brouwer | May 2007 | A1 |
20070117574 | Watanabe | May 2007 | A1 |
20070117577 | Harris | May 2007 | A1 |
20070136132 | Weiser | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070149208 | Syrbe | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070149213 | Lamba | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070201623 | Hines | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070253429 | James | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20080014964 | Sudit | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080045250 | Hwang | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080137624 | Silverstrim | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080192731 | Dickinson | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20080268769 | Brown | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20090003535 | Grabelsky | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090029675 | Steinmetz | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090128404 | Martino | May 2009 | A1 |
20090221263 | Titus et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090237210 | Ciesla | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090323636 | Dillon | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100076767 | Vieri et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100120412 | Tang | May 2010 | A1 |
20100167691 | Howarter | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100198933 | Smith | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100233991 | Crawford | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100262668 | Piett | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20110109468 | Hirschfeld | May 2011 | A1 |
20110207429 | Maier | Aug 2011 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
WO 0211407 | Jul 2001 | WO |
WO2007025227 | Mar 2007 | WO |
Entry |
---|
47 Code of Federal Regulations (Oct. 1, 2005 Edition). |
PCT Search Report issued in PCT/US008/13690 and mailed on Jan. 29, 2009. |
PCT International Search Report (PCTUS2007/16138) and Written Opinion of International Searching Authority, Feb. 7, 2008. |
International Search Report in PCT/US2007/20207 dated Apr. 1, 2008. |
PCT International Search Report received in PCT/US2007/21133 dated Apr. 21, 2008. |
Intrado Inc., Qwest Detailed SR/ALI to MPC/GMLC Interface Specification to TCP/IP Implementation of TIA/EIA/J-STD-036 E2 with Phase I Location Description Addition, Intrado Informed Response; Apr. 2004; Issue 1.11; pp. 1-57. |
PCT International Search Report received in PCT/US2007/21133 dated Oct. 31, 2008.. |
Newsletter “Sonera Bill Warning” Digital Cellular Report. Stevenage: Jun. 17, 1998. vol. 4, Iss.; p. 1. |
“Technology Rides Control Network to Support Short Package Applications”; Advanced Intelligent Network New. Washington, DC: Mar. 19, 1997. vol. 7, Iss. 6; p. 1. |
Cellular Mobile Pricing Structures and Trends; Dr. Sam Paltridge of the OECD's Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry; Dist.: May 19, 2000 (Nov. 1999). |
Schulzrinne et al., Emergency Services for Internet Telephony Systems draft-schulzrinne-sipping-emergency-arch, IETF Standard Working Draft, Feb. 4, 2004, 1-22. |
Kim, J.Y., et al., “An Enhanced VoIP Emergency Services Prototype,” Proceedings of the 3rd International ISCRAM Conference, Newark, NJ, May 2006. |
International Search Report received in PCT/US11/01971 dated Feb. 28, 2013. |
International Search Report received in PCT/US2012/067857 dated Feb. 20, 2013. |
International Search Report received in PCT/US2012/67689 dated Feb. 22, 2013. |
International Search Report received in PCT/US2012/066313 dated Feb. 4, 2013. |
The Power of Mobile Unified Messaging: Siemans and Comverse to Demonstrate WAP-Based Messaging Applications on Live GPRS System, Comverse, Feb. 2000. |
ETSI/3Gpp, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 2; (3G TS 23.060 version 3.2.1), Jan. 2000, pp. 138-142. |
ETSI,3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Core Network; Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic; (CAMEL) Phase 3—Stage 2 (3G TS 23.078 version 3.3.0), Dec. 199, pp. 300-329. |
Bond, “Cellular Carriers Use Prepaid Programs to Reach Untapped Markets,” Billing World, Mar. 1997, pp. 14-17. |
Freedom Wireless, “The Freedom to Chose! Get Pre-Pay Cellular,” sales pamphlet, undated. |
MultiMedia Publishing Corp., “Prepaid Cellular and Prepaid Wireless Market Report and Forecast 1997-2002,” sales literature, undated. |
NEXTLINK, “Introducing a New Prepaid Telephone Service from NEXTLINK,” sales literature, undated. |
Open Development Corp., “openMedia Cellular Prepaid,” sales literature, undated. |
Intrado Inc., Qwest Detailed SR/ALI to MPC/GMLC Interface Specification for TCP/IP Implementation of TIA/EIA/J-STD-036 E2 with Phase I Location Description Addition, Intrado Informed Response; Apr. 2004; Issue 1.11; pp. 1-57. |
Tecore, Inc., “Pre-Paid Cellular,” sales literature, Mar. 25, 1997, pp. 1-4. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20080081646 A1 | Apr 2008 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
60848655 | Oct 2006 | US |