Patent Application
20150357804
The present invention relates in a first aspect to an elongated tubular electrical insulation device for a cable.
In a second aspect the invention relates to a high voltage power cable arrangement comprising a plurality of elongated conductor segments placed alongside one another to form an inner electrical conductor of a high voltage power cable, and an elongated tubular electric insulation device arranged to house and surround the inner electrical conductor.
In a third aspect the invention relates to a method for providing a flexible insulated high voltage cable.
A conductor segment is to be understood as a segment which is to be joined to another conductor segment at the respective end, and which together with other alongside extending conductor segments form the conductor. A power cable segment is to be understood as a segment which is to be joined to another cable segment at the respective end.
The development of technologies for long distance power transmission or distribution is in general driven by the need of connecting remote renewable power generation facilities, e.g. large solar parks, several connected wind parks or large hydropower plants, to large load centers. In addition, there is an industry trend of interconnecting different electric power systems. In prior art, electric power transmission for capacities above 3 GW is in general limited to overhead lines as the only economically affordable option. However, high, or extra high, voltage overhead transmission lines cause visual, electric and magnetic pollution where they pass close to/inside densely populated areas. Further, overhead transmission lines require a large corridor and thus require land for installation, which is problematic in densely populated areas, where the price of the land is high and thus generates costs. Thus, using underground and submarine power cables for electric power transmission is an attractive alternative, as the cables do not require any pylons and are installed as underground cables and are thus not visible. However, scaling-up underground and subsea power cables, in order to increase the transmission of electric power, is limited due to limits of inner conductor size and cable insulation thickness. The electric power transmitted in a high capacity transmission system can be increased by increasing the voltage or the current. Higher voltages, without increasing the electric field, require an increase of the thickness of the electric power cable insulation. Achieving higher currents, without increasing the thermal load on the cable insulation, require an increase of the cross-section area of the electric power cable's inner electrical conductor or require a material with higher conductivity for the inner electrical conductor.
The inventors of the present invention have identified that the factor that limits the scale-up of prior art power cable technology is the fact that the cross-section area of a prior art power cable cannot be increased without sacrificing overall flexibility of the power cable, which in turn results in that the length of a produced power cable segment has to be reduced, as the inflexibility of the power cable with the increased cross-section area makes it too difficult to transport, or prevents the transportation of, too long power cable segments from the production site to the site of installation. In general, electric power cables may be produced by way of extrusion in a cable extrusion line, and it is desirable to produce the extruded power cable segments as long as possible to keep the number of joints on the site of installation to a minimum. A reduction of the length of the power cable segments results in an increase of the number of joints for joining the power cable segments in order to install the entire power transmission line. Therefore, the installation time is prolonged, and the long-term electric reliability of the power transmission or distribution system in operation decreases with an increase of the number of joints.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,538 describes a water impervious cable construction which includes a central electrical conductor, an overlayer of insulation material such as a plastic, a shield layer formed of a plurality of individual conductors, the shield layer being embedded in a layer of semiconducting material, a layer of overlapped moisture barrier metal foil material, and a further overlayer of insulating material.
WO 02/27734 discloses an electrical cabling system for the transmission of power over distances. The cabling system includes a set of extruded aluminium tube conductors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,058 describes a moisture-proofing electrical cable comprising three stranded-together insulated conductors enveloped in a rubber-elastic inner sleeve on which sits a corrugated twin tube arrangement of an inner copper tube and an outer steel tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,999,188-B2 discloses a cable for transporting or distributing electric energy, especially medium or high voltage electric energy, including an electrically insulating layer surrounding an electrical conductor, and a sheath surrounding the electrically insulating layer. It is disclosed that the sheath is configured to guarantee improved flexibility without impairing mechanical properties and particularly thermopressure resistance.
EP1585204 discloses a cable arrangement for AC transmission where an installation duct houses the cables for three phases. Each phase cable has its own insulation. The installation duct consists of an inner screen of metal that is thick enough to ensure grounding. The cable is assembled at site, whereby the installation duct attains is circular shape from a planar band when rolled around the phase cables and welding the band sides together. The transportation is facilitated since the duct-to-be can be wound as a band.
