Patent Application
20220046863
The present invention relates to a method for induction of plant growth (increase in plant biomass) in a greenhouse. More specifically, the method relates to supplying NOx gas within a specific concentration range in the atmosphere of the greenhouse and maintaining the NOx concentration, thereby stimulating plant growth (including crop growth).
Given the continuous growth of the world population, the demand for food is constantly growing. To increase food production an obtain higher yields in agriculture, the promotion of crop growth has been a topic of research for decades. For example, for the production of our food is often made use of various chemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers to ensure the quality and improve our food but also to increase the quantity of our food. However the continuous use of fertilizers and chemicals such as pesticides to improve crop yield present an increasing problem in relation to a sustainable and environmental friendly way of producing our food.
To have a year round production of fruit and vegetables, crops can be grown in a greenhouse, wherein the climate conditions, such as temperature, moisture and nutrients can be monitored and closely controlled. This ensures that the growth conditions can be optimized and crop yields are increased. To control the climate inside the greenhouse, often a heat source is used to maintain the desired temperature and climate.
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of an engine to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. In greenhouses CHP (or burner from a boiler) are used to control the temperature inside the greenhouse by burning natural gas in the CHP. Burning of natural gas (e.g. propane and/or kerosene) in the CHP results in the production of gases, mainly CO2, but also NOx (NO and NO2) and ethylene (C2H4) gas which all have an effect on crop growth in the greenhouse. Plants can be very sensitive to atmospheric NOx concentrations, especially at high concentrations. Some species are more sensitive than others, for example tomato plants are generally more sensitive to NOx. However, not much is known about the specific interactions between plants and atmospheric NOx in relation to plant or crop growth. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced during heating of the greenhouses and are regarded as one of the main contributors to air pollution, namely nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These gases contribute to the formation of for instance smog and acid rain.
Considering the above, there is a need in the art for providing a method to further increase the plant growth and crop yield in greenhouses, wherein the method is more environmentally friendly and economically beneficial.
It is an object of the present invention, amongst other objects, to address the above need in the art. The object of present invention, amongst other objects, is met by the present invention as outlined in the appended claims.
Specifically, the above object, amongst other objects, is met, according to a first aspect, by the present invention by a method for induction of increase in plant biomass in a greenhouse, wherein the increase in plant biomass is stimulated by supplying NOx gas at a concentration of at most 70 ppb in the atmosphere of the greenhouse and maintaining the NOx concentration for at least 1 day, preferably for at least 2 days, most preferably for at least 3 days. From the start of supplying the NOx gas to on average day 3/4, the effect of the NOx on the induction of plant growth is most direct and notable. The daytime average of the NOx gas concentration being supplied is between 30 to 45 ppb. The method of present invention stimulates the (re-)use of waste stream already present in greenhouses i.e. the gases produced during heating of the greenhouse, to obtain a method for a more environmental friendly agriculture and in addition further promoting crop yield. The method additionally may thereby limit or reduce the need for use of chemicals such fertilizers and pesticides.
Within the NOx concentration range of at most 70 ppb, the optimal point varies with the electron transport rate (ETR). ETR is a light-adapted parameter, and relative ETR values are valuable for stress measurements when comparing one plant to another at similar or identical light absorption characteristics and environment. When plants are subjected to suboptimal growth conditions, the plants are under stress which can be measured by using ETR values. Stress factors affect plant growth, survival and crop yields. Light that stimulates photosynthesis is know as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and is equivalent to the visible wavelengths of the light spectrum of 400 nm to 700 nm. The ETR value is dependent on the amount of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) light over a given time period. Higher ETR values in combination with higher NOx concentrations, results in higher sensitivity to NOx and decreasing biomass conversion, and thus decreasing yield.
An increase in plant growth (peak values in
According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method, wherein NOx gas is supplied and maintained at a concentration of between 15 to 65 ppb, preferably 30 to 45 ppb in the atmosphere of the greenhouse. Experiments showed that, when gently applied, specific concentrations of NOx in the atmosphere of a greenhouse will have a positive effect on plant growth (gram/day/m2). Especially at low concentrations of NOx of between 30 to 45 ppb the positive effect of NOx is most notably, and that NOx in the higher concentrations, i.e. higher than 70 ppb, will negatively affect crop growth, resulting in ETR reduction. Concentrations above 200 ppb will decrease biomass conversion, resulting in damage to the crop caused by necrosis. This is especially a risk in winter periods when windows of the greenhouse are kept closed. Optimizing NOx exposure of the plant to a concentration of between 15 to 65 ppb increases the plant growth with an average of 6% per day regardless of light, relative humidity, CO2 concentration and temperature. It is believed that within this specific NOx concentration range the transmembrane reporters, nitrite reductase and nitric reductase are directly influenced, thereby positively affecting plant growth leading to an increase in plant biomass (e.g. plant and plant crop growth). At higher NOx concentrations the plant foliar uptake process is affected and most likely represses the expression of the Reductases and negatively affect plant growth.