The object of the present invention is to increase the electric power transmitted by a power cable, especially a power cable for submarine installation or for installation on land, e.g. an underground cable, without any reduction of the length of the produced power cable segments with regard to limitations of the transportation of the power cable.
The above mentioned object of the present invention is according to the first aspect of the invention attained in that a tubular electrical insulation device of the kind specified in the preamble of the independent claim related to a tubular electrical insulation device for a cable includes the specific features specified in the characterizing portion of the independent claim related to a tubular electrical insulation device for a cable. Thus the tubular electric insulation device is arranged for receiving a plurality of electrical conductors segments by insertion, which tubular electrical insulation device is flexible and comprises an inner circumferential electrically conductive layer for establishing an electric contact to the electrical conductors once inserted into the tubular electrical insulation device.
It is supposed to be clear from the context that by flexible is meant flexibility in any plane through the center line of the insulation device, i.e. the flexibility allows the insulation device to be bent. Generally the insulation device according to the invention can be bent in the order of 1:6, 25 to 1:25, typically in the order of 1:10 to 1:15. The bendability is measured as the relation between the diameter of the insulation device and the possible bending radius. The possible bending radius corresponds to the radius to which the insulation device can be bent without using excessive force for wounding at that radius without significant deformation, cracks or other defects.
According to the invention the insulation device thus is an entity that is separate from the conductor, and into which the conductor can be inserted to form a cable. The invented insulation device thereby in an advantageous way provides an essential component for obtaining a high-voltage power cable for transmitting very high electrical power.
By the invented insulation device it will be possible to attain a cable that allows much higher power than can be achieved with a conventional cable without resulting in undue short cable segments. For transmitting electrical power in the magnitude above 1 GW with conventional cable technique it requires either to increase the voltage to a level that creates problems of the kind discussed above or to use a plurality of cables in parallel. The alternative to have a “moderate” high voltage such as 320 kV and use one single cable would result in such a high conductor area that a conventional cable could not be bent to be transported on a drum. The consequence would be very short cable segments and a large number of joints. With a cable provided with an insulation device according to the invention this is avoided.
The principles of the present invention can be summarized as:
The bending properties of a cable formed with the use of the insulation device allow transportation of the assembled cable rolled on a drum and with a segment length of some hundred meters.
The specific construction of the insulation device also makes it possible to alternatively assemble the cable on site whereby the conductor segments and the Insulation device are transported individually to the site. Thereby the individual unassembled parts transport is lighter, and the transport weight limitation (e. g. 32 tons for road transport) is reached at much longer segment length.
If for example a power of 3 GW is to be transmitted with conventional cable technique at a voltage of 320 kV it would require five cables in parallel in order to obtain the sufficient conductive area without the cables being too stiff to be bended for transportation.
With a cable having an insulation device according to the invention only one single cable is required and which can be transported assembled with a cable segment length of above 300 meters. The total weight of such a sector will be about 32 t and can be transported on one truck.
When transporting the insulation device according to the present invention unassembled with the conductor segments that are to be inserted, the cable segments can be increased to almost 700 meters in this example, since in that case it is the weight of the insulation device alone that has to match the weight limitation.
The cable that can be provided with the invented insulation device in this example replaces five conventional cables. This results in that the production costs will be reduced, and so also the required space for the cable trench.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invented insulation device, it is that flexible that it can be coiled on a drum for transportation.
This criterion represents a well-defined degree of the flexibility with reference to the maximum conventional size of standard cable transportation drums. This degree of flexibility assures that the beneficial effects of the invented insulation device are taken advantage of with regards to essential aspects.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the inner circumferential electrically conductive layer is dimensionally stable such that its ring-shaped cross-section is maintained when coiled on the drum for transportation.
By in this way avoiding any deformation of the cross-section of the insulation device during transport secures a proper condition of the insulation device when it is to be assembled at the assembly site and eliminates any need to reshape-squeeze it at the site for facilitating the insertion of the conductor segments.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the electrical insulation device is that flexible that its bending radius is in a range of 4 to 20 times the outer diameter of the tubular electrical insulation device.
Preferably that range is 4 to 10 times.
The specified range for the bending radius, in particular the narrow range, represents a bending property that is optimized for the purpose of the present invention in consideration on one hand the transport aspect and on the other hand other practical aspects such as the stability. It is to be understood that the term bending radius in this context means the radius to which the insulation device can be bent without using excessive force or injuring the insulation device.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the inner circumferential electrically conductive layer of the tubular electrical insulation device is a corrugated tube or a strip wound hose.
This is a particular suitable and convenient way of attaining the flexibility of the inner layer.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the tubular electrical insulation device is produced by extrusion. Typically it is thus seamless in a longitudinal direction defined by the overall tubular shape of the tubular electrical insulation device.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the electrical insulation device comprises at least one circumferential electrical insulator located outside of and surrounding the electrically conductive inner layer, and a circumferential electrically conductive outer layer located outside of and surrounding the at least one circumferential electrical insulator.
By means of this embodiment, a flexible and efficient cable insulation system is provided, which is suitable for the inventive concept provided by the present invention, i.e. the transportation of the cable members unassembled and the assembly of the cable members on site. By means of this embodiment, the electric field generated by the current-carrying inner electrical conductor can be efficiently controlled and well defined. The at least one circumferential electrical insulator may comprise one or a plurality of circumferential electrical insulators. At least one of the electrically conductive inner and outer layers may be semiconductive. Outside the outer conductive layer other circumferential layers may be added e.g. as environmental protection.
According to a further preferred embodiment, each of the electrically conductive inner and outer layers is made of a metal or a metal composition, or made of an electrically conductive polymer or polymer composition.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the electrically conductive inner and outer layers are arranged to form a protective barrier protecting the at least one circumferential electric insulator from moisture and mechanical abrasion.
This embodiment is suitable for the inventive concept provided by the present invention, where the power cable is assembled on site, as the electrical insulator of the electrical insulation device is protected both at the inside and at the outside during the transportation of the electrical insulation device and the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments unassembled. Further, during the assembly of the electrical insulation device and the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments, the electrical insulator of the electrical insulation device is also protected from any mechanical abrasion effected by the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments. By means of this embodiment, a flexible and efficient cable insulation system is provided.
According to a further preferred embodiment, at least one of the electrically conductive inner and outer layers is covered on the outside and/or on the inside with a semiconductive material.
Preferably both of the layers are covered. With a semiconductive material in this context is meant a semiconductive material following the definition that it has low electrical conductivity but on the other hand conducts electricity better than an insulating material.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the electrical insulation capacity is such that it can be used in a high voltage power cable.
This embodiment reflects that the advantages of the present invention are particularly pertinent for such application. The invention is particularly of interest for ultra-high voltage such as voltage levels at 320 kV and above. Preferably the thickness of the insulation layer is larger than 30 mm. In particular the layer is at least 60 mm thick, which is suitable for ultra-high voltage applications.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the inner layer has an internal diameter of at least 80 mm, preferably at least 120 mm.
The large internal diameter allows to house conductor segments of a total conductive cross sectional area little less than 5 000 mm2 at a fill-ratio of 90%. Often when applying the invention, however, the requirement of the conductive cross sectional area will be much higher and the fill-ratio will be lower. For example for a 3 GW-transmission the conductive cross-sectional area may be 21 000 mm2 and the fill-ratio 50%. This requires the internal diameter to be around 230 mm. A preferred range of the internal diameter is 80 to 400 mm, preferably 120 to 250 mm. The internal diameter may vary in the longitudinal direction, e. g. when the inner layer is a corrugated tube. In that case the term “internal diameter” relates to the minimum appearing internal diameter. The term fill-ratio is defined further below.
The above specified preferred embodiments of the invented tubular electrical insulation device are specified in claims dependent from the independent claim related to a tubular electrical insulation device for a cable.
According to the second aspect of the invention, the object is attained in that a high voltage power cable arrangement of the kind specified in the preamble of the independent claim related to a high voltage cable arrangement includes the specific features specified in the characterizing portion of the independent claim related to a high voltage cable arrangement. The cable arrangement thus is provided with a tubular electric insulation device according to the present invention, in particular according to any of the preferred embodiments thereof.
The invented high voltage power arrangement has advantages of similar kind as those of the invented insulation device and the preferred embodiments thereof and which have been described above.