It was found that crop growth/plant growth, for example tomato and tomato plants can be promoted by controlling the NOx concentration in the atmosphere inside a greenhouse. However the effect of NOx on the nitrate content and the nitrite reductase activity is strongly influenced by nutrient nitrogen level. The method of present invention will use the NOx from the atmosphere in the greenhouse to benefit the plants, especially when other forms of oxidized nitrogen are in short supply. Experiments indicated that at high NOx concentrations the photosynthetic process in the plant is inhibited and that the positive effect of CO2 on plant growth is eliminated. High levels of NOx will lead to a reduction of growth (rate) of plants, for example tomato seedlings in a greenhouse and that the inhibition of growth would be sufficient to reduce, or even nullity the benefits of CO2 enrichments.
According to another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method wherein NOx is nitric oxide (NO) and/or nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
According to yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method, wherein the increase in plant biomass is not affected by light, relative humidity, CO2 concentration and/or temperature. Experiments showed (
According to another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method wherein the atmosphere of said greenhouse is further supplied with CO2 at a concentration of between 500 ppm to 1200 ppm, preferably 600 ppm to 1100 ppm.
According to yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method wherein the relative humidity in said greenhouse is between 50% to 99%, preferably 70% to 95%, more preferably between 80% to 90%, most preferably between 85% and 90%. Similar result as for CO2 were obtained when examining the effect of the average relative humidity (RH) in relation to NOx on plant growth (See
The relation between temperature and NOx concentration and the effect on plant growth was also examined.
According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of tomato, cucumber, pepper, cannabis, lettuce, rose, and other fruits, vegetables and flower crops. The method of present invention leading to the growth promoting effect in plants can be adapted to other crops grown in greenhouses, preferably tomato plants. Tomato plants are generally more sensitive to NOx then other crops. Present invention uses the NOx as a multifunctional signal to stimulate plant growth, nutrient uptake and metabolism of the tomato plant and its fruits. NO2 induces increases in fruit size and biomass at concentrations as low as 10 ppb, and at higher levels (>200 ppb) of NO2 will significantly inhibit plant growth.
According to another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method wherein the increase in plant biomass comprises an increase in plant mass of at least 2% per day, preferably at least 4% per day, more preferably at least 6% per day, most preferably at least 15% per day, even most preferably at least 20% per day.
According to yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the method wherein the increase in plant biomass comprises an increase in plant mass of at least 80 gram/day, more preferably at least 120 gram/day.
The present invention will be further detailed in the following examples and figures wherein
The following example describes how the growth increase or growth decrease in tomatoes in greenhouses are measured and analysed. The specific tomato cultivars in this practice test are Brioso and Sunstream. The results are based on (day)light averages for NOx, CO2 and relative humidity. The plant growth is the total growth achieved in a 24-hour cycle from 0:00 to 24:00.
In a tomato greenhouse the following sensors are placed inside the greenhouse and the collected sensor data from the greenhouse was put in a database. Inside the greenhouse a Greenhouse Gas Analyser was placed measuring NO (nitric oxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), and CO2 (carbon dioxide). Furthermore photosynthesis and PAR measurements were performed on the tomato crop. PAR is being measured using a photosynthetically active radiation measurement sensor (i.e. photosynthesis system), in μmol m−2 s−1. From the PAR measurements the ETR (Electron Transport) is calculated. The ETR is calculated according the formula ETR=Y(II)*PAR*0.84*0.5, wherein Y(II) is an indication of the amount of energy used in photochemistry under steady-state photosynthetic lighting conditions. The Y(II) value is measured as output on the photosynthesis meter.
Weighing systems were placed under and/or above the crops, which measure the increase in plant growth and determine the total increase of biomass. Additional sensors are installed inside the greenhouse to measure temperature and relative humidity.
Data was collected over a period from May 2015 to August 2017, obtaining at least data from 500 days. All data is correlated as shown in the
NOx will have a positive effect on tomato growth at low concentrations of NOx and meanwhile NOx in the higher concentrations will negatively affect tomato crop, resulting in ETR reduction. The positive effect of NOx is most notably an average daylight NOx concentration between 30 pbb and 45 ppb. Within this range the optimal point varies with the electron transport rate (ETR). The ETR value is dependent on the amount of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) light over a given time period. Results show that higher ETR values in combination with higher NOx concentrations, results in higher sensitivity to NOx and decreasing biomass conversion, and thus decreasing yield.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021736 | Sep 2018 | NL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/073588 | 9/4/2019 | WO | 00 |