It is to be understood that the plurality of conductor segments may be bundled together, e.g. by tape, wire or the like in order to simplify insertion of the conductor segments into the insulation device.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invented high voltage power cable arrangement, at least one conductor segment of the conductor is in electrical contact with at least another along-side extending conductor segment of the conductor.
Although, the invention may be applied also when the cable contains conductor segments that are insulated from each other, the advantages of the invention are of primary interest when the conductor segments are in electrical contact with each other to form a common conductor, in particular when all conductor segments are in electrical contact with each other.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the individual electrical conductor segments are that flexible that they can be coiled on a drum.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the individual electrical conductor segments are that flexible that their bending radius is such that the conductor segments fit the bendability of the insulation device according the embodiment above specifying the wider range for the bendability thereof.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the bending radius of the individual electrical conductor segments is such that the conductor segments fit the bendability of the insulation device according the embodiment above specifying the narrower range for the bendability thereof.
The embodiments mentioned next above have advantages of similar kind as the embodiments of the invented tubular electrical insulation device that relate to the bending properties thereof. The clarifications regarding what is meant by flexible and by bending radius is presented above in connection with the insulation device, and these are relevant also to the cable. Typically the bending radius of the conductor segments will be in a range of about 5 to 25 times, and 5 to 12.5 times, respectively, of the outer diameter of the tubular electrical insulation device.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments is at least partly loosely arranged in relation to the insulation device such that electrical conductor segments can move relative to the insulation device when the high voltage power cable arrangement is bent.
By loosely arranged is meant that the conductor segments are not fixed or attached to the inner periphery of the insulation device as is the case with a conventional extruded cable. This, however, does not exclude that the conductor segments are in contact with the inner periphery of the insulation device. The conductor parts may be loosely arranged along the entire length but may alternatively be attached to the inner periphery of the insulation device at certain spots along the cable.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the number of along-side extending conductor segments of the conductor is at least four.
The larger the number of conductor segments is, the more the benefits regarding to achieve high bendability is for a given total conductor cross sectional area. From this point of view it is therefore advantageous to have multiple conductor segments, such as four or more. Other considerations may give reasons to limit the number of conductor segments. In practice the number of conductor segments will not exceed 100. However, in most cases the bendability of the insulation device is the limiting factor, whereby normally a low number of conductor sectors is sufficient with respect to the bendability criterion.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the conductive cross sectional area of the conductor is at least 3 000 mm2, preferably at least 5 000 mm2.
This is the sum of the conductive cross sectional areas of the conductor segments. As is supposed to be understood, the benefits of the present invention is larger, the larger the power is and thus the larger the conductive cross sectional area is for a given voltage. This is why it is preferred to apply the invention for cross sections above the specified. The advantages are most pertinent when the conductive cross sectional area is above 10 000 mm2 and in particular above 20 000 mm2. The invention may be applied for conductive cross sectional areas up to twice and even five times that figure.
According to a further preferred embodiment, the internal cross sectional area of the insulation device is the sum of the conductive cross sectional area of the conductor and an excess cross sectional area, which excess cross sectional area is at least 10% of said internal cross sectional area of the insulation device.
The excess cross sectional area may completely be formed by a void space, but may also include non-conductive components housed within the electrically insulating device such as insulation around one or more of the conductor segments.
In order to allow the assembly of the cable, either before transportation or at the site, there should be a certain excess space within the insulation device such that the conductor segments can be inserted. The more excess space, the easier the insertion will be. On the other hand it is of interest to attain a sufficient fill-ratio so as to minimize the diameter of the insulation device for a given conductive cross sectional area. The specified minimum value for the excess cross sectional area in most cases will make the insertion of the conductor segments easy. For various reasons the fill-ratio will normally be lower than the 90% that corresponds to the specified minimum value of the cross sectional excess area. A fill-ratio of 30% or even 20% may be applied, with a corresponding higher figure for the excess cross sectional area. Preferably, when taking various aspects into consideration, the excess cross sectional area is in the range of 20 to 50%. The fill-ratio is the ratio between the cross sectional area of the conductor and the internal cross sectional area of the insulation device. A fill-ratio of e.g. 30% thus means an excess cross sectional area of 70%. In case the inner layer has a diameter varying in the longitudinal direction such as is the case for a corrugated tube, the internal cross sectional area of the insulation device is related to the minimum appearing diameter.
The above mentioned preferred embodiments of the high voltage power cable arrangement are specified in the claims depending from the independent claim related to a high voltage cable arrangement.
The above-mentioned object of the present invention is according to the third aspect of the invention attained by providing a method for providing an insulated high voltage power cable, the method comprises the steps of
providing a plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments;
providing an elongated tubular electrical insulation device;
transporting the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device unassembled to a site of installation; and
assembling the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device on site to form an electrical conductor of the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and to form an insulated high voltage power cable of the electrical conductor and the tubular electrical insulation device, wherein the step of assembling the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device comprises inserting the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments into the prefabricated tubular electrical insulation device.
The site of installation may be the actual location where the cable is to be installed as well as an intermediate assembly site where the cable after the specified transport is prepared for the installation.
The inventors of the present invention have identified that the individual elongated electrical conductor segments and the cable insulation system when being unassembled are more flexible for transportation in relation to an assembled insulated high voltage power cable segment including an inner electrical conductor and a cable insulation system. The electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device can be transported separately, thus, a potential weight limitation for transport (e.g. on a truck) can be avoided. Furthermore, longer lengths of the individual elongated electrical conductor segments and the tubular electrical insulation device can be transported compared to an assembled high voltage power cable segment of corresponding dimensions.
By means of the method according to the present invention, the transportation of an insulated high voltage power cable or cable segment is facilitated, especially the transportation of a high voltage power cable or cable segment providing both a large cross-section area of the inner electrical conductor and a long continuous cable segment length. Thus, by means of the method according to the present invention, an increase in the electric power transmitted by, or the current carrying capability of, a power cable, especially a power cable for installation on land, e.g. an underground cable, or subsea, is attained by the increase in cross-section area of the inner electrical conductor, with only little impairing the flexibility of the high voltage power cable during transportation. Thus, the increase of the cross-section area of the inner electrical conductor attained by the method according to the present invention requires only small reduction of the cable segment length for the transportation and thus few additional joints. On the contrary, power cable segments having longer lengths can be transported in an efficient manner by means of the method of the present invention. By means of the method according to the present invention, the number of joints can be kept to a minimum, the installation is made more efficient, the installation costs are reduced, and the reliability of the power transmission or distribution system in operation can be increased.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the step of assembling the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device comprises placing the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments alongside one another and in electrical contact to one another to form the electrical conductor. By means of this embodiment, an inner electrical conductor having a large cross-section area is provided in an efficient manner.
According to a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the method is characterized by placing the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments alongside one another and in electrical contact to one another to assemble the electrical conductor before being inserted into the tubular electrical insulation device. By means of this embodiment, an efficient assembly of the insulated high voltage power cable on site is provided.
According to another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the method is characterized by placing the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments alongside one another and in electrical contact to one another to assemble the electrical conductor inside the tubular electrical insulation device. By means of this embodiment, an efficient assembly of the insulated high voltage power cable on site is provided.
According to yet another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the step of transporting the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device comprises individually winding the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device unassembled onto at least one drum or roll. By means of this embodiment, an efficient transportation is provided. However, the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments and the electrical insulation device may also be transported unassembled in other ways, e.g. by being coiled without said drum or roll.
According to further advantageous embodiments of the method according to the present invention, the elongated tubular electrical insulation device is a tubular electrical insulation device according to the present invention, in particular according to any of the preferred embodiments thereof.
The above specified preferred embodiments of the invented method are specified in the claims depending from the independent claim related to a method for providing a flexible insulated high voltage power cable.
Further advantageous embodiments of the method, the high voltage power cable arrangement and the tubular electrical insulation device, respectively, according to the present invention and further advantages with the present invention emerge from the dependent claims and the detailed description of embodiments.
The present invention will now be described, for exemplary purposes, in more detail by way of embodiments and with reference to the enclosed drawings, in which:
a is a schematic cross-section view of an embodiment of a plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments of an embodiment of the high voltage power cable arrangement according to the present invention;
b is a schematic cross-section view of another embodiment of a plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments of an embodiment of the high voltage power cable arrangement according to the present invention;
a is a schematic cross-section view illustrating an embodiment of a plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments before assembly;
b is a schematic cross-section view illustrating another embodiment of a plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments before assembly;
Each electrical insulation device 108; 208 may comprise a circumferential electrically conductive inner layer 110; 210 arranged to house and surround the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments 102, at least one circumferential electrical insulator 112; 212 located outside of and surrounding the electrically conductive inner layer 110; 210, and a circumferential electrically conductive outer layer 114; 214 located outside of and surrounding the at least one circumferential electrical insulator 112; 212. The inner layer 110; 210 may be corrugated. The outer layer 114; 214 may be corrugated. Each of the electrically conductive inner and outer layers 110, 114; 210, 214 may be covered on the outside and/or on the inside with a semiconductive material. The at least one circumferential electrical insulator 112; 212 may comprise at least one solid or fluid insulator, e.g. an electrically insulating liquid or an electrically insulating gas or gas mixture, e.g. SF6, or any other suitable insulating gas or gas mixture. The at least one circumferential electrical insulator 112; 212 may comprise at least one circumferential electrically insulating layer, e.g. one or a plurality of solid layers, e.g. made of an electrically insulating material, e.g. a dielectric material. The at least one circumferential electrical insulator 112; 212 may comprise mixtures of the above-mentioned alternatives, e.g. pressurized insulating gas in solid-insulated enclosure. The electrical insulation device 108; 208 may comprise one or more additional circumferential layers arranged to surround the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments, e.g. at least one circumferential semiconductive layer. Each of the electrically conductive inner and outer layers may be made of a metal or a metal composition, or any other electrically conductive material, e.g. an electrically conductive polymer or polymer composition, e.g. an electrically conductive thermoplastic. In general, the electrically conductive inner and outer layers 110, 114; 210, 214 are arranged to form a protective barrier that protects the at least one circumferential electrical insulator 112; 212 from moisture and mechanical abrasion. In general, the electrical insulation device 108; 208 is arranged to electrically insulate the inner electrical conductor 104 housed therein from the exterior.
With reference to
a-b schematically illustrate further embodiments of the plurality of elongated electrical conductor segments.
In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
With reference to
As an alternative to provide the inner metal layer of the electrical insulation device as a corrugated profile as depicted in
A further example of the invented insulated high voltage power cable is illustrated in
The conductor device 904 housed within the insulation device 908 consist in this example of ten conductor sections 902, each being an aluminium strand with a diameter of 52 mm. The internal diameter of the inner layer is 231 mm and the external diameter of the insulation device is 307 mm. The fill-factor is about 50%. The conductive area of the conductor device 904 is about 21 000 mm2, and with a current density of 0, 45 A/mm2 the current will be 9.4 kA. Transmitting at a voltage of 320 kV thereby results in 3 GW.
When the cable is assembled at the factory the cable will be transported in segments of 309 m. It is wound onto a drum at a bending ratio of 1:10.4. The weight of the aluminium strands is 58 kg/m and the weight of the insulation device is 47 kg/m. The complete segment thus has a weight of about 32 t.
When the cable is assembled on site, the conductor segments and the insulation device are transported on separate drums and the bending ratio is 1:9, 4.
In this case the segments can be longer due to the stronger bending ratio, and the segment length in this case is 681 m. Thereby the number of joints is reduced to less than the half.
In
In general, High Voltage for AC may be about 1-1.5 kV and above. However, for HVDC applications and systems, High Voltage may be about 72 kV and above, e.g. 320 kV, 500 kV, 800 kV or 1000 kV, and above. HVDC power transmission has an advantage over HVAC power transmission for distances over 100 km because of voltage drop and electric stability limits between sending and receiving line ends.
The features of the different embodiments of the apparatus disclosed above may be combined in various possible ways providing further advantageous embodiments. The invention shall not be considered limited to the embodiments illustrated, but can be modified and altered in many ways by one skilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/052366 | Feb 2013 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2014/052390 | 2/7/2014 | WO | 00 |
